1 

i 

i 

THE  LIBRARIES 

i 

1 

COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 

1 

1 

1 

1 

n 

1 

pr  1 

a 

1 

i 

1 

r *'  Avery  Library 

i 

i 

i 

i 

ei  ruii  1 imi  1 nni  1 n-ni  l rini  1 aru  1 riniifuui 

[a 

iSSS 


} 

0 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/stearnitsgenerati00babc_0 


THE  BABCOCK  & WILCOX  CO, 

29  CORTLANDT  ST.,  NEW  YORK,  U.S.A. 


DIRECTORS 


X AT.  W.  PRATT,  P resilient. 

E.  II.  BENNETT,  Vice-President. 

F.  G.  BOURNE. 


G.  WARD,  Treasurer. 

CHAS.  A.  MILLER,  Secretary. 
CHARLES  A.  KNIGHT. 


BRANCH  OFFICES 


BOSTON,  Mass.,  U.  S.  A. : 

8 Oliver  Street. 
PHILADELPHIA,  Pa..  U.  S.  A : 

32  N.  Fifth  Street. 
PITTSBURGH,  Pa.,  U.  S.  A.  : 

40S  Lewis  Block. 
CINCINNATI,  O . U S.  A : 

4J5  Neave  Building. 

ST.  LOUIS.  Mo.,  U.  S.  A.  : 

608  Security  Building. 
MONTREAL,  Canada  : 


CHICAGO,  III  , U.  S.  A.  : 

gio  Masonic  Temple. 
MINNEAPOLIS,  Minn.,  USA.: 

604  Corn  Exchange. 
CLEVELAND,  O , U.  S A.  : 

412  Perry  Payne  Building. 
NEW  ORLEANS,  La  , U.  S.  A.  : 

57  Carondelet  Street. 
HAVANA,  Cuba  : 

ll6l/2  Calle  de  la  Habana. 

415  Board  ok  Trade  Building. 


REPRESENTATIVES 


SAN  FRANCISCO,  Cal.,  U.  S A.  : 

San  Francisco  Tool  Co. 


BUFFALO,  N.  Y.,  U.  S.  A.  . 

C.  M.  Morse. 


CABLE  ADDKKSSKS:  For  New  York — “ Gloveboxes."  For  Havana — “Babcock.” 


BABCOCK  & WILCOX,  Limited 

147  QUEEN  VICTORIA  ST.,  LONDON,  E.  C. 

DIRECTORS 

ANDREW  STEWART.  Chairman. 

SIR  WILLIAM  ARROL.  CHAS.  A.  KNIGHT.  Managing  Director . 

ARTHUR  T.  SIMPSON.  MICE.,  M.I.M.E.  JAMES  H.  ROSENTHAL,  Mgr.,  London. 

I.  G.  MAI  R RUMLEY,  M.I.C.E.,  Mem.  Council  I.M.E.  WALTER  SHAW,  Secretary. 

OFFICES 


LONDON.  England  : MILAN,  Italy  : 

147  Queen  Victoria  Street.  7 Via  Dante. 

GLASGOW,  Scotland  : BRUSSELS,  Belgium  : 

21  Bothwell  Street.  14  Place  de  Brouckere. 


PARIS,  France:  „ 

15  Rue  de  la  chausee  d Antin'. 


SYDNEY,  N.  S.  W„  Australia  : 

280  Sussex  Street. 


REPRESENTATIVES 


BERLIN,  Germanv: 

Berliner  Maschinenbau  Actien-Ge- 
sellschaFT.  Vormals  L Schwartz- 
KOPFF. 

VIENNA,  Austria: 

Erste  Brunner  Maschinen  Fabriks- 
Gesellschaft. 

THE  HAGUE.  Holland: 

W.  SCHLUSEN. 

COPENHAGEN,  Denmark  : 

C H. D Zahrtmann. 

CHRISTIANIA,  Norway  : 

A.  L THUNE,  Mechanisk  Vaerksted. 
HELSINGFORS,  Finland: 

Fritz  Wilen. 

BARCELONA,  Spain  : 

Alfonso  Flaquer. 

CABLE  ADDRESS:  For  London,  Glas 


FLORENCE,  Italy: 

A.  Edlmann. 

MEXICO,  Mexico: 

F.  M.  De  Prez  & Co. 

SAN  JOSfi,  Costa  Rica,  C.  A.: 

E G.  Chamberlain. 

BUENOS  AYRES,  Argentine  Republic- 
Agar,  Cross  & Co. 

COLOMBO,  Cevlon  : 

Walker,  Sons  & Co.,  Ltd. 
TIRHOOT,  East  India: 

Arthur  Butler. 
SOERABAYA,  Java: 

J.  Grundel. 

JOHANNESBURG,  Transvaal,  South  Africa 
Reunert  & Lenz. 

»\v,  Paris  and  Jirussels,  “ BABCOCK." 


im 


.TJLLi  JiJiiiiijJiii 


ilil 


mjiiO  iOj1. ill 


4«- 


►H- 


Babcock  4 Wilcox  Boilers  at  Deptford  Station  of  the  London  Electric  Supply  Corporation,  Limited  | 25  Boilers,  12,000  indicated  H,  P.,  with  Compound  Engines.  Erected  1888-9. 

To  have  120,000  H.  P,  when  completed. 


STEAM 

ITS  GENERATION  AND  USE 

WITH  CATALOGUE  OF  THE 
MANUFACTURES  OF 

THE  BABCOCK  & WILCOX  CO. 

29  CORTLANDT  STREET,  NEW  YORK 


AN  I. 

BABCOCK  & WILCOX,  Limited 

147  QUEEN  VICTORIA  ST.,  LONDON 


TWENTY-EIGHTH  EDITION 


NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON 

APRIL,  180-4 


Entered  according  to  Act  <>f  Congress,  in  the  year  1*7,,,  by  Ha  block  & Wilcox,  in  the 
Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1883,  by  I tin  liAitcocK  A Wilcox  Co., 
in  the  Office  of  tile  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1885,  by  Till-  Hancock  A W ilcox  C <•., 
in  tlie  < fffice  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1SS7,  bv  1 Hit  Haiicock  A Wilcox  Co., 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington (Spanish  Edition:) 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  i8Sy,  by  Tub  Haiicock  A \V it.cox  l 

in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  iSSt,,  by  The  Habcock  A \\  ILCox  Co., 

in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington.  ( Twenty-first  Edition.) 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tile  year  ifyi,  in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of 
Congress,  at  Washington 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1893,  in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of 
Congress,  at  Washington 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1X1,4.  i 1 the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of 
Congress,  at  Washington 


ENGLISH  EDITION  ENTERED  AT  STATIONERS’  HAM- 


PRESS  OF 

SPRINGFIELD  PRINTING  AND  BINDING  COMPANY, 
SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 


PREFACE 


To  First  Edition , iSyg. 

IfHILE  making  known  the  character  and  quality  of  our  manufactures,  we  have  endeavored 
V V at  the  same  time  to  present  to  our  friends  and  customers  a variety  of  useful  information,  not 
readily  accessible  to  them  in  other  ways.  The  facts  and  figures  herein  given  are  derived  largely 
from  practical  experience,  and  can  be  depended  upon  as  correct.  Very  few  of  them  were  ever 
published  before,  while  those  derived  from  the  researches  of  others  have  been  simplified  and 
adapted  to  the  wants  of  manufacturers.  It  is  with  the  intention,  at  some  future  time,  to  collect 
them  with  others  into  a more  permanent  form,  that  they  have  been  copyrighted. 


To  Eleventh  Edition,  iSSj. 

IN  preparing  a new  edition  of  “ Steam,”  we  have  revised  the  whole,  and  added  much  new 
and  valuable  matter,  which  we  trust  our  customers  will  find  useful  and  interesting. 


To  Thirteenth  Edition,  iSSy. 

H AVING  again  revised  “Steam,”  and  enlarged  it  by  the  addition  of  new  and  useful  in- 
formation, not  published  heretofore,  we  shall  feel  repaid  for  the  labor  if  it  shall  prove  of 
value  to  our  customers. 


To  Twentieth  Edition,  iSSg. 

OVER  75,000  copies  of  “ Steam  " have  been  issued  in  the  long  form,  in  which  it  was  formerly 
published.  But  many  having  expressed  a desire  to  have  it  in  a shape  suitable  for  a library, 
and  it  becoming  necessary  to  make  new  plates,  the  work  has  been  again  carefully  revised,  much 
new  matter  added,  and  the  form  changed  to  large  octavo.  It  is  hoped  that  in  its  new  form,  and 
with  its  additional  matter,  it  will  prove  even  more  useful  to  the  public. 

To  Twenty-first  Edition,  iSSg. 

I"'' HE  demand  for  the  new  form  of  “Steam”  exhausted  an  edition  of  10,000  copies  in  four 
months,  and  opportunity  is  taken  in  issuing  another  to  add  some  further  matters  of  interest, 
notably  that  pertaining  to  burning  green  bagasse. 

To  Twenty-third  Edition,  iSgi. 

STILL  further  additions  have  been  made  to  the  present  edition,  including,  among  other  things, 
the  lecture  on  circulation  of  water,  and  the  table  and  formula  on  equation  of  pipes : the  table 
on  properties  ot  steam  has  been  made  entirely  new  to  conform  to  the  latest  investigations  of 
Professor  Peabody 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  125  H,  P.,  at  the  Seth  Thomas  Clock  Co,,  Thomaston,  Conn.  Erected  1880, 


ECONOMY  AND  SAFETY  IN  STEAM  GENERATION. 


ECONOMY  IN  THE  USE  OF  COAL  is  a 

' matter  of  great  and  growing  importance. 
It  is  estimated  that  the  annual  production  of  coal 
in  the  world  at  the  present  time  is  not  far  from 
400,000,000  tons.  The  report  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission in  England  in  1S70,  shows  the  distribu- 
tion at  that  time  to  have  been  as  follows  : 

Metallurgy  and  Mines,  -----  44  per  cent. 

Domestic  purposes,  including  gas  and  water,  - 26  “ “ 

General  Manufacturing,  - - - - 25  " “ 

Locomotion  by  sea  and  land,  - - - - 5 “ “ 

As  a considerable  part  of  the  coal  used  in  met- 
allurgy and  mines,  as  also  that  for  domestic 
water  supply,  is  used  for  power,  we  shall  not  be 
far  wrong  in  estimating  that  one-half  of  all  the 
coal  mined,  or  200,000,000  tons  annually,  is  used 
for  making  steam.  A low  estimate  of  the  value 
of  this  coal  at  the  place  of  use  would  be  an  aver- 
age of  $2.50  per  ton,  which  gives  as  the  present 
annual  expenditure  for  steam,  a sum  equal  to 
$500,000,000 ; from  which  it  will  be  seen  how 
largely  even  a small  per  cent,  of  saving  would 
add  to  the  wealth  of  the  world. 

It  is  estimated  that  ot  the  steam-power  at  pres- 
ent in  use  in  the  world,  So  per  cent,  has  been 
added  in  the  last  twenty-five  years,  so  that  these 
figures  are  none  too  large  for  the  present  time. 

While  manufacturers  and  engineers  have  given 
much  care  to  the  improvement  of  the  steam 
engine,  whereby  they  might  reduce  the  con- 
sumption of  steam  for  a given  amount  of  power, 
but  little  attention,  comparatively,  has  been  given 
to  securing  economy  in  its  generation.  In  fact, 
the  boilers  in  use  at  the  present  day,  are  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  were  in  common  use  at  the 
close  of  the  last  century,  and  but  slight  advance 
has  been  made  in  their  economy.  Of  late  years, 
however,  steam  users  have  begun  to  realize  that 
there  are  principles  and  aims  of  equal  promi- 
nence, and  greater  importance,  to  be  considered 
in  choosing  a boiler,  to  the  selection  of  a steam 
engine. 

Engineering  experience  and  scientific  investi- 
gation have  established  the  following  as  the 


Requirements  of  a Perfect  Steam  Boiler. 

1st.  The  best  materials  sanctioned  by  use, 
simple  in  construction,  perfect  in  workmanship, 
durable  in  use,  and  not  liable  to  require  early 
repairs. 

2d.  A mud-drum  to  receive  all  impurities  de- 
posited from  the  water  in  a place  removed  from 
the  action  of  the  fire. 

3d.  A steam  and  water  capacity  sufficient  to 
prevent  any  fluctuation  in  pressure  or  water  level. 

4th.  A large  water  surface  for  the  disengage- 
ment of  the  steam  from  the  water  in  order  to  pre- 
vent foaming. 

5th.  A constant  and  thorough  circulation  of 
water  throughout  the  boiler,  so  as  to  maintain 
all  parts  at  one  temperature. 

6th.  The  water  space  divided  into  sections, 
so  arranged  that  should  any  section  give  out,  no 
general  explosion  can  occur,  and  the  destructive 
effects  will  be  confined  to  the  simple  escape  of  the 
contents;  with  large  and  free  passages  between 
the  different  sections  to  equalize  the  water  line 
and  pressure  in  all. 

7th.  A great  excess  of  strength  over  any  le- 
gitimate strain  ; so  constructed  as  not  to  be  liable 
to  be  strained  by  unequal  expansion,  and,  if 
possible,  no  joints  exposed  to  the  direct  action 
of  the  fire. 

8th.  A combustion  chamber,  so  arranged  that 
the  combustion  of  the  gases  commenced  in  the 
turnace  may  be  completed  before  the  escape  to 
the  chimney. 

9th.  The  heating  surface  as  nearly  as  possible 
at  right  angles  to  the  currents  of  heated  gases, 
and  so  as  to  break  up  the  currents  and  extract 
the  entire  available  heat  therefrom. 

10th.  All  parts  readily  accessible  for  cleaning 
and  repairs.  This  is  a point  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance as  regards  safety  and  economy. 

nth.  Proportioned  for  the  work  to  be  done, 
and  capable  of  working  to  its  full  rated  capacity 
with  the  highest  economy. 

12th.  The  very  best  gauges,  safety  valves,  and 
other  fixtures. 


7 


of  the  Fire  Room  of  Harrison,  Frazer  At  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  5040  Horse  Power  of  Babcor.k  & Wilcox  Boilers. 


■* 


◄ 


Importance  of  Providing  Against  Explosion. 

That  the  ordinary  forms  of  boilers  are  liable  to 
explode  with  disastrous  effect,  is  conceded.  That 
they  do  so  explode  is  witnessed  by  the  sad  list  of 
casualties  from  this  cause  every  year,  and  almost 
every  day.  In  the  year  iSSo,  there  were  170  ex- 
plosions reported  in  the  United  States,  with  a 
loss  of  259  lives,  and  555  persons  injured.  In  1S87 
the  number  of  explosions  recorded  were  198, 
with  652  persons  either  killed  or  badly  wounded. 
The  average  reported  for  ten  years  past  has 
been  about  the  same  as  the  two  years  given,  while 
doubtless  many  occur  which  are  not  recorded. 

There  is  no  need  to  resort  to  mysterious  causes 
for  the  destructive  energy  displayed  in  a boiler 
explosion,  for  there  is  ample  force  confined 
within  it  to  account  for  all  the  phenomena.  Prof. 
Thurston*  estimates  that  there  is  sufficient  stored 
energy  in  a plain  cylinder  boiler  with  100  lbs. 
pressure  of  steam  to  project  it  to  a height  of  over 
three  and  one-half  miles;  a “two-flue”  boilet 
about  two  and  one-half  miles;  a “locomotive” 
at  125  lbs.  from  one-half  to  two -thirds  of  a 
mile  ; and  a 60  H.  P.  return  “tubular”  at  75  lbs. 
somewhat  over  a mile  high.  He  says,  “ a cubic 
foot  of  heated  water  under  a pressure  of  60  to  70 
lbs.  per  square  inch,  has  about  the  same  energy 
as  one  pound  of  gunpowder.  At  a low,  red  heat, 
it  has  about  forty  times  this  amount  of  energy  in 
a form  to  be  so  expended.”  Speaking  of  water- 
tube  boilers  he  says  : “ The  stored  available  en- 
ergy is  usually  less  than  that  of  any  of  the  other 
stationary  boilers,  and  not  very  far  from  theamount 
stored,  pound  for  pound,  in  the  plain  tubular 
boiler.  It  is  evident  that  their  admitted  safety 
from  destructive  explosion  does  not  come  from 
this  relation,  however,  but  from  the  division  of 
the  contents  into  small  portions,  and  especially 
from  those  details  of  construction  which  make  it 
tolerably  certain  that  any  rupture  shall  be  local. 
A violent  explosion  can  only  come  of  the  general 
disruption  of  a boiler  and  the  liberation  at  once 
of  large  masses  of  steam  and  water.” 

The  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  In- 
surance Company  report  that  up  to  January  1, 
1888,  they  had  inspected  in  all,  799,582  boilers, 
and  had  discovered  522,873  defects,  of  which 
93,022  were  considered  dangerous.  If  now  the 
above  were  a fair  average  of  the  boilers  in  ordin- 
ary use — and  who  shall  say  they  are  not?  — we 
have  the  startling  fact  that  more  than  one  boiler 
in  nine  in  common  use,  is  in  a “dangerous 
condition.”  That  more  do  not  explode,  is  pro- 
bably due  less  to  intelligent  watchcare  than  to  the 
fortunate  lack  of  all  the  necessary  conditions 
existing  at  one  time. 

* * Transactions  Am.  Soc.  Mec.  Eng.,  Vol.  6,  page  199. 


Causes  of  Explosion. 

It  is  now  fully  established  by  the  experience 
of  Boiler  Insurance  Associations  in  this  country 
and  England,  that  all  the  mystery  of  boiler  ex- 
plosions consists  in  a want  of  sufficient  strength 
to  withstand  the  pressure.  This  lack  of  strength 
may  be  inherent  in  the  original  construction,  but 
is  most  frequently  the  effect  of  weakening  of 
the  iron  by  strains  due  to  unequal  expansion 
caused  by  unequal  heating  of  different  portions 
of  the  boiler ; or  it  may  be  due  to  corrosion  from 
long  use  or  improper  setting. 

If  steam  boilers  are  properly  proportioned  and 
constructed,  they  will,  when  new,  be  safe  against 
considerably  more  pressure  than  the  safety  valve 
is  set  to  ; and  the  hydrostatic  test,  properly  ap- 
plied, may  discover  faults  in  material,  or  the 
weakening  effects  of  corrosion  ; but,  against  the 
danger  resulting  from  unequal  expansion,  ordin- 
ary boilers  have  no  protection ; a fact  not  prop- 
erly appreciated  by  engineers  or  the  public. 

In  getting  up  steam  many  boilers  will  be  very 
hot  in  some  parts,  while  other  parts  will  be  actu- 
ally cold  ; of  course,  under  these  conditions, 
enormous  strains  must  occur  in  some  portions  of 
the  boiler,  which  are  thereby  weakened ; and 
these  strains  being  repeated  every  time  steam  is 
raised,  if  at  no  other  time,  will  eventually  so  far 
destroy  the  strength  of  the  line  or  point  of  great- 
est strain  that  rupture  must  result;  generally  the 
rupture  is  small  and  gradual,  but  sometimes 
large  and  productive  of  disastrous  explosions. 
In  the  boilers  examined  by  the  Hartford  Boiler 
Insurance  Company,  up  to  1888,  24,944  fractures 
in  plates  were  found  in,  at,  or  near  the  seams  or 
through  the  line  of  rivets,  11,259  of  which,  or 
nearly  one-half,  had  arrived  at  a dangerous  state 
before  discovery. 

Want  of  circulation  of  the  water  in  boilers  is 
a frequent  and  prolific  cause  of  unequal  expan- 
sion, and  deteriorating  strains,  and  little,  if  any, 
provision  is  made  for  circulation  in  all  ordinary 
construction  of  boilers.  Another  source  of  dan- 
ger in  all  ordinary'  boilers  is  low  water ; and  con- 
stant vigilance  is  required  to  keep  the  water  at  a 
proper  height.  In  many  boilers  the  fall  of  only 
a few  inches  in  the  water-line  will  cause  the 
crown-sheet  or  some  other  portion  to  be  exposed 
to  the  direct  action  of  the  fire,  whence  it  becomes 
quickly  over-heated,  and  weakened  to  such  an 
extent  that  an  explosion  is  likely  to  occur. 

Another  frequent  cause  of  unequal  expansions, 
and  also  of  weakening  by'  burning  and  blistering 
the  iron,  is  the  presence  of  deposit  or  scale  on 
the  heating  surface.  This  is  liable  to  occur  in 
any  boiler,  but  in  very  many  there  is  no  adequate 
provision  for  removing  it  when  formed.  This  is 


0 


► <«■ 


' ’ 


Wreck  of  30  H.  P.  Boiler.  Exploded  January  9th,  1888,  at  Dripp’s  Boiler  Shop,  Washington,  D.  C.  Showing  insecurity  of  stayed  surfaces. 


particularly  the  case  with  “tubular”  and  “loco- 
motive” boilers. 

There  is  good  reason  for  believing  that  most 
of  the  mysterious  explosions  of  boilers  which 
stand  the  Inspector’s  test,  and  then  explode  at  a 
much  less  pressure,  are  due  to  the  weakening 
effects  of  unequal  expansions,  for  a boiler  that 
will  stand  a hundred  pounds  test  this  week  can- 
not explode  the  next  week  at  fifty  pounds  press- 
ure, unless  it  has  suddenly  become  wonderfully 
reduced  in  strength,  and  no  corrosion  or  other 
natural  cause,  with  which  we  are  acquainted, 
save  expansion,  can  produce  this  result.  When 
we  consider  that  strains  from  difference  of  ex- 
pansion are  generally  greatest  when  firing  up, 
and  when  there  is  no  pressure  in  the  boiler,  we 
can  see  that  the  time  may  arrive  when  a crack  is 
started  or  the  parts  weakened,  so  as  to  give  way 
under  a moderate  pressure  just  after  the  test  has 
been  made ; and  this  is  the  probable  reason  why 
so  many  boilers  explode  in  getting  up  steam,  or 
so  soon  after,  or  upon  pumping  in  cold  water, 
or,  even,  as  in  a recent  case  in  England,  while 
cooling  off. 

How  to  Provide  Against  Explosions. 

Very'  much  thought  and  experiment  have  been 
expended  on  this  problem,  but  though  many 
forms  of  boilers  have  been  produced,  which  have 
attained  practical  safety  from  explosion,  yet  in 
nearly  all  of  them  there  have  been  ignored  cer- 
tain elements  necessary  at  the  same  time  to  make 
them  valuable  as  generators  of  steam  for  practi- 
cal work.  Hence,  the  very  name  of  “safety 
boiler”  has  unfortunately  become,  to  some  per- 
sons, prima  facie  evidence  of  undesirability. 
But  safety  is  not  incompatible  with  any  of  the 
other  essentials  of  a perfect  steam  generator,  and 
may  be  secured  without  detracting  from  any 
other  desirable  feature. 

The  first  element  of  safety  is  ample  strength 
This  can  be  best  attained  in  connection  with  thin 
heating  surface,  by  small  diameters  of  parts  ; but 
this  must  not  be  carried  so  far  as  to  antagonize 
the  equally  important  features  of  large  capacity 
and  disengaging  surface. 

The  second  and  most  important  element  of 
safety,  is  such  a structure  that  the  original 
strength  cannot  be  destroyed  by  deteriorating 
strains,  from  expansion  or  otherwise.  This  can 
be  attained  in  two  ways  — by  rendering  unequal 
expansion  impossible,  or  by  providing  such  elas- 
ticity that,  should  it  occur,  it  can  produce  no 
deteriorating  strain. 

The  third  element  of  safety  is  such  an  arrange- 
ment of  parts  that  when,  through  gross  careless- 
ness or  design,  the  water  becomes  low  and  the 


boiler  overheated,  a rupture,  if  it  occur,  can  pro- 
duce no  serious  disaster. 

No  surface  which  requires  to  be  “stayed” 
should  be  permitted  in  a boiler.  It  is  scarcely 
possible,  and  altogether  improbable,  that  such 
stays  are,  or  can  be,  so  adjusted  as  to  bear  equal 
strains.  The  one  sustaining  the  heaviest  strain 
gives  way,  the  others  follow,  as  a matter  of 
course,  and  a disastrous  explosion  ensues.  The 
photographic  view  of  the  boiler  which  ex- 
ploded at  Washington,  January  9,  1888,  shows 
how  stay  bolts  act,  and  the  disastrous  explosion 
at  West  Chester,  Pa.,  about  the  same  time,  was 
clearly  due  to  the  giving  way  of  the  stays  which 
were  intended  to  support  the  head. 

Water-tubes  an  Element  of  Safety. 

\From  the  Manufacturer  and  Builder , Feb.,  1880.] 

Some  recent  actual  occurrences  have  a very 
suggestive  bearing  upon  the  relative  degree  of 
immunity  from  violent  and  disastrous  explosions 
possessed  by  the  water-tube  and  fire-tube  sys- 
tems of  boiler  construction  respectively. 

The  first  case  is  that  of  an  accident  resulting 
through  gross  carelessness  to  a steam  boiler  on 
the  water-tube  system  as  constructed  by  Messrs. 
Babcock  & Wilcox.  The  circumstances  of  the 
case  were  such  as  to  make  the  test  to  which  the 
boiler  was  put  a most  severe  one,  and  the  fact 
that  the  result  was  not  a disastrous  explosion, 
scores  several  points  in  favor  of  the  water-tube 
system. 

The  boiler  here  referred  to  is  located  in  the 
Brooklyn  Sugar  Refinery,  and  is  rated  at  300 
horse-power,  being  one  of  a set  of  1500  H.  P. 
Recently,  by  one  of  those  oversights  that  now 
and  then  cost  scores  of  lives  under  the  same  cir- 
cumstances, the  feed-water  was  cut  off,  and  not 
noticed  until  the  water  level  became  so  low  that 


the  boiler  was  nearly  empty  and  the  tubes  were 
overheated.  The  result  is  shown  above.  One 
of  the  tubes  burst,  and  this  was  the  extent  of  the 
damage,  which  was  speedily  repaired  at  a cost  of 
$15,  and  the  works  were  running  the  next  day. 

The  second  case  is  very  analogous,  but  is  even 
more  instructive,  as  the  boiler  was  subjected  to 
a severer  ordeal  than  the  other.  This  boiler  is 
in  the  Elizabeth  (N.  J.)  jail,  and  was  one  of  the 
same  kind  as  that  in  the  foregoing  case.  It  was 
in  charge  of  one  of  the  convicts,  who,  after  start- 
ing the  fire  as  usual  in  the  morning,  was  sur- 
prised not  to  observe,  after  an  hour  or  so  of 
waiting,  any  signs  of  activity  in  his  steam  gauge 


11 


Babcock  &i  Wilcox  Boilers  at  Sprecklfcj's  Sup;ar  Refinery,  Philadelphia,  1st  floor.  7,500  H.  P.  In 


This  fact  was  disclosed  to  some  of  the  officials  of 
the  prison,  and  an  investigation  was  instituted  to 
ascertain  the  cause,  disclosing  a fact  that  at  once 
relieved  the  boiler  from  any  responsibility  for  the 
absence  of  steam— for  there  was  no  water  in  it. 
It  also  showed  that  the  blow-cock  was  wide 
open,  and  had  been  since  the  night  before. 
Wh  at  followed,  we  give  in  Mr.  Watson’s  own 
words : 

“After  the  syndicate  had  opened  the  furnace 
door  and  seen  the  white  hot  tubes,  it  was  thought 
a good  idea  to  get  some  water  in  the  boiler  as 
quickly  as  possible  ; so  they  shut  the  blow-cock 
and  turned  on  the  city  water.  The  result  justi- 
fied their  expectations ; steam  was  made  very 
quickly  ; for  a moment  it  roared  through  the 
safety  valve  with  a fearsome  sound  ; and  that  is 
all  that  happened,  beyond  the  renewal  of  a few 
of  the  tubes,  and  one  steel  casting.  ’ ’ 

What  might  have  happened  had  either  of  these 
boilers  been  fire-tube  instead  of  water-tube  boil- 
ers, we  do  not  pretend  to  say,  but  think  Mr. 
Watson  is  not  far  out  of  the  way  in  venturing  the 
statement  that  “it  is  not  contrary  to  precedent 
to  say  that,  in  all  probability,  there  would  have 
been  an  opportunity  for  a coroner’s  inquest  and 
a new  jail.” 

Caution  Necessary. 

It  must  not  be  assumed,  however,  that  the 
mere  presence  of  water  tubes  in  a boiler  will 
make  it  safe.  On  the  contrary'  they  may  be  com- 
bined with  other  features  exceedingly  dangerous, 
such  as  flat  surfaces,  stayed  or  unstayed,  as  in 
the  “Phleger”  boiler,  which  exploded  in  Phila- 
delphia some  years  ago,  and  the  “Firminich” 
boiler  which  exploded  in  St.  Louis,  Oct.  3d,  1S87. 
A number  of  porcupine  boilers  have  also  been 
put  forth  as  “safe”  because  of  their  water  tubes, 
though  the  large  central  shell  is  made  like  per- 
forated card-board,  by  the  numerous  holes.  To 
make  the  matter  worse,  expanding  the  tube. 


into  these  holes  seriously  strains  the  metal,  mak- 
ing a weak  construction  weaker  still. 

That  a boiler  can  be  made  so  as  to  be  practi- 
cally safe  from  explosion  is  a demonstrated  fact 
of  which  no  one  at  all  acquainted  with  modern 
engineering  has  any  doubt.  Of  this  class  of  boil- 
ers tire  Babcock  & Wilcox  is  a preeminent  ex- 
ample, from  the  length  of  time  which  it  has  been 
upon  the  market,  the  large  number  which  have 
been  for  years  in  use  under  all  sorts  of  circunv 
stances  and  conditions  and  under  all  kinds  of 
management,  without  a single  instance  of  disas- 
trous explosion. 

The  Babcock  & Wilcox  water-tube  boiler 
has  all  the  elements  of  safety,  in  connection  with 
its  other  characteristics  of  economy,  durability, 
accessibility,  etc.  Being  composed  of  wrought 
iron  tubes,  and  a drum  of  comparatively  small 
diameter,  it  has  a great  excess  of  strength  over 
any  pressure  which  it  is  desirable  to  use.  As  the 
rapid  circulation  of  the  water  insures  equal  tem- 
perature in  all  parts,  the  strains  due  to  un- 
equal expansion  cannot  occur  to  deteriorate  its 
strength.  The  construction  of  the  boiler,  more- 
over, is  such  that,  should  unequal  expansion 
occur  under  extraordinary  circumstances,  no 
objectionable  strain  can  be  caused  thereby,  ample 
elasticity  being  provided  for  that  purpose  in  the 
method  of  construction. 

In  this  boiler,  so  powerful  is  the  circulation 
that  as  long  as  there  is  sufficient  water  to  about 
half  fill  the  tubes,  a rapid  current  flows  through 
the  whole  boiler ; but  if  the  tubes  should 
finally  get  almost  empty,  the  circulation  then 
ceases  and  the  boiler  might  burn  and  give  out ; 
by  that  time,  however,  it  is  so  nearly  empty  as  to 
be  incapable  of  harm  if  ruptured. 

Its  successful  record  of  over  twenty  years 
proves  that  by  the  application  of  correct  princi- 
ples, the  use  of  proper  care  and  good  material  in 
construction,  a boiler  can  be  made  so  as  to  be 
in  fact  as  well  as  in  name  a “safety  boiler.” 


Keturn  Tubular  Boiler  at  the  Edison  Electric  Light  Co.'s  Works,  West  Chester,  Pa, 
Exploded  December  1 7,  1887,  killing  seven  and  wounding  eight  People. 


13 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  Imperial  Continental  Gas  Association,  Vienna.  972  H.  P.  "W.I.F."  Style,  Wrought  Headers. 


THE  THEORY  OF  STEAM  MAKING. 

[Extracts  from  a Lecture  delivered  by  Geo.  H.  Babcock,  at 
Cornell  University,  18S7.*] 

The  chemical  compound  known  as  H20  exists 
in  three  states  or  conditions — dee,  water,  and 
steam ; the  only  difference  between  these  states 
or  conditions  is  in  the  presence  or  absence  of  a 
quantity  of  energy  exhibited  partly  in  the  form  of 
heat  and  partly  in  molecular  activity,  which,  for 
want  of  a better  name,  we  are  accustomed  to  call 
“ latent  heat and  to  transform  it  from  one  state 
to  another  we  have  only  to  supply  or  extract 
heat.  For  instance,  if  we  take  a quantity  of  ice, 
say  one  pound,  at  absolute  zerof  and  supply 
heat,  the  first  effect  is  to  raise  its  temperature 
until  it  arrives  at  a point  492  Fahrenheit  degrees 
above  the  starting  point.  Flere  it  stops  growing 
warmer,  though  we  keep  on  adding  heat.  It, 
however,  changes  from  ice  to  water,  and  when 
we  have  added  sufficient  heat  to  have  made  it, 
had  it  remained  ice,  2S30  hotter,  or  a tempera- 
ture of  3150  by  Fahrenheit’s  thermometer,  it  has 
all  become  water,  at  the  same  temperature  at 
which  it  commenced  to  change,  namely,  4920 
above  absolute  zero,  or  320  by  Fahrenheit’s 
scale.  Let  us  still  continue  to  add  heat,  and  it 
will  now  grow  warmer  again,  though  at  a slower 
rate  — that  is,  it  now  takes  about  double  the 
quantity  of  heat  to  raise  the  pound  one  degree 
that  it  did  before  — until  it  reaches  a temperature 
of  2120  Fahrenheit,  or  672°  absolute  (assuming 
that  we  are  at  the  level  of  the  sea).  Here  we 
find  another  critical  point.  However  much  more 
heat  we  may  apply,  the  u ater,  as  water,  at  that 
pressure,  cannot  be  heated  any  hotter,  but 
changes  on  the  addition  of  heat  to  steam  ; and  it 
is  not  until  we  have  added  heat  enough  to  have 
raised  the  temperature  of  the  water  966°,  or  to 
1, :7s  by  Fahrenheit’s  thermometer  (presuming 
for  the  moment  that  its  specific  heat  has  not 
changed  since  it  became  water),  that  it  has  all 
become  steam,  which  steam,  nevertheless,  is  at 
die  temperature  of  2 1 20,  at  which  the  water  began 
to  change.  Thus  over  four-fifths  of  the  heat 
which  has  been  added  to  the  water  has  disap- 
peared or  become  insensible  in  the  steam  to  any 
of  our  instruments. 

It  follows  that  if  we  could  reduce  steam  at  at- 
mospheric pressure  to  water,  without  loss  of 
heat,  the  heat  stored  within  it  would  cause  the 
water  to  be  red  hot ; and  if  we  could  further 
change  it  to  a solid,  like  ice,  without  loss  of 
heat,  the  solid  would  be  white  hot,  or  hotter  than 
melted  steel — it  being  assumed,  of  course,  that 

♦See  Scientific  American  Supplement,  624,  625,  Dec.  1887. 

+460°  below  the  zero  of  Fahrenheit.  This  is  the  nearest 
approximation  in  whole  degrees  to  the  latest  determinations 
of  the  absolute  zero  of  temperature. 


the  specific  heat  of  the  water  and  ice  remain  nor- 
mal, or  the  same  as  they  respectively  are  at  the 
freezing  point. 

After  steam  has  been  formed,  a further  addi- 
tion of  heat  increases  the  temperature  again  at  a 
much  faster  ratio  to  the  quantity  of  head  added, 
which  ratio  also  varies  according  as  we  maintain 
a constant  pressure  or  a constant  volume  ; and 
I am  not  aware  that  any  other  critical  point  ex- 
ists where  this  will  cease  to  be  the  fact  until  we 
arrive  at  that  very  high  temperature,  known  as 
the  point  of  dissociation,  at  which  it  becomes  re- 
solved into  its  original  gases. 

The  heat  which  has  been  absorbed  by  one 
pound  of  water  to  convert  it  into  a pound  of 
steam  at  atmospheric  pressure  is  sufficient  to 
have  melted  three  pounds  of  steel  or  thirteen 
pounds  of  gold.  This  has  been  transformed 
into  something  besides  heat ; stored  up  to  reap- 
pear as  heat  when  the  process  is  reversed.  That 
condition  is  what  we  are  pleased  to  call  latent 
heat,  and  in  it  resides  mainly  the  ability  of  the 
steam  to  do  work. 


I 

J 

2800 

1 * 

ELTS 

/ 

2: 

40 

5 

~ [7 

\ 

> 

! 

2600 

1ELTS  / 

/ 

2140 

q c 

1 r 

/ 

2400 

/ 

U 

40 

1 

1 1 

2200 

/ 

/ 

17 

40 

1 

/ 

2000 

/ 

15 

40 

Zj_T 

1 / 

> 

1800 

i~j 

/ 

13 

40 

q T 

UJ 

11 UJ 

i 

r 

/ 

/ 

1 

40 

rl 

/ 

/ 

/ 

Jou 

/ 

7 

/ 

/ 

/ 

340 

1 

1 1 

/ 

/ 

Cj 

1200 

/ | 

! 

/ 

■ 

/o 

/ 

/ 

i 

100C 

1 1 

/ 

' 

P 

40 

e 

£U 

? 

300  I 

TT 

T 

40 

- / 

600  / 

A 

. 

p 

212 

MO 

/-* 

V 

& 

400 

ERC 

1.60 

300  4 

O 

20c  y 

1 1 

— 2 

50 

r\ 

_4 

30 

2C0  1 400 

6 

DO 

8 

DO 

10 

00 

12 

DO 

14 

00 

16 

00 

1 8p0 

QUANTITY  OF  HEAT  IN  BRITISH  THERMAU  UNIT8. 


The  diagram  shows  graphically  the  relation  of 
heat  to  temperature,  the  horizontal  scale  being 
quantity  of  heat  in  British  thermal  units,  and  the 
vertical  temperature  in  Fahrenheit  degrees,  both 
reckoned  from  absolute  zero  and  by  the  usual 
scale.  The  dotted  lines  for  ice  and  water  show 
' the  temperature  which  would  have  been  obtained 
if  the  conditions  had  not  changed.  The  lines 


15 


«*■ 


4« 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  488  H.  P.,  in  the  New  York  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.'s  Building,  New  Yuik  c-uj,.  treaeu  1664,  beneath  Court  Yard. 


marked  “gold”  and  “steel”  show  the  relation 
to  heat  and  temperature  and  the  melting  points 
of  these  metals.  All  the  inclined  lines  would  be 
slightly  curved  if  attention  had  been  paid  to  the 
changing  specific  heat,  but  the  curvature  would 
be  small.  It  is  worth  noting  that,  with  one  or 
two  exceptions,  the  curves  of  all  substances  lie 
between  the  vertical  and  that  for  water.  That  is 
to  say,  that  water  has  a greater  capacity  for  heat 
than  all  other  substances  except  two,  hydrogen 
and  bromine. 

In  order  to  generate  steam,  then,  only  two 
steps  are  required  : First,  procure  the  heat,  and, 
second,  transfer  it  to  the  water.  Now,  you  have 
it  laid  down  as  an  axiom  that  when  a body  has 
been  transferred  or  transformed  from  one  place  or 
state  into  another,  the  same  work  has  been  done 
and  the  same  energy  expended,  whatever  may- 
have  been  the  intermediate  steps  or  conditions, 
or  whatever  the  apparatus.  Therefore,  when  a 
given  quantity  of  water  at  a given  temperature 
has  been  made  into  steam  at  a given  temperature, 
a certain  definite  work  has  been  done,  and  a cer- 
tain amount  of  energy  expended,  from  whatever 
the  heat  may  have  been  obtained,  or  whatever 
boiler  may  have  been  employed  for  the  purpose. 

A pound  of  coal  or  any  other  fuel  has  a defi- 
nite heat-producing  capacity,  and  is  capable  of 
evaporating  a definite  quantity  of  water  under 
given  conditions.  That  is  the  limit  beyond  which 
even  perfection  cannot  go,  and  yet  I have  known, 
and  doubtless  you  have  heard  of,  cases  where  in- 
ventors have  claimed,  and  so-called  engineers 
have  certified  to,  much  higher  results. 

The  first  step  in  generating  steam  is  in  burning 
the  fuel  to  the  best  advantage.  A pound  of  car- 
bon will  generate  14,500  British  thermal  units 
during  combustion  into  carbonic  dioxide,  and 
this  will  be  the  same,  whatever  the  temperature 
or  the  rapidity  at  which  the  combustion  may  take 
place.  If  possible,  we  might  oxidize  it  at  as  slow 
a rate  as  that  with  which  iron  rusts  or  wood  rots 
in  the  open  air,  or  we  might  burn  it  with  the  ra- 
pidity of  gunpowder,  a ton  in  a second,  yet  the 
total  heat  generated  would  be  precisely  the  same. 
Again,  we  may  keep  the  temperature  down  to 
the  lowest  point  at  which  combustion  can  take 
place,  by  bringing  large  bodies  of  air  in  contact 
with  it,  or  otherwise,  or  we  may  supply  it  with 
just  the  right  quantity  of  pure  oxygen,  and  burn 
it  at  a temperature  approaching  that  of  dissocia- 
tion, and  still  the  heat  units  given  off  will  be 
neither  more  nor  less.  It  follows,  therefore,  that 
great  latitude  in  the  manner  or  rapidity  of  com- 
bustion may  be  taken  without  affecting  the  quan- 
tity of  heat  generated. 

But  in  practice  it  is  found  that  other  considera- 


tions limit  this  latitude,  and  that  there  are  certain 
conditions  necessary  in  order  to  get  the  most 
available  heat  from  a pound  of  coal.  There  are 
three  ways,  and  only  three,  in  which  the  heat  de- 
veloped by  the  combustion  of  coal  in  a steam 
boiler  furnace  may  be  expended. 

First , and  principally,  it  should  be  conveyed 
to  the  water  in  the  boiler,  and  be  utilized  in  the 
production  of  steam.  To  be  perfect,  a boiler 
should  so  utilize  all  the  heat  of  combustion,  but 
there  are  no  perfect  boilers. 

Second. — A portion  of  the  heat  of  combustion 
is  conveyed  up  the  chimney  in  the  waste  gases. 
This  is  in  proportion  to  the  weight  of  the  gases, 
and  the  difference  between  their  temperature  and 
that  of  the  air  and  coal  before  they  entered  the 
fire. 

Third. — Another  portion  is  dissipated  by  radi- 
ation from  the  sides  of  the  furnace.  In  a stove 
the  heat  is  all  used  in  these  latter  two  ways, 
either  it  goes  off  through  the  chimney  or  is  radi- 
ated into  the  surrounding  space.  It  is  one  ol 
the  principal  problems  of  boiler  engineering  to 
render  the  amount  of  heat  thus  lost  as  small  as 
possible. 

The  loss  from  radiation  is  in  proportion  to  the 
amount  of  surface,  its  nature,  its  temperature,  and 
the  time  it  is  exposed.  This  loss  can  be  almost 
entirely  eliminated  by  thick  walls  and  a smooth 
white  or  polished  surface,  but  its  amount  is  ordin- 
arily so  small  that  these  extraordinary  precau- 
tions do  not  pay  in  practice. 

It  is  evident  that  the  temperature  of  the  escap- 
ing gases  cannot  be  brought  below  that  of  the 
absorbing  surfaces,  while  it  may  be  much  greater 
even  to  that  of  the  fire.  This  is  supposing  that 
all  of  the  escaping  gases  have  passed  through  the 
fire.  In  case  air  is  allowed  to  leak  into  the  flues, 
and  mingle  with  the  gases  after  they  have  left 
the  heating  surfaces,  the  temperature  may  be 
brought  down  to  almost  any  point  above  that  of 
the  atmosphere,  but  without  any  reduction  in  the 
amount  of  heat  wasted.  It  is  in  this  way  that 
those  low  chimney  temperatures  are  sometimes 
attained  which  pass  for  proof  of  economy  with 
the  unobserving.  All  surplus  air  admitted  to  the 
fire,  or  to  the  gases  before  they  leave  the  heat- 
ing surfaces,  increases  the  losses. 

We  are  now  prepared  to  see  why  and  how 
the  temperature  and  the  rapidity  of  combustion 
in  the  boiler  furnace  affect  the  economy,  and  that 
though  the  amount  of  heat  developed  may  be  the 
same,  the  heat  available  for  the  generation  of 
steam  may  be  much  less  with  one  rate  or  tem- 
perature of  combustion  than  another. 

Assuming  that  there  is  no  air  passing  up  the 
chimney  other  than  that  which  has  passed  through 


17 


*%* 


Babcock  it  Wilcox  Boilers,  at  McAvoy  Brewing  Co..  Chicago,  III.  832  H. 


the  fire,  the  higher  the  temperature  of  the  fire 
and  the  lower  that  of  the  escaping  gases  the  bet- 
ter the  economy,  for  the  losses  by  the  chimney 
gases  will  bear  the  same  proportion  to  the  heat 
generated  by  the  combustion  as  the  temperature 
of  those  gases  bears  to  the  temperature  of  the 
the  fire.  That  is  to  say,  if  the  temperature  of  the 
fire  is  2,500°  and  that  of  the  chimney  gases  500° 
above  that  of  the  atmosphere,  the  loss  by  the  chim- 
ney will  be  = 20  Per  cent.  Therefore,  as  the 
escaping  gases  cannot  be  brought  below  the 
temperature  of  the  absorbing  surface,  which  is 
practically  a fixed  quantity,  the  temperature  of 
the  fire  must  be  high  in  order  to  secure  good 
economy. 

The  losses  by  radiation  being  practically  pro- 
portioned to  the  time  occupied,  the  more  coal 
burned  in  a given  furnace  in  a given  time,  the  less 
will  be  the  proportionate  loss  from  that  cause. 

It  therefore  follows  that  we  should  burn  our 
coal  rapidly  and  at  a high  temperature,  to  secure 
the  best  available  economy.  ' 

THEORY  OF  HEAT  ENGINES.* 

In  any  heat  engine  it  is  essential  that  there 
should  be,  1st,  a working  fluid  ; 2d,  a source  of 
heat ; and  3d,  a receptacle  for  unexpended  heat, 
both  of  which  latter  must  be  external  to  the 
working  fluid.  In  its  operation  there  must  be  a 
reception  of  heat  by  the  working  fluid,  at  a cer- 
tain temperature,  a conversion  of  heat  into  work, 
and  a discharge  of  unconverted  heat  at  a lower 
temperature  than  that  at  which  it  was  received. 
The  difference  between  such  higher  and  lower 
temperatures  is  called  the  “range  of  tempera- 
tures,” and  the  engine  is  called  a “perfect  en- 
gine” when  the  whole  heat  corresponding  to  its 
range  of  temperature  is  converted  into  work. 
Sadi  Carnot,  in  1S24,  seems  to  have  been  the 
first  to  enunciate  the  principle,  now  universally 
recognized,  that  the  ratio  of  the  maximum  me- 
chanical effect  in  a perfect  heat  engine  to  the 
total  heat  expended  upon  it,  is  a function  solely 
of  the  two  constant  temperatures,  at  which  re- 
spectively heat  is  received  and  rejected,  and  is 
independent  of  the  nature  of  the  intermediate 
agent  or  working  fluid,  though  at  that  day  the 
dynamic  theory  of  heat  was  not  known,  and  Carnot 
supposed  that  all  the  heat  received  in  the  boiler, 
or  its  equivalent,  was  transferred  to  the  conden- 
ser. Subsequent  researches  of  Joule,  Rankine 
and  others,  have  established  the  following  prop- 
ositions : 

1st.  In  any  heat  engine  the  maximum  useful 
ejfect  (expressed  in  foot  pounds  or  in  percentage) 

* From  “ Substitutes  /or  Steam/  by  Geo.  H.  Babcock, 
read  before  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers, 
May,  1886.  Transactions , Vol.  VII.,  p.  710. 


bears  the  same  relation  to  the  total  heat  expended 
(expressed  in  foot  pounds  or  as  unity)  that  the 
range  of  temperature  bears  to  the  absolute  te}>i- 
perature  at  which  heat  is  received. 

2d.  In  any  heat  engine  the  minimum  loss  oj 
heat  bears  the  same  relation  to  the  total  heat  ex- 
pended as  the  temperature  at  which  the  heat  is 
rejected  bears  to  the  temperature  at  which  it  is 
received , both  being  reckoned  from  absolute  zero, 
460°  f below  the  zero  of  Fahrenheit’s  scale. 

These  two  propositions,  expressed  in  algebraic 
formulae,  are  : 

(1)  U - - II  — ~ — -,  which,  if  H --  i,  becomes 

~ 1 

the  well-known  equation  U = — - ; and, 

1 1 

(2)  L -----  II  -f-  in  which  also,  if  H = i,  L = - — 

• 1 7i 

But  as  L U = 1,  .’.  U — 1 — which  is 

1 1 

identical  with  (i)  differently  written. 

At  this  point  we  need  to  divest  ourselves  of  an 
idea  which  is  common,  and  which  naturally 
comes  from  the  terms  used,  that  “latent”  heat 
is  necessarily  wasted  heat — -or,  in  other  words, 
that  if  all  the  heat  received  was  expended  in  ele- 
vating the  temperature,  instead  of  a large  share 
of  it  going  into  the  “latent”  condition,  we  should 
be  able  to  turn  a larger  percentage  of  it  into 
power.  It  has  been  upon  this  erroneous  supposi- 
tion that  most  of  the  searches  for  substitutes  for 
steam  have  been  based.  To  show  its  fallacy, 
practically,  it  is  only  necessary  to  consider  the 
action  of  an  engine  using  steam  as  a gas  without 
expenditure  of  latent  heat,  and  compare  it  with 
the  results  attained  in  engines  in  which  the  latent 
heat  is  expended  in  the  boiler  and  discharged  in 
the  condenser.  W e will  assume  that  steam  be 
supplied  at  ioo°  temperature  — - 1 pound  pressure, 
or  28  inches  vacuum  nearly  — that  it  be  worked 
through  Carnot’s  cycle  between  that  temperature 
and  320° — the  temperature  of  saturated  steam  at 
75  pounds  gauge  pressure.  The  efficiency  of 

this  cycle  would  be,  by  above  formula,  = 

780 

= .28.  The  heat  expended  per  pound  of  steam 
would  be  220  X -475  X 772  = 80,674  foot  pounds 
of  energy,  of  which  the-  engine  would  utilize  28 
per  cent.,  or  22,588  foot  pounds.  There  would, 

, . , . , 1,980,000 

therefore,  be  required = 87.6  pounds 

22,588 

steam  per  hourly  horse-power,  and  that  in  a per- 
fect engine  ; but,  working  within  the  same  limits, 
in  a very  imperfect  engine,  using  water  with  its 
large  latent  heat,  in  actual  practice,  a horse- 
power is  obtained  for  from  16  to  iS  pounds,  or 
about  one-fifth  the  quantity  of  fluid.  Latent 

t See  note,  p.  15. 


19 


•►H 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  in  Senate  Wing,  United  States  Capitol,  Washington,  D.  C.  312  H.  P.,  erected  1887,  520  H.  P,,  erected  1891. 


heat  must,  therefore,  be  an  efficient  source  of 
energy  as  well  as  sensible  heat.  That  it  is  just 
as  much  so  when  working  between  the  same 
limits  of  temperature,  was  demonstrated  by  Ran- 
kine  in  a series  of  articles  published  in  the  Engin- 
eer in  1857.  And,  in  fact,  it  may  be  said  there 
would  be  no  available  energy  if  there  was  no 
latent  or  specific  heat. 

We  may,  perhaps,  understand  this  point  a little 
better  by  means  of.an  illustration  suggested  by 
Carnot,  which,  though  based  upon  the  theory  of 
the  materiality  of  heat,  is  still  just  as  true  under 
the  correct  theory.  In  fact,  the  second  law  of 
thermo-dynamics  is  equally  applicable  to  a pon- 
derable body  as  to  heat, 
and  may  be  summed 
up  in  the  well-known 
adage,  “ Water  will 
not  run  up  hill.”  The 
figure  represents  a sec- 
tion of  a building  in 
which  is  situated  a tank 
of  water,  or  any  other 
fluid,  which  is  used  to 
drive  a water  - motor 
upon  a floor  below, 
after  which  the  fluid 
is  discharged,  whence 
it  may  or  may  not  find 
its  way  to  the  sea-level 
— the  line  of  absolute 
zero.  Now  it  is  evident 
the  greatest  possible 
effect  obtainable  in  the 
motor-engine  is  repre- 
sented by  the  weight 
of  fluid,  Q,  multiplied 
by  its  fall  to 
the  point  of 


] | ‘ 

SEA  LEVEL  OR  ABSOLUTE  ZERO 


discharge. 

The  height  of  the  surface  of  the  tank  above 
sea-level  is  rlt  and  the  height  of  its  discharge 
from  same  datum-line  is  r.,  while  its  fall  is 
t j — r2,  and  the  greatest  efficiency  of  the  motor 
is  expressed  by  U — Q ( — rs).  But  the 

total  energy  of  the  fluid  is  represented  by  O ~ j, 
and  the  efficiency  of  the  motor  expressed  in 
terms  of  total  energy  is  : 

LJ  — ~ ( = T' 

Q "1  Ti 

It  is  evident  that  the  same  law  holds  good  what- 
ever be  the  character  of  the  fluid  in  the  tank. 

Now,  the  quantity  Q,  — which  may  represent 
the  latent  heat,  while  the  height,  represents 
temperature  — may  be  greater  or  less  with  the 
same  height.  If  Q = 0,  then  there  would  be  no 
available  energy,  for  there  would  have  been  none 


expended.  It  will  also  be  seen  that  if  in  the  sup- 
posed steam-engine  above  calculated,  0 be  sub- 
stituted for  .475,  the  specific  heat  of  the  steam, 
there  would  be  no  energy  in  the  engine. 

From  the  mere  inspection  of  the  above  form- 
ulae, in  view  of  this  illustration,  it  is  readily  seen  : 

1st.  That  the  useful  effect  can  only  equal  the 
total  heat  expended  when  the  temperature  at 
which  it  is  rejected  is  absolute  zero,  in  which 
case  it  matters  not  at  what  temperature  the  heat 
may  be  received. 

2d.  That  with  a given  minimum  temperature, 
the  higher  the  maximum  temperature  the  greater 
will  be  the  proportion  of  total  heat  converted  into 
useful  work. 

3.  That  it  is  of  greater  importance  to  lower  the 
temperature  at  which  heat  is  rejected  than  to 
raise  that  at  which  it  is  received. 

There  are,  however,  practical  limits  to  these 
several  values : 

1st.  The  temperature  of  rejection  cannot  be 
carried  below  that  of  the  substance  into  which  it 
is  rejected  — in  practice  it  must  be  several  de- 
grees above  it  — and  is  independent  of  the  fluid 
employed.  As  there  is,  in  practice,  nothing 
available  colder  than  air  or  water,  r2  cannot 
easily  be  less  than  ioo°  Fahr.,  560°  absolute. 

2d.  The  temperature  of  reception  cannot  be 
greater  than  the  highest  temperature  of  combus- 
tion, nor  greater  than  the  surfaces  of  the  piston 
and  cylinder  will  stand ; nor  greater  than  will 
produce  in  the  given  fluid  the  highest  allowable 
pressure. 

3d.  The  highest  pressure  is  limited  by  the 
strength  of  the  mechanism  and  safety  of  its  oper- 
ation, and  is  also  independent  of  the  fluid.  As 
all  fluids,  except  mercury  and  turpentine,  attain 
this  limit  of  pressure  before  the  limit  of  tempera- 
ture, the  pressure  is  the  practical  limiting  condi- 
tion in  this  direction. 

Obviously,  then,  as  the  limits  of  lowest  avail- 
able temperature  and  of  highest  practical  pres- 
sure are  the  same  for  all  vapors,  it  becomes  evi- 
dent that  the  fluid  having  the  highest  tempera- 
ture at  the  limit  of  pressure,  other  things  being 
equal,  has  the  advantage,  theoretically,  in  possi- 
ble economy.  Of  all  available  liquids,  water 
fulfils  this  condition  best,  and  therefore  it  is  use- 
less to  search  for  another  vapor  as  a substitute 
for  steam,  unless  it  can  be  shown  that  the  losses 
incidental  to  the  use  of  the  latter  are  necessarily 
enough  greater  than  those  incidental  to  some 
other  fluid,  to  more  than  counterbalance  this  ad- 
vantage. That  there  are  such  compensating  ad- 
vantages is  not  probable,  and  they  would,  indeed, 
need  to  be  very  great  to  offset  the  cost  of  fluid, 
water  being  free  of  cost  in  nearly  all  situations. 


v- 


21 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  1,200  H,  P.,  at  Cardenas  Sugar  Refinery,  Cuba.  2,200  H. 


CIRCULATION  OF  WATER  IN  STEAM  BOILERS. 

[From  a lecture  by  George  H.  Babcock  delivered  at 
Cornell  University,  February,  1890.] 

You  have  all  noticed  a kettle  of  water  boiling 
over  the  fire,  the  fluid  rising  somewhat  tumultu- 
ously around  the  edges  of  the  vessel  and  tum- 
bling toward  the  centre,  where  it  descends. 
Similar  currents  are  in  action  while  the  water  is 
simply  being  heated,  but  they  are  not  percepti- 
ble unless  there  are  floating  particles  in  the 
liquid.  These  currents  are  caused  by  the  joint 
action  of  the  added  temperature  and  two  or 
more  qualities  which  the  water  possesses. 

1.  Water,  in  common  with  most  other  sub- 
stances, expands  when  heated ; a statement, 
however,  strictly  true  only  when  referred  to  a 
temperature  above  390  F.  or  40  C.,  but  as  in  the 
making  of  steam  we  rarely  have  to  do  with  tem- 
peratures so  low  as  that,  we  may,  for  our  present 
purposes,  ignore  that  exception. 

2.  Water  is  practically  a non-conductor  of 
heat,  though  not  entirely  so.  If  ice-cold  water 
was  kept  boiling  at  the  surface  the  heat  would 
not  penetrate  sufficiently  to  begin  melting  ice  at 
a depth  of  three  inches  in  less  than  about  two 
hours.  As,  therefore,  the  heated  water  cannot 
impart  its  heat  to  its  neighboring  particles,  it 
remains  expanded  and  rises  by  its  levity,  while 
colder  portions  come  to  be  heated  in  turn,  thus 
setting  up  currents  in  the  fluid. 

Now,  when  all  the  water  has  been  heated  to 
the  boiling  point  corresponding  to  the  pressure 
to  which  it  is  subjected,  each  added  unit  of  heat 
converts  a portion,  about  seven  grains  in  weight, 
into  vapor,  greatly  increasing  its  volume ; and 
the  mingled  steam  and  water  rises  more  rapidly 
still,  producing  ebullition  such  as  we  have  no- 
ticed in  the  kettle.  So  long  as  the  quantity  of 
heat  added  to  the  contents  of  the  kettle  contin- 
ues practically  constant,  the  conditions  remain 
similar  to  those  we 
noticed  at  first,  a 
tumultuous  lifting 
of  the  water  around 
the  edges,  flowing 
toward  the  centre 
and  thence  down- 
ward ; if,  however, 
the  fire  be  quick- 
ened, the  upward 
currents  interfere 
with  the  downward 
and  the  kettle  boils 
over.  (Fig.  1.) 


If  now  we  put  in  the  kettle  a vessel  somewhat 
smaller  (Fig.  2)  with  a hole  in  the  bottom  and 
supported  at  a proper  distance  from  the  side  so 
as  to  separate  the  upward  from  the  downward 
currents,  we  can  force  the  fires  to  a very  much 
greater  extent  without  causing  the  kettle  to  boil 
over,  and  when  we  place  a deflecting  plate  so  as 
to  guide  the  rising  column  toward  the  centre,  it 
will  be  almost  impossible  to  produce  that  effect. 
This  is  the  inven- 
tion of  Perkins  in 
1831  and  forms  the 
basis  of  very  many 
of  the  arrangements 
for  producing  free 
circulation  of  the 
water  in  boilers 
which  have  been 
made  since  that 
time.  It  consists  in 
dividing  the  cur- 
rents so  that  they 
will  not  interfere 
each  with  the  other. 

But  what  is  the  object  of  facilitating  the  cir- 
culation of  water  in  boilers  ? Why  may  we  not 
safely  leave  this  to  the  unassisted  action  of 
nature  as  we  do  in  culinary  operations?  We 
may,  if  we  do  not  care  for  the  three  most 
important  aims  in  steam-boiler  construction, 
namely,  efficiency,  durability  and  safety,  each  of 
which  is  more  or  less  dependent  upon  a proper 
circulation  of  the  water.  As  for  efficiency,  we 
have  seen  one  proof  in  our  kettle.  When  we 
provided  means  to  preserve  the  circulation,  we 
found  that  we  could  carry  a hotter  fire  and  boil 
away  the  water  much  more  rapidly  than  before. 
It  is  the  same  in  a steam  boiler.  And  w'e 
also  noticed  that  when  there  was  nothing  but 
the  unassisted  circulation,  the  rising  steam  car- 
ried away  so  much  water  in  the  form  of  foam 
that  the  kettle  boiled  over,  but  when  the  cur- 
rents were  separated  and  an  unimpeded  circuit 
was  established,  this  ceased,  and  a much  larger 
supply  of  steam  was  delivered  in  a compara- 
tively dry  state.  Thus,  circulation  increases  the 
efficiency  in  two  ways : it  adds  to  the  ability  to 
take  up  the  heat  and  decreases  the  liability  to 
waste  that  heat  by  what  is  technically  known  as 
priming.  There  is  yet  another  way  in  which, 
incidentally,  circulation  increases  efficiency  of 
surface  and  that  is  by  preventing  in  a greater  or 
less  degree  the  formation  of  deposits  thereon. 
Most  waters  contain  some  impurity  which, 


Fig. 


when  the  water  is  evaporated,  remains  to  in- 
crust the  surface  of  the  vessel.  This  incrusta- 
tion becomes  very  serious  sometimes,  so  much 
so  as  to  almost  entirely  prevent  the  transmission 
of  heat  from  the  metal  to  the  water.  It  is  said 
that  an  incrustation  of  only  ]/%  inch  will  cause  a 
loss  of  25  per  cent,  in  efficiency,  and  that  is  prob- 
ably within  the  truth  in  many  cases.  Circulation 
of  water  will  not  prevent  incrustation  altogether, 
but  it  lessens  the  amount  in  all  waters,  and 
almost  entirely  so  in  some,  thus  adding  greatly 
to  the  efficiency  of  the  surface. 

A second  advantage  to  be  obtained  through 
circulation  is  durability  of  the  boiler.  This  it 
secures  mainly  by  keeping  all  parts  at  a nearly 
uniform  temperature.  The  way  to  secure  the 
greatest  freedom  from  unequal  strains  in  a boiler 
is  to  provide  for  such  a circulation  of  the  water 
as  will  insure  the  same  temperature  in  all  parts. 

3.  Safety  follows  in  the  wake  of  durability, 
because  a boiler  which  is  not  subject  to  unequal 
strains  of  expansion  and  contraction  is  not  only 
less  liable  to  ordinary  repairs,  but  also  to  rupture 
and  disastrous  explosion.  By  far  the  most  pro- 
lific cause  of  explosions  is  this  same  strain  from 
unequal  expansions. 

Having  thus  briefly  looked  at  the  advantages 
of  circulation  of  water  in  steam  boilers,  let  us 
see  what  are  the  best  means  of  securing  it  under 
the  most  efficient  conditions.  We  have  seen  in 
our  kettle  that  one  essential  point  was  that  the 
currents  should  be  kept  from  interfering  with 
each  other.  If  we  could  look  into 
an  ordinary  return  tubular  boiler 
when  steaming  we  should  see  a 
curious  commotion  of  currents 
rushing  hither  and  thither,  and 
shifting  continually  as  one  or  the 
other  contending  force  gained 
a momentary  mastery.  The 
principal  upward  currents  would 
be  found  at  the  two  ends,  one 
over  the  fire  and  the  other  over 
the  first  foot  or  so  of  the  tubes. 
Between  these,  the  downward 
Fig.  3.  currents  struggle  against  the 
rising  currents  of  steam  and  water.  At  a sud- 
den demand  for  steam,  or  on  the  lifting  of  the 
safety  valve,  the  pressure  being  slightly  reduced, 
the  water  jumps  up  in  jets  at  every  portion  of  the 
surface,  being  lifted  by  the  sudden  generation  of 
steam  throughout  the  body  of  water.  You  have 
seen  the  effect  of  this  sudden  generation  of  steam 
in  the  well-known  experiment  with  a Florence 


flask,  to  which  a cold  application  is  made  while 
boiling  water  under  pressure  is  within.  You 
have  also  witnessed  the  geyser-like  action  when 
water  is  boiled  in  a test  tube  held  vertically  over 
a lamp  (Fig.  3). 

If  now  we  take  a U 
tube  depending  from  a 
vessel  of  water(Fig.  4) 
and  apply  the  lamp  to 
one  leg  a circulation  is 
at  once  set  up  within 
it,  and  no  such  spas- 
modic action  can  be 
produced.  This  U tube 
is  the  representative  of 
the  true  method  of  cir- 
culation within  a wa- 
ter-tube boiler  properly 
constructed.  \Ye  can, 
for  the  purpose  of  se- 
curing more  heating 
surface,  extend  the 
heated  leg  into  a long 
incline  (Fig.  5),  when 
we  have  the  well- 
known  inclined -tube 
generator.  Now,  by 
adding  other  tubes,  we 
may  further  increase  the  heating  surface  (Fig.  6), 
while  it  will  still  be  the  U tube  in  effect  and  ac- 


Fig.  6. 


tion.  In  such  a construction  the  circulation  is 
a function  of  the  difference  in  density  of  the  two 
columns.  Its  velocity  is  measured  by  the  well- 
known  Torricellian  formula,  V = \J  igh,  or,  ap- 
proximately, V = 8 y/h,  h being  measured  in 
terms  of  the  lighter  fluid.  This  velocity  will 
increase  until  the  rising  column  becomes  all 
steam,  but  the  quantity  or  weight  circulated  will 
attain  a maximum  when  the  density  of  the  mingled 
steam  and  water  in  the  rising  column  becomes 


Fig.  5- 


◄ 


■4 


one-half  that  of  the  solid  water  in  the  descend- 
ing column,  which  is  nearly  coincident  with  the 
condition  of  half  steam  and  half  water,  the  weight 
of  the  steam  being  very  slight  compared  to  that 
of  the  water. 

It  becomes  easy  by  this  rule  to  determine  the 
circulation  in  any  given  boiler  built  on  this  prin- 
ciple, provided  the  construction  is  such  as  to 
permit  a free  flow  of  the  water.  Of  course, 
every  bend  detracts  a little  and  something  is 
lost  in  getting  up  the  velocity,  but  when  the 
boiler  is  well  arranged  and  proportioned  these 
retardations  are  slight. 

Let  us  take  for  example  one  of  the  240-horse 
power  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  here  in  the 
University.  The  height  of  the  columns  may  be 
taken  as  four  and  one-half  feet,  measuring  from 
the  surface  of  the  water  to  about  the  centre  of 
the  bundle  of  tubes  over  the  fire,  and  the  head 
would  be  equal  to  this  height  at  the  maximum 
of  circulation.  We  should,  therefore,  have  a 
velocity  of  8 \/  4 yz  = 16.97,  say  17  feet  per  sec- 
ond. There  are  in  this  boiler  fourteen  sections, 
each  having  a 4"  tube  opening  into  the  drum, 
the  area  of  which  (inside)  is  1 1 square  inches, 
the  14  aggregating  154  square  inches,  or  1.07 
square  feet.  This  multiplied  by  the  velocity, 
16.97  feet,  gives  18.16  cubic  feet  mingled  steam 
and  water  discharged  per  second,  one-half  of 
which,  or  9.08  cubic  feet,  is  steam.  Assuming 
this  steam  to  be  at  100  pounds  gauge  pressure, 
it  will  weigh  0.258  pound  per  cubic  foot. 
Hence,  2.34  pounds  of  steam  will  be  discharged 
per  second,  and  8,433  pounds  per  hour.  Divid- 
ing this  by  30,  the  number  of  pounds  represent- 
ing a boiler  horse  power,  we  get  281.1  horse 
power,  about  17  per  cent,  in  excess  of  the  rated 
power  of  the  boiler.  The  water  at  the  temper- 
ature of  steam  at  100  pounds  pressure  weighs 
56  pounds  per  cubic  foot,  and  the  steam  0.258 
pound,  so  that  the  steam  forms  but  part  of 
the  mixture  by  weight,  and  consequently  each 
particle  of  water  will  make  218  circuits  before 
being  evaporated  when  working  at  this  capacity, 
and  circulating  the  maximum  weight  of  water 
through  the  tubes. 

It  is  evident  that  at  the  highest  possible  veloc- 
ity of  exit  from  the  generating  tubes,  nothing 
but  steam  will  be  delivered  and  there  will  be  no 
circulation  of  water  except  to  supply  the  place  of 
that  evaporated.  Let  us  see  at  what  rate  of 
steaming  this  would  occur  with  the  boiler  under 
consideration.  We  shall  have  a column  of 
steam,  say  four  feet  high  on  one  side  and  an 


equal  column  of  water  on  the  other.  Assum- 
ing, as  before,  the  steam  at  100  pounds  and  the 
water  at  same  temperature,  we  will  have  a head 
of  866  feet  of  steam  and  an  issuing  velocity  of 
235.5  feet  Per  second.  This  multiplied  by  1.07 
square  feet  of  opening  and  3,600  seconds  in  an 
hour  gives  234,043  pounds  of  steam,  which, 
though  only  one-eighth  the  weight  of  mingled 
steam  and  water  delivered  at  the  maximum, 
gives  us  7,801  horse  power,  or  over  32  times  the 
rated  power  of  the  boiler.  Of  course,  this  is  far 
beyond  any  possibility  of  attainment,  so  that  it 
may  be  set  down  as  certain  that  this  boiler  can- 
not be  forced  to  a point  where  there  will  not  be 
an  efficient  circulation  of  the  water.  By  the 
same  method  of  calculation  it  may  be  shown 
that  when  forced  to  double  its  rated  power,  a 
point  rarely  expected  to  be  reached  in  practice, 
about  two-thirds  the  volume  of  mixture  of 
steam  and  water  delivered  into  the  drum  will  be 
steam,  and  that  the  water  will  make  1 10  circuits 
while  being  evaporated.  Also  that  when 
worked  at  only  about  one-quarter  its  rated  ca- 
pacity, one-fifth  of  the  volume  will  be  steam  and 
the  water  will  make  the  rounds  870  times  be- 
fore it  becomes  steam.  You  will  thus  see  that 
in  the  proportions  adopted  in  this  boiler  there  is 
provision  for  perfect  circulation  under  all  the 
possible  conditions  of  practice. 

In  designing  boil- 
ers of  this  style  it  is 
necessary  to  guard 
against  having  the 
uptake  at  the  upper 
end  of  the  tubes  too 
large,  for  if  suffi- 
ciently large  to  al- 
low downward  cur- 
rents therein,  the 
whole  effect  of  the 
rising  column  in  in- 
creasing the  circu- 
lation in  the  tubes 
will  readily  be  seen  if  we  consider  the  uptake 
very  large  — when  the  only  head  producing  cir- 
culation in  the  tubes  will  be  that  due  to  the  in- 
clination of  each  tube  taken  by  itself.  This 
objection  is  only  overcome  when  the  uptake  is 
so  small  as  to  be  entirely  filled  with  the  ascend- 
ing current  of  mingled  steam  and  water.  It  is 
also  necessary  that  this  uptake  should  be  practi- 
cally direct,  and  it  should  not  be  composed  of 
frequent  enlargements  and  contractions.  Take, 
for  instance,  a boiler  well  known  in  Europe, 


Fig.  7. 

is  nullified  (Fig.  7).  This 


25 


copied  and  sold  here  under  another  name.  It  is 
made  up  of  inclined  tubes  secured  by  pairs  into 
boxes  at  the  ends,  which  boxes  are  made  to 
communicate  with  each  other  by  return  bends 
opposite  the  ends  of  the  tubes.  These  boxes 
and  return  bends  form  an  irregular  uptake, 
whereby  the  steam  is  expected  to  rise  to  a 
reservoir  above.  You  will  notice  (Fig.  8)  that 


Fig.  8.  [Developed  to  show  Circulation.] 

the  upward  current  of  steam  and  water  in  the 
return  bend  r^eets  and  directly  antagonizes  the 
upward  current  in  the  adjoining  tube.  Only  one 
result  can  follow.  If  their  velocities  are  equal,  the 
momentum  of  both  will  be  neutralized  and  all 
circulation  stopped,  or  if  one  be  stronger,  it  will 
cause  a back  flow  in  the  other  by  the  amount  of 
difference  in  force, with  practically  the  same  result. 

In  a well-known  boiler,  many  of  which  were 
sold,  but  of  which  none  are  now  made  and 
very  few  are  still  in  use,  the  inventor  claimed 
that  the  return  bends  and  small  openings  against 
the  tubes  were  for  the  purpose  of  “ restricting 
the  circulation,”  and  no  doubt  they  performed 
well  that  office  ; but  excepting  for  the  smallness 
of  the  openings  they  were  not  as  efficient  for 
that  purpose  as  the  arrangement  shown  in  Fig.  8. 

Another  form  of 
boiler,  first  invented  by 
Clarke  or  Crawford, 
and  lately  revived,  has 
the  uptake  made  of 
boxes  into  which  a 
number, generally  from 
two  to  four,  tubes  are 
expanded,  the  boxes 
being  connected  to- 
gether by  nipples  (Fig. 
9).  It  is  a well-known 
fact  that  where  a fluid 
flows  through  a con- 


duit which  enlarges  and  then  contracts,  the  ve- 
locity is  lost  to  a greater  or  less  extent  at  the 
enlargements,  and  has  to  be  gotten  up  again  at 
the  contractions  each  time,  with  a corresponding 
loss  of  head.  The  same  thing  occurs  in  the  con- 
struction shown  in  Fig.  9.  The  enlargements 
and  contractions  quite  destroy  the  head  and 
practically  overcome  the  tendency  of  the  water 
to  circulate. 

A horizontal  tube  stopped  at  one  end,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  10,  can  have  no  proper  circulation  within 
it.  If  moderately  driven,  the  water  may  struggle 
in  against  the  issuing  steam  sufficiently  to  keep 
the  surfaces  covered,  but  a slight  degree  of  forc- 
ing will  cause  it  to  act  like  the  test  tube  in  Fig.  3, 
and  the  more  there  are  of  them  in  a given  boiler 
the  more  spasmodic  will  be  its  working. 

The  experiment  with  our  kettle  (Fig.  2)  gives 
the  clew  to  the  best  means  of  promoting  circula- 
tion in  ordinary  shell  boilers.  Steenstrup  or 
“ Martin  ” and  “ Galloway  ” water  tubes  placed 
in  such  boilers  also  assist  in  directing  the  circu- 
lation therein,  but  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
produce  in  shell  boilers,  by  any  means,  the  circu- 
lation of  all  the  water  in  one  continuous  round, 
such  as  marks  the  well-constructed  water-tube 
boiler. 


Fig.  10. 


As  1 have  before  remarked,  provision  for  a 
proper  circulation  of  water  has  been  almost  uni- 
versally ignored  in  designing  steam  boilers, 
sometimes  to  the  great  damage  of  the  owner,  but 
oftener  to  the  jeopardy  of  the  lives  of  those  who 
are  employed  to  run  them.  The  noted  case  of  the 
Montana  and  her  sister  ship,  where  some  $300,- 
000  was  thrown  away  in  trying  an  experiment 
which  a proper  consideration  of  this  subject 
would  have  avoided,  is  a case  in  point ; but  who 
shall  count  the  cost  of  life  and  treasure  not,  per- 
haps, directly  traceable  to,  but,  nevertheless,  due 
entirely  to  such  neglect  in  design  and  construc- 
tion of  the  thousands  of  boilers  in  which  this 
necessary'  element  has  been  ignored  ? 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  Boston  Sugar  Refinery,  East  Boston  Mass.  1.000  H.  P.  Erected  1880. 
Showing  Style  of  Fronts  for  continuous  batteries  of  boilers. 


-4 


■►H 


BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  WATER-TUBE  BOILERS* 

Water-tube  boilers  are  not  new.  From  the 
earliest  days  of  the  steam  engine,  there  have 
been  those  who  recognized 
their  advantages.  The  first 
water-tube  boiler  recorded 
was  made  by  a contempo- 
rary of  Watt,  William  Blakey, 
in  1766.  He  arranged  sev- 
eral tubes  in  a furnace, 
alternately  inclined  at  oppo- 
site angles,  and  connected  at 
their  contiguous  ends  by 
smaller  pipes.  But  the  first 
successful  user  of  such  boil- 
ers was  James  Rumsay,  an 
American  inventor,  celebra- 
ted for  his  early  experiments 
in  steam  navigation,  and  who 
may  be  truly  classed  as  the 
originator  of  the  water-tube 
boiler,  as  now  known.  In 
1788  he  patented,  in  England, 
several  forms  of  boilers, 
among  them,  one  having  a fire-box  with  flat 
water-sides  and  top,  across  which  were  hor- 
izontal water-tubes  connecting 
with  the  water  spaces.  Another 
was  a coiled  tube  within  a cylin- 
drical fire-box,  connecting  at  its 
two  ends  with  the  annular  sur- 
rounding water  space.  This  was 


About  the  same  time,  Wolf,  the  inventor  01 
compound  engines,  made  a boiler  of  large  hori- 
zontal tubes,  laid  across  the  furnace  and  con- 


Stevensi  1805. 

the  first  of  the  “coil  boilers.” 
Another  form  in  the  same  patent 
was  the  vertical  tubular  boiler,  as 
at  present  made. 

The  first  boiler  made  of  a combi- 
nation of  small  tubes,  connected  at 
one  end  to  a reservoir,  was  the  in- 
vention of  another  American,  John 
Cox  Stevens,  in  1805. 

This  boiler  was  actually  employed 
to  drive  a steamboat  on  the  I ludson 
River,  but  like  all  the  “ porcupine  ” 
boilers  of  which  it  was  the  first,  it 
did  not  have  the  elements  of  a con- 
tinued success. 

* See  discussion  by  Geo.  H.  Babcock,  of 
Sterling’s  paper  on  “ Water-tube  and 
Shell  Boilers,  in  Trans.  A m.  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers , Vol.,  VI.,  p.  601. 


Joseph  Eve,  1825. 

nected  at  the  ends  to  a longitudinal  drum  above. 
The  first  purely  sectional  water-tube  boiler  was 
made  by  Julius  Griffith,  in  1821,  who  used  a num- 
ber of  horizontal  water-tubes  connected  to  ver- 
tical side  pipes,  which  were  in  turn  connected  to 
horizontal  gathering  pipes,  and  these  to  a steam 
drum.  The  first  sectional  water-tube  boiler, 
with  a well-defined  circulation,  was 
made  by  Joseph  Eve,  in  1825.  His 
sections  were  composed  of  small 
tubes  slightly  double  curved  but 
practically  vertical,  fixed  in  horizon- 
tal headers,  which  were  in  turn  con- 
nected to  a steam  space  above  and 
water  space  below  formed  of  larger  pipes,  and 
connected  by  outside  pipes  so  as  to  secure  a cir- 
culation of  the  water  up  through  the  sections  and 


*- 


29 


Ntiitffliiitaniiiuwn'imnnm}' 


.■  ■■-  ■ '.>..1'  ■■i.-iji iL'.j_ 


nnlnlniil 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  in  connection  with  Murphy  Furnaces,  at  1 2th  St.  Station,  Metropolitan  Street  Railway  Co.,  Kansas  City,  Mo.  600  H,  P.  Erected  1886-7. 


down  the  external  pipes.  The  same  year  John 
M’Curdy,  of  New  York,  made  a “ Duplex  Steam 
Generator,”  of  ‘‘tubes  of  wrought  or  cast-iron 
or  other  material”  arranged  in  several  horizon- 
tal rows,  connected  together  alternately  front  and 
rear  by  return  bends.  In  1826,  Goldsworthy 
Gurney  made  a number  of  boilers  which  he  used 
on  his  steam  carriages,  consist- 
ing of  a series  of  small  tubes 
bent  into  the  shape  of  a U laid 
edgewise,  which  connected  top 
and  bottom  with  large  horizon- 
tal pipes.  These  latter  were 
united  by  vertical  pipes  to  per- 
mit of  circulation,  and  also 
connected  to  a ver- 
tical cylinder  form- 
ing  the  steam  and 
water  reservoirs.  In 
1S2S,  Paul  Steen- 
strup  made  the  first 
shell  boiler  with  ver- 
tical water-tubes  in 
the  large  flues,  sim- 
ilar to  what  is  known 

as  the  “Martin,”  and  suggesting  the  “Galloway.” 

The  first  water-tube  boiler  having  fire-tubes 
within  water-tubes  was  made  in  1830,  by  Sum- 
mers & Ogle.  Horizontal  connections  at  top 
and  bottom,  had  a series  of  vertical  water-tubes 
connecting  them,  through  which  were  fire  tubes 
extending  through  the  horizontal  connections, 
with  nuts  upon  them  to  bind  the  parts  together 
and  make  the  joints,  suggesting  some  recent 
patents. 

The  first  person  to  use  inclined  water-tubes 
connecting  water  spaces  front  and  rear  with  a 


Time  would  fail  to  tell  of  Clark,  and  Perkins, 
and  Moore  (English),  and  McDowell,  and  Alban, 
and  Craddock,  and  the  host  of  others  who  have 
tried  to  make  water-tube  boilers,  and  have  not 
made  practical  successes,  because  of  the  difficul- 
ties of  the  problem. 

Why  are  not  water-tube  boilers  in  more  gen- 


Twibill,  1865. 

eral  use,  compared  with  shell  boilers  ? is  asked. 
Because  they  require  a high  class  of  engineering 
to  make  them  successful.  The  plain  cylinder  is 
an  easy  thing  to  make.  It  requires  little  skill  to 
rivet  sheets  into  a cylinder,  build  a fire  under  it 
and  call  it  a boiler ; and  because  it  is  easy  and 
any  one  can  make  such  a boiler  — because  it  re- 
quires no  special  engineering  — they  have  been 
made,  and  are  still  made,  to  a very  large  extent. 
The  water-tube  boiler,  on  the  other  hand,  re- 
quires much  more  skill  in  order  to  make  it  suc- 
cessful. This  is  proven  by  the  great  number  of 
failures  in  attempts  to  make  water-tube 
boilers,  some  of  which  are  referred  to  in 
the  paper  under  discussion. 


Wilcox,  1856. 

steam  space  above,  was  Stephen  Wilcox  in  1S56, 
and  the  first  to  make  such  inclined  tubes  into  a 
sectional  form  was  one  Twibill  in  1865.  He 
used  wrought-iron  tubes  connected  front  and 
rear  by  intermediate  connections  with  stand 
pipes,  which  carried  the  steam  to  a horizontal 
cross-drum  at  the  top,  the  entrained  water  being 
carried  back  to  the  rear. 


The  Babcock  & Wilcox  Water- 
tube  Boiler  has  grown  out  of  that  of 
Stephen  Wilcox,  of  1856,  so  that  it  may 
be  said  to  date  back  to  that  year,  though 
the  first  joint  patent  was  eleven  years 
later.  Dr.  Alban  had  stated  the  axiom 
that  “all  boilers  should  be  so  constructed 
that  their  explosion  should  not  be  dan- 
gerous,” and  Plarrison  had  put  such  boil- 
ers into  use,  made  of  cast-iron  globes,  but  the 
Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler  of  1S67  was  the  first  to 
combine  the  sectional  construction  with  a free  cir- 
culation of  the  water  in  one  continuous  round. 
This  construction,  known  all  over  the  world  as 
the  Babcock  & Wilcox  type,  is  now  almost  uni 
versally  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  possibl 
for  safety,  economy,  and  durability. 


31 


EVOLUTION  OF  THE  BABCOCK  & WILCOX 
WATER-TUBE  BOILER. 

We  learn  quite  as  much  from  the  record  of 
failures  as  through  the  results  of  success.  When 
a thing  has  been  once  fairly  tried  and  found  to 
be  impracticable,  or  imperfect,  the  knowlege  of 
that  trial  forms  a beacon  light  to  warn  those  who 
come  after  not  to  run  upon  the  same  rock.  Still 
it  is  an  almost  every  day  occurrence  that  a de- 
vice or  construction  which  has  been  tried  and 
found  wanting  if  not  worthless,  is  again  brought 
up  as  a great  improvement  upon  other  things 
which  have  proven  by  their  survival  to  have  been 
the  “ fittest.”  This  is  particularly  the  case  when 
a person  or  firm,  have,  by  long  and  expensive 
experience,  succeeded  in  supplying  a felt  want, 
and  developed  a business  which  promises  to  pay 
them  in  the  end  for  their  trouble  and  outlay  ; 
immediately  a class  of  persons,  who  desire  to 
reap  where  they  have  not  sown,  rush  into  the 
market  with  some- 
thing similar,  and, 
generally,  with  some 
idea  which  the  suc- 
cessful party  had  tried 
and  discarded,  claim- 
ing it  as  an  “improve- 
ment, ’ ’ seek  to  entice 
customers,  who  in  the 
end  find  they  have 
cpent  their  money  for 
that  which  satisfieth 
not.  And  not  infre- 
quently steam  users, 
having  been  inadver- 
tently induced  to  experiment  on  the  ill-diges- 
ted plans  of  some  unfledged  inventor,  unjustly 
condemn  the  whole  class,  and  resolve  hence- 
forth to  stick  to  the  things  their  fathers  approved. 

The  success  of  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler 
is  due  to  twenty-three  years  constant  adherence 
to  one  line  of  research,  experimenting  and  practi- 
cal working.  In  that  time  they  have  tried  many 
plans  which  have  not  proven  to  be  practicable, 
and  were  in  fact  in  whole  or  in  part,  failures. 
During  these  twenty-three  years  they  have  seen 
more  than  thirty  water-tube,  or  sectional  boilers 
put  upon  the  market,  by  other  parties,  some  of 
which  attained  to  some  distinction  and  sale,  but 
all  of  which  have  completely  disappeared,  leaving 
scarce  a trace  behind,  save  in  the  memories  of 
their  victims.  The  following  list  — not  com- 
plete— will  serve  to  bring  the  names  of  some  to 
memories  which  can  recall  twenty  years  or  less  : 
Dimpfel,  Howard,  Griffith  & Wundrum,  Dins- 
more,  Miller  “Fire-box,”  Miller  “American,” 


Miller  “Internal  Tube,”  Miller  “Inclined Tube,” 
Phleger,  Weigand,  the  Lady  Verner,  the  Allen, 
the  Kelly,  the  Anderson,  the  Rogers  & Black, 
the  Eclipse  or  Kilgore  ; the  Moore,  the  Baker 
& Smith,  the  Renshaw,  the  Shackleton,  the 
“ Duplex,”  the  Pond  & Bradford,  the  Whitting- 
ham,  the  Bee,  the  Hazleton  or  “Common 
Sense,”  the  Reynolds,  the  Suplee  or  Luder,  the 
Babbitt,  the  Reed,  the  Smith,  the  Standard,  &c. 

It  is  with  the  object  of  protecting  our  custom- 
ers and  friends  from  disappointment  and  loss 
through  purchasing  such  discarded  ideas,  that 
we  publish  the  following  illustrations  of  experi- 
ments made  by  us  in  the  development  of  our 
present  boiler,  the  value  and  success  of  which  is 
evidenced  by  the  fact  that  the  largest  and  most 
discriminate  buyers  continue  to  purchase  them 
after  years  of  practical  experience  with  their 
workings.  All  the  constructions  herein  shown, 
and  very  many  others,  are  covered  by  patents 
belonging  to  the 
Babcock  & Wilcox 
Company. 


No.  i. — The  origi- 
nal Babcock  & Wilcox 
boiler,  patented  in 
1S67.  The  main  idea 
was  safety  ; to  it  all 
other  elements  were 
sacrificed  wherever 
they  conflicted.  The 
boiler  consisted  of  a 
nest  of  horizontal 
tubes  serving  as  steam  and  water  reservoir, 
placed  above  and  connected  at  each  end  by 
bolted  joints,  to  a nest  of  inclined  heating 
tubes  filled  with  water.  Internal  tubes  were 
placed  in  these  latter  to  assist  circulation.  The 
tubes  were  placed  in  vertical  rows  above  each 
other,  each  vertical  row  and  its  connecting  end 
forming  a single  casting.  Hand  holes  were 
placed  at  the  end  of  each  tube  for  cleaning. 

No.  2. — The  internal  circulation  tubes  were 
found  to  hinder,  rather,  than  help,  circulation 
and  were  left  out. 

Nos.  1 and  2 were  found  to  be  faulty  in  both 
material  and  design,  cast  metal  proving  itself 
unfit  for  heating  surfaces  placed  directly  over 
the  fire,  cracking  as  soon  as  they  became  coated 
with  scale. 

No.  3. — Wrought-iron  tubes  were  substituted 
for  the  cast-iron  heating  tubes,  the  ends  being 
brightened  and  laid  in  the  mould,  the  headers 
cast  on. 


33 


The  steam  and  water  capacity  was  in- 
sufficient to  secure  regularity  of  action, 
having  no  reserve  to  draw  upon  when 
irregularly  fed  or  fired.  The  attempt  to 
dry  the  wet  steam,  produced  by  super- 
heating in  the  nest  of  tubes  which 
formed  the  steam  space,  was  found  to  be 
impracticable ; the  steam  delivered  was 
either  wet,  dry  or  superheated,  accord- 
ing to  the  demands  upon  the  boiler. 

Sediment  was  found  to  lodge  in  the 
lowest  point  of  the  boiler  at  the  rear 
end,  and  the  exposed  portion  of  the  castings 
cracked  off  when  subjected  to  the  furnace  heat. 

No.  4. — A plain  cylinder  carrying  the,  water 
line  at  the  center,  leaving  the  upper  half  for 
steam  space,  was  substituted  for  the  nest  of 
tubes.  The  sections  were  made  as  in  No.  3, 


and  a mud-drum  added  to  the  rear  end  of  the 
sections  at  the  lowest  point  farthest  removed 
from  the  fire ; the  gases  passed  off  to  the  stack 
at  one  side  without  coming  in  contact  with  it. 
Dry  steam  was  secured  by  the  great  increase 
of  separating  surface  and  steam  space,  and  the 
added  water  capacity  furnished  a storage  for 
heat  to  tide  over  the  irregularities  of  feeding 
and  firing.  By  the  addition  of  the 
drum  it  lost  a little  in  safely,  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  it  became  a serviceable 
and  practical  design,  retaining  all  the 
elements  of  safety  except  small  diame- 
ter of  steam  reservoir,  which  was  never 
large,  and  was  removed  from  the  direct 
action  of  the  fire,  but  difficulties  were 
encountered  in  securing  reliable  joints 
between  the  wrought-iron  tubes  and 
the  cast-iron  headers. 

No.  5. — Wrought-iron  water  legs  were 
substituted  for  the  cast-iron  headers ; the  tubes 
were  expanded  into  the  inside  sheets,  and  a large 
cover  placed  opposite  the  front  end  of  the  tubes 
for  cleaning.  The  staggered  position  of  tubes, 
one  above  the  other,  was  introduced  and  found 
to  be  more  efficient  and  economical  than  where 
the  tubes  were  placed  in  vertical  rows.  In  other 
respects  it  was  similar  to  No.  4,  but  it  had  further 


lost  the  important  element  of  safety,  the  sec- 
tional construction,  and  a very  objectionable 
feature,  that  of  flat  stayed  surfaces,  had  been 
introduced.  The  large  doors  for  access  to  the 
tubes  were  also  a cause  of  weakness.  A large 
plant  of  these  boilers  was  placed  in  the  Calvert 
Sugar  Refinery,  Baltimore,  and  did  good 
work,  but  they  were  never  duplicated. 

No.  6. — A modification  of  No.  5,  in 
which  longer  tubes  were  used  with  three 
passages  of  the  gases  across  them,  to 
obtain  better  economy.  Also  some  of 
the  stayed  surfaces  were  omitted  and 
hand  holes  were  substituted  for  the 
large  doors.  A number  of  this  type 
were  built,  but  their  excessive  first  cost, 
lack  of  adjustability  of  the  structure 
under  varying  temperatures,  and  the 
inconvenience  of  transporting  the  last  two  styles 
together  with  the  difficulty  of  erecting  large  plants 
without  enormous  cost  for  brick-work,  as  well 
as  the  “commerical  engineering”  of  several 
competing  firms  then  in  the  market,  who  made  a 
selling  point  of  their  ability  to  add  power  to  any 
given  boiler  after  it  had  once  been  erected,  led  to  : 


No.  7. — In  this  separate  T heads  were  screwed 
on  to  the  end  of  each  inclined  tube  ; their  faces 
milled  off,  the  tubes  placed  on  top  of  each  other, 
metal  to  metal,  and  bolted  together  by  long  bolts 
passed  through  each  vertical  section  of  tube 
heads,  and  the  connecting  boxes  on  the  heads  of 
the  drum.  A large  number  of  these  boilers 
were  put  into  use,  some  of  which  are  still  at 


84 


work  after  sixteen  to  twenty  years,  but  most  of  improvement  in  action  over  No.  9.  The  four 
them  have  been  altered  to  the  later  type.  passages  of  the  gases  did  not  add  to  the  economy 

Nos.  8 and  9 are  what  were  known  as  the  in  either  Nos.  8,  9 or  10. 


into  the  Babcock  & Wilcox.  In  these,  ex- 
periments were  made  on  four  passages  of 
the  gases  across  the  tubes,  and  the  down- 
ward circulation  of  the  water  at  the  rear  end 
of  the  boiler  was  carried  to  the  bottom 
row  of  tubes.  In  No.  9,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  reduce  the  amount  of 
steam  and  water  capacity,  increase  the 
safety  and  reduce  the  cost.  A drum 
at  right  angle  to  the  line  of  tubes  was 
tried,  but  found  to  be  insufficient  to 
secure  dry  steam  or  regularity  of  action. 

The  changes  were  not  found  to  possess 
any  advantages. 

No.  10. — A move  in  the  same  direc- 
tion. A nest  of  small  horizontal  drums,  15  in.  in 
diameter  were  used  instead  of  the  single  drums 
of  larger  diameter ; and  a set  of  circulation  tubes 
were  placed  at  an  intermediate  angle,  between 
the  main  bank  of  heating  tubes  and  the  horizontal 


the  furnace  before  being  delivered  into  the  drum 
above.  The  tendency  was  as  in  all  similar 
boilers,  to  form  steam  in  the  middle  of  the  coil 
and  blow  the  water  out  from  each  end,  leaving 


the  tubes  practically  dry  until  the  steam  found  an 
outlet  and  the  water  returned.  This  boiler  not 
only  had  a defective  circulation  but  a decidedly 
geyser-like  action,  and  produced  wet  steam. 

All  the  above  types,  with  the  exception  ol 


‘rP 


tubes  which  formed  the  steam  reservoir,  to  return 
the  water  carried  up  by  the  circulation  to  the 
rear  end  of  the  heating  tubes,  allowing  the  steam 
only  to  be  delivered  into  the  small  drums  above. 
The  result  was  exceedingly  wet  steam,  with  no 


Nos.  5 and  6,  had  a large  number  of  bolted 
joints  between  their  several  parts  and  many  of 
them  leaked  seriously,  from  unequal  expansion, 
as  soon  as  the  heating  surfaces  became  scaled ; 
enough  boilers  having  been  placed  at  work 


to  demonstrate  their  unreliability  in  this 
particular. 

No.  12. — An  attempt  to  avoid  this  diffi- 
culty and  increase  the  heating  surface  in 
a given  space.  The  tubes  were  expanded 
into  both  sides  of  wrought-iron  boxes, 
openings  being  made  in  them  for  the 
admission  of  water  and  the  exit  of  steam. 
Fire-tubes  were  placed  inside  these  tubes 


No. 


and  were  found,  as  is  always  the 
case,  to  be  an  element  to  be  avoided 
wherever  possible.  It  was,  how- 
ever, an  improvement  on  No.  6. 
A slanting  bridge  wall  underneath 
the  drum  was  introduced  to  throw 
a larger  portion  of  its  surface  into 
the  first  combustion  chamber  above 
the  bank  of  tubes.  This  was  found 
to  be  of  no  special  benefit,  and 
difficult  to  keep  in  good  order. 

No.  15. — Each  vertical  row  of 
tubes  was  expanded  at  each  end 
into  a continuous  header,  cast  of 
car  wheel  metal ; the  headers 
having  a sinuous  form  so  that 


to  increase  the  surface.  These  were  aban- 
doned because  they  quickly  stopped  up  with 
scale,  and  could  not  be  cleaned. 

No.  13. — Water  boxes  formed  of  cast-iron 
of  the  full  width  and  height  of  the  bank  of 
tubes  were  made  of  a single  casting,  which 
were  bolted  to  the  steam  water-drum  above. 

No.  14.  — A wrought-iron  box  was  substituted 
for  the  cast-iron.  In  this,  stays  were  necessary 


No.  15. 


they  would  lie  close  together  and  admit  of  a 
staggered  position  of  the  tubes  in  the  furnace. 
This  form  of  header  has  been  found  to  be  the 
best  for  all  purposes,  and  has  not  since  been 
materially  changed.  The  drum  was  supported 
by  girders  resting  on  the  brick-work.  Bolted 
joints  were  discarded,  with  the  exception  of  those 
connecting  the  headers  to  the  front  and  rear 
end  of  the  drum  and  the  bottom  of  the  rear 
header  to  the  mud-drum.  But  even  these 
bolted  joints  were  found  objectionable  and 
were  superseded  in  subsequent  constructions 
by  pieces  of  tube  expanded  into  bored  holes. 


In  No.  1 6 the  headers  were  made  in  the  form 


Nos.  18  and  19  were  designed  for  fire  protec- 
tion purposes,  the  chief  requirements  being 


T 

i 


of  triangular  boxes,  having  three 
tubes  in  each.  These  were  alternately  reversed 
and  connected  together  by  short  pieces  of  tube 
expanded  in  place,  and  to  the  drum  by  tubes 
bent  so  as  to  come  normal  to  the  shell.  The 
joints  between  the  headers  introduced  an  ele- 
ment of  weakness,  and  connections  to  the  drum 
were  insufficient  to  give  the  adequate  circulation. 

No.  17. — Straight  horizontal  headers 


ability  to  raise  steam  quickly  and  hold  the  pres- 
sure ; economy  of  fuel  and  dryness  of  steam 
being  of  secondary  consideration.  They  both 
served  their  special  purpose  admirably,  but  were 
not  found  to  be  either  economical  or  desirable 
where  steady'  power  is  required. 


were  tried,  alternately  shifted  right  and  left,  to  These  experiments,  as  they  may  be  called, 
give  a staggered  position  to  the  tubes.  These  although  many  boilers  were  built  of  some  of  the 
headers  were  connected  to  each  other  and  to  the  styles  illustrated,  clearly  demonstrated  that  the 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler  at  Glasgow  Exhibition,  1888,  " W.  I.  F.”  Style,  with  Wrought  Headers. 


ist.  Sinuous  lieaders  for  each  vertical  row  of 
cubes.  2d.  A separate  and  independent  con- 
nection with  the  drum,  both  front  and  rear,  for 


NO.  20. 

each  such  vertical  row  of  tubes.  3d.  All  joints 
between  the  parts  of  the  boiler  proper  to  be 
made  without  bolts  or  screws-threads.  4th.  No 
surfaces  to  be  used  which  require  to 
be  stayed.  5th.  The  boiler  supported 
independently  of  the  brick-work,  so 
as  to  be  free  to  expand  and  con- 
tract as  it  was  heated  and  cooled. 

6th.  The  drums  not  less  than  30  in- 
ches in  diameter,  except  for  small 
boilers.  7th.  Every  part  accessible 
for  cleaning  and  repair. 

Having  settled  upon  these  points : 

No.  20  was  designed  having  all  these 
features,  together  with  other  improve- 
ments in  the  details  of  contraction. 

The  general  form  of  construction  of 
No.  15  was  adhered  to,  but  short 
pieces  of  boiler  tube  were  used  as  connections 
between  the  sections  and  drum,  and  mud-drum  ; 
their  ends  being  expanded  into  adjacent  parts 


nrutally  deteriorating  strains  where  one  was 
supported  by  the  other,  were  avoided. 

Hundreds  of  thousands  of  horse-power  of  this 
style  have  been  built  in  the  last  twelve 
years,  giving  excellent  satisfaction.  In 
fact,  most  of  the  boilers  referred  to  in  this 
book  are  of  this  style.  It  is  still  standard, 
and  is  known  as  our  “C.  I.  F.  ” (cast-iron 
front)  style,  a fancy  cast-iron  front  being 
generally  used  therewith,  as  shown  in  the 
perspective  view.  Recent  investigations 
have  shown  that  the  average  cost  of  up- 
keep of  the  boiler  proper  is  less  than  five 
cents  per  horse-power  per  annum. 

No.  21  is  a construction  more  popu- 
lar in  Europe,  perhaps,  where  most  of 
our  boilers  are  made  in  this  style.  It  is 
known  as  our  “ W.  I.  F.”  style,  the  front 
usually  supplied  with  it  being  largely  made  of 
wrought-iron.  In  this  boiler,  flanged  and 
“bumped”  drum-heads  of  wrought-steel  are 


No.  20. 

with  a Dudgeon  expander.  This  boiler  was  also 
suspended  entirely  independent  of  the  brick- 
work by  means  of  columns  and  girders,  and  the 


used  ; the  drum  is  longer,  and  thv,  sections  are 
connected  to  cross-boxes  riveted  to  its  bottom. 
Where  bight  is  to  be  saved,  the  steam  is  taken 
out  through  an  internal  “dry  pipe.”  In 
this  style  also  the  drum  is  suspended 
from  columns  and  girders,  though  not 
shown  in  the  figure. 

No.  22,  the  last  step  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  water-tube  boiler,  beyond 
which  it  seems  almost  impossible  for 
science  and  skill  to  go,  consists  in  mak- 
ing all  parts  of  the  boiler  of  wrought- 
steel , including  the  sinuous  headers, 
the  cross-boxes,  and  the  nozzles  on  the 
drum.  This  was  demanded  to  answer 
the  laws  of  some  of  the  Continental 
Nations,  and  the  Babcock  & Wilcox 
Co.,  have,  at  the  present  time,  a plant 
turning  out  forgings  as  a regular  business,  which 
have  been  pronounced  by  the  London  Engineer 
to  be  “a  perfect  triumph  of  the  forgers’  art.” 


39 


•* 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler,  416  H,  P.,  at  Pittsburgh  Steel  Castings  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa,  Erected  1883.  Showing  Wrought  Iron  Front  and  Flanged  Drum-heads. 


CONSTRUCTION. 

This  boiler  is  composed  of  lap-welded  wrought 
iron  tubes,  placed  in  an  inclined  position  and 
connected  with  each  other,  and  with  a horizontal 
steam  and  water  drum,  by  vertical  passages 
at  each  end,  while  a mud-drum  connects  the 
tubes  at  the  rear  and  lowest  point  in  theboiler. 

The  end  connections  are  in  one 
piece  for  each  vertical  row  of  tubes,  (H 
and  are  of  such  form  that  the  tubes  are 
“staggered  ” (or  so  placed  that  each 
horizontal  row  comes  over  the  spaces 
in  the  previous  row).  The  holes  are! 
accurately  sized,  made  tapering,  and 
the  tubes  fixed  therein  by  an  ex- 
pander. The  sections  thus  formed  are  connect- 
ed with  the  drum,  and  with  the  mud-drum  also 
by  short  tubes  expanded  into 
bored  holes,  doing  away  with  all 
bolts,  and  leaving  a clear  passage 
way  between  the  several  parts. 
The  openings  for  cleaning  oppo- 
site the  end  of  each  tube  are  closed 
by  hand-hole  plates,  the  joints  of 
which  are  made  in  the  most  thor- 
ough manner,  by  milling  the  sur- 
faces to  accurate  metallic  contact, 
and  are  held  in  place  by  wrought 
iron  forged  clamps  and  bolts. 
They  are  tested  and  made  tight 
under  a hydrostatic  pressure  of 
300  pounds  per  square  inch,  iron  to 
iron,  and  without  rubber-packing, 
or  other  perishable  substances. 

The  steam  and  water  drums 
are  made  of  flange  iron  or  steel, 
of  extra  thickness,  and  double  riveted.  They  can 
be  made  for  any  desired  working  pressure,  but 
are  always  tested  at  150  pounds  per  square  inch 
unless  other-wise  ordered.  The  mud-drums  are 
of  cast  iron,  as  the  best  material  to  withstand 
corrosion,  and  are  provided  with  ample  means  for 
cleaning. 

ERECTION. 

In  erecting  this  boiler,  it  is  suspended  entirely 
independent  of  the  brick-work,  from  wrought 
iron  g.rders  resting  on  iron  col'  linns.  This  avoids 


any  straining  of  the  boiler  from  unequal  expan- 
sion between  it  and  its  enclosing  walls,  and  per- 
mits the  brick-work  to  be  repaired  or  removed, 
if  necessary,  without  in  any  way  disturbing  the 


END  VIEW  OF 
HEADER. 


PARTIAL  VERTICAL  SECTION. 

boiler.  All  the  fixtures  are  extra  heavy  and  of 
neat  designs. 

OPERATION. 

The  fire  is  made  under  the  front  and  highei 
end  of  the  tubes,  and  the  products  of  the  com- 
bustion pass  up  between  the  tubes  into  a com- 
bustion chamber  under  the  steam  and  water- 
drum  ; from  thence  they  pass  down  between  the 
tubes,  then  once  more  up  through  the  spaces 
between  the  tubes,  and  off  to  tli  e chimney.  The 


41 


Babcock  &i  Wilcox  Boiler,  706  H.  P.,  at  Raritan  Woolen  Mills,  Raritan,  N.  J.  Erected  1878  and  1881.  Side  Elevation,  showing  Ornamental  Cast  Iron  Front  and 


water  inside  tne  tubes,  as  it  is  heated,  tends  to 
rise  towards  the  higher  end,  and  as  it  is  convert- 
ed into  steam  — the  mingled  column  of  steam  and 
water  being  of  less  specific  gravity  than  the  solid 
water  at  the  back  end  of  the  boiler — rises  through 
the  vertical  passages  into  the  drum  above  the 
tubes  where  the  steam  separates  from  the  water 
and  the  latter  flows  back  to  the  rear  and  down 
again  through  the  tubes  in  a continuous  circula- 
tion. As  the  passages  are  all  large  and  free,  this 
circulation  is  very'  rapid,  sweeping  away  the  steam 
as  fast  as  formed,  and  supplying  its  place  with 
water;  absorbing  the  heat  of  the  fire 
to  the  best  advantage ; causing  a thor- 
ough commingling  of  the  waterthrough- 
out  the  boiler  and  a consequent  equal 
temperature,  and  preventing,  to  a great 
degree,  the  formation 
of  deposits  or  incrus- 
tations upon  the  heat- 
ing surfaces,  sweep- 
ing them  away  and 
depositing  them  in  the 
mud  drum  whence 
they  are  blown  out. 

The  steam  is  taken 
out  at  the  top  of  the 
steam-drum  near  the 
back  end  of  the  boiler 
after  it  has  thoroughly 
separated  from  the 
water. 

ADVANTAGES. 

The  following  are 
the  prominent  advan- 
tages which  this  boil- 
er presents  over  those 
of  the  ordinary'  con- 
struction : 

1. — Thin  Heating  Sur- 
face in  Furnace. 

The  thick  plates  nec- 
essarily used  in  ordi- 
nary' boilers,  in  the  furnace,  or  immediately  ex- 
posed to  the  fire,  not  only  hinder  the  transmis- 
sion of  heat  to  the  water,  but  admit  of  overheat- 
ing, and  even  burning  the  side  next  the  fire,  with 
consequent  strains,  resulting  in  loss  of  strength, 
cracks,  and  tendency  to  rupture.  This  is  admit- 
tedly the  direct  cause  of  most  explosions.  Wat- 
er-tubes, however,  admit  of  thin  envelopes  for 
the  water  next  the  fire,  with  such  ready  trans- 
mission of  heat  that  even  the  fiercest  fire  cannot 
over-heat  or  injure  the  surface,  as  long  as  it  is 
covered  with  water  upon  the  other  side. 


2. — Joints  Removed  from  the  Fire. 

Riveted  joints  with  their  consequent  double 
thickness  of  metal,  in  parts  exposed  to  the  fire, 
give  rise  to  serious  difficulties.  Being  the  weak- 
est parts  of  the  structure,  they  concentrate  upon 
themselves  all  strains  of  unequal  expansion,  giv- 
ing rise  to  frequent  leaks,  and  not  rarely  to  actual 
rupture.  Tire  joints  between  tubes  aud  tube 
sheets  also  give  much  trouble  when  exposed  to 
the  direct  fire,  as  in  locomotive  and  tubular 
boilers.  These  difficulties  are  wholly  overcome 
by  the  use  of  lap-welded  water-tubes,  with  their 
joints  removed  from  the  fire. 

3.  Large  Draught  Area. 

This,  which  is  limited  in  fire  tubes  to  the 
actual  area  of  the  tubes,  in  this  boiler  is  the 
whole  chamber  with- 


in which  the  tubes  are 
enclosed,  which,  with 
down  draft,  gives 
ample  time  in  the 
passage  of  the  heat- 
ed gases  to  the  chim- 
ney for  thorough  ab- 
sorption of  theirheat 

4. — Complete  Com- 
bustion. 

The  perfection  of 
combustion  depends 
upon  a thorough  mixture  of  the  gases 
evolved  from  the  burning  of  fuel  with  a 
proper  quantity  of  atmospheric  air ; but 
this  perfect  mixture  rarely  occurs  in  or- 
dinary furnaces,  as  is  proven  by  chemical 
analysis,  and  also  by  the  escape  of  smoke, 
upon  the  introduction  of  any  smoke- 
producing  fuel.  Even  when  smoke  is  not 
visible  a large  percentage  of  the  com- 
bustible gases  may  be  escaping  into  the 
chimney,  in  the  form  of  carbonic  oxide,  or 
half-burnt  carbon.  Numerous  attempts  have 
been  made  to  cure  this  evil,  by  admitting  air  to 
the  furnace  or  flues,  to  “ burn  the  smoke ; ” but 
though  this  may  allow  so  much  air  to  mingle 
with  the  smoke  as  to  render  it  invisible,  and  at 
the  same  time  ignite  some  of  the  lighter  gases,  it 
in  reality  does  little  to  promote  combustion,  and 
the  cooling  effect  of  the  air  more  than  over- 
balances all  the  advantages  resulting  from  the 
burning  gas.  The  analysis  of  gases  from  va- 
rious furnaces  shows  almost  uniformly  an  ex- 
cess of  free  oxygen,  proving  that  sufficient  air 
is  admitted  to  the  furnace,  and  that  a more 
thorough  and  perfect  mixing  is  needed.  Every 
particle  of  gas  evolved  from  the  fuel  should  have 


43 


its  equivalent  of  oxygen,  and  must  find  it  while  hot 
enough  to  combine,  in  order  to  be  effective.  In 
this  boiler  the  currents  of  gases  after  leaving  the 
furnace  are  broken  up  and  thoroughly  mingled  by 
passing  between  the  staggered  tubes,  and  have  an 
opportunity  to  complete  their  combustion  in  the 
triangular  chamber  between  the  tubes  and  drum. 

That  this  does  really  take  place  is  proved  by 
an  analysis  by  Dr.  Behr  of  the  escaping  gases 
from  a stack  of  these  boilers  at  Mattheissen  & 
YVeicher’s  sugar  refinery.  He  made  many  sepa- 
rate analyses  at  different  times,  and  in  no  case 
was  there  more  than  a trace  of  carbonic  oxide, 


tact  with  all  parts  of  the  heating  surface,  render- 
ing it  much  more  efficient  than  the  same  area  in 
ordinary  tubular  boilers. 

The  experiments  of  Doctor  Alban  and  of  the 
U.  S.  Navy  have  proved  that  a given  surface 
arranged  in  that  manner  is  thirty  per  cent,  more 
efficacious  than  when  in  the  form  of  fire  tubes  as 
usually  employed. 

6. — Efficient  Circulation  of  Water. 

As  all  the  water  in  the  boiler  tends  to  circulate 
in  one  direction,  there  are  no  interfering  currents, 
the  steam  is  carried  quickly  to  the  surface,  all 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler;,  120  H.  P.,  at  the  Vancoriear  Apartment  House,  New  York.  Erected  1878. 
Showing  style  of  Ornamental  Cast  Iron  Front. 


even  when  there  was  less  than  one  per  cent,  of 
uncombined  oxygen. 

5. — Thorough  Absorption  of  the  Heat. 

There  are  important  advantages  gained  in  this 
respect  in  consequence  of  the  course  of  the  gases 
being  more  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  heating 
surface,  impinging  thereon  instead  of  gliding  by 
in  parallel  lines  as  in  fire-tube  boilers.  The  cur- 
rents passing  three  times  across  and  between  the 
staggered  tubes  are  brought  intimately  in  con- 


parts  of  the  boiler  are  kept  at  a nearly  equal  tem- 
perature, preventing  unequal  strains,  and  by  the 
rapid  sweeping  current  the  tendency  to  deposit 
sediment  on  the  heating  surface  is  materially 
lessened. 

7. — Quick  Steaming. 

1'he  water  being  divided  in  many  small  streams, 
in  thin  envelopes,  passing  through  the  hottest 
part  of  the  furnace,  steam  may  be  rapidly  raised 
in  starting,  and  sudden  demands  upon  the  boiler 
may  be  met  by  a quickly  increased  efficiency. 


41 


8. — Dryness  of  Steam. 

The  large  disengaging  surface  of  the  water  in 
the  drum,  together  with  the  fact  that  the  steam  is 
delivered  at  one  end  and  taken  out  at  the  other, 
secures  a thorough  separation  of  the  steam  from 
the  water,  even  when  the  boiler  is  forced  to  its 
utmost.  Most  tubular,  locomotive  and  sectional 
boilers  make  wet  steam,  “priming”  or  “foam- 
ing,” as  it  is  called,  and  in  many  “super-heating 
surface”  is  provided  to  “dry  the  steam;”  but 
such  surface  is  always  a source  of  trouble,  and  is 
incapable  of  being  graduated  to  the  varying  re- 
quirements of  the  steam.  No  part  of  a boiler  not 
exposed  to  water  on  the  one  side  should  be  sub- 
jected to  the  heat  of  the  fire  upon  the  other,  as  the 
unavoidable  unequal  expansion  nec- 
essarily weakens  the  metal,  and  is  a 
serious  source  of  danger.  Hence  a 
boiler  which  makes  dr)-  steam  is  to 
be  preferred  to  one  that  dries  steam 
which  has  been  made  wet. 


9. — Steadiness  of  Water  Level. 

The  large  area  of  surface  at  the 
water  line,  and  the  ample  passages 
for  circulation,  secure  a steadiness 
of  water  level  not  surpassed  by  any 
boiler. 

10. — Freedom  of  Expansion. 

The  triangular  arrangement  of 
the  parts  forming  a flexible  struc- 
ture allows  any  member  to  expand 
without  straining  any  other,  the  ex- 
panded connections  being  also  am- 
ply elastic  to  meet  all  necessities  of 
this  kind.  This  is  of  great  import- 
ance because  the  weakening  effect  of 
these  strains  of  unequal  expansion, 
between  rigidly  connected  parts,  is 
a prolific  cause  of  explosions  in  ordi- 
nary boilers.  The  rapid  circulation 
of  the  water,  however,  in  this  boiler, 
by  keeping  all  parts  at  the  same  tem- 
perature, prevents  to  a large  extent 
unequal  expansion. 

11. — Safety  from  Explosions. 

The  freedom  from  unequal  expansion  avoids 
the  most  frequent  cause  of  explosions,  while  the 
division  of  the  water  into  small  masses  prevents 
serious  destructive  effects  in  case  of  accidental 
mpture.  The  comparatively  small  diameter  of 
the  parts  secures,  even  with  thinness  of  surface, 
great  excess  of  strength  over  any  pressure  which 
it  is  desirable  to  use.  So  powerful  is  the  circula- 
tion of  the  water,  that  no  part  will  be  uncovered 
to  the  fire  until  the  quantity  of  water  in  the  boiler 


is  so  far  reduced  that  if  overheating  should  occur 
no  explosion  could  result. 

12. — Capacity. 

This  is  a point  of  the  greatest  importance,  and 
upon  it  depends,  in  a large  measure,  the  satisfac- 
tory performance  of  any  boiler  in  several  particu- 
lars. Unless  sufficient  steam  and  water  capacity 
is  provided  there  will  not  be  regularity  of  action  ; 
the  steam  pressure  will  suddenly  rise  and  as  sud- 
denly fall,  and  the  water  level  will  be  subject  to 
frequent  and  rapid  changes  ; and  if  the  steam  is 
drawn  suddenly  from  the  boiler,  or  the  boiler 
crowded,  wet  steam  will  result. 

Water  capacity  is  of  more  importance  than 


steam  space,  owing  to  the  small  relative  weight 
of  the  steam.  Twenty-three  cubic  feet  of  steam, 
or  one  foot  of  water  space,  are  required  to  supply 
one  horse-power  for  one  minute , the  pressure 
meantime  falling  from  Solbs.  to  70  lbs.  per  square 
inch.  The  value  of  large  steam  room  is  therefore 
generally  much  overrated,  but  if  it  be  too  small 
the  steam  in  passing  off  will  sweep  the  water  with 
it  in  the  form  of  spray.  Too  much  water  space 
makes  slow  steaming  and  waste  of  fuel  in  start- 
ing. Too  much  steam  space  adds  to  the  radiating 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler,  120  H.  P.,  at  the  H.  I,  Kimball  House,  Atlanta,  Ga., 
Erected  1884,  Showing  style  of  Wrought  Iron  Front. 


Vienna  Opera  Houscf  Vienna,  Austria,  lighted  bv  electricity.  Power  furnished  by  1192  H.  P.  of  Babcock  dr  Wilcox  Boilers. 


4 


surface  and  increases  the  losses  from  that  cause. 
The  proportions  of  this  boiler  have  been  adopted 
after  numerous  experiments  with  boilers  of  vary- 
ing capacity  ; and  experience  has  established  that 
this  boiler  can  be  driven  to  the  utmost,  carrying 
a steady  water  level,  and  steam  pressure,  and 
always  furnishing  dry  steam. 

The  cubical  capacity  of  this  boiler,  per  horse- 
power, is  equal  to  that  of  the  best  practice  in 
tubular  boilers  of  the  ordinary  construction.  The 
fire  surface  being  of  the  most  effective  character, 


joints,  opposite  each  end  of  eacli  tube,  permit  ac- 
cess thereto  for  cleaning,  and  a man-hole  in  the 
steam  and  water  drum,  and  hand-holes  in  mud- 
drum  are  provided  for  the  same  purpose.  All 
portions  of  botli  tire  exterior  and  interior  surface 
are  fully  accessible  for  cleaning.  The  occasional 
use  of  steam  through  a blowing  pipe  attached  to 
a rubber  hose  operated  through  doors  in  the  side 
walls,  will  keep  the  tubes  free  from  soot  and  in 
condition  to  receive  the  heat  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage. 





r 


j— i.'  r i i i i 


I ~ 


VERTICAL  SECTION. 


FRONT  VIEW. 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler,  at  T.  A.  Edison’s  Laboratory,  Menlo  Park,  N.  J,  75  H,  P.  Erected  1878. 
Showing  style  of  Fronts  for  single  boilers. 


these  boilers  will,  with  good  fuel  and  a reason- 
ably economical  engine,  greatly  exceed  their 
rated  power,  though  it  is  seldom  economy  to 
work  a boiler  above  its  nominal  power.  The 
space  occupied  by  this  boiler  and  setting  is  equal 
to  about  two-thirds  that  of  the  same  power  in 
tubular  boilers 

13. — Accessibility  for  Cleaning. 

This  is  of  the  greatest  importance  and  is  secured 
to  the  fullest  extent.  Hand-holes,  with  metal 


14. — Least  Loss  of  Effect  from  Oust. 

The  ordinary  fire  tube, 
or  flue,  receiving  the  dust 
from  the  fire  on  the  in- 
terior is  quickly  covered 
from  one-third  to  one- 
half  its  surface,  and  in 
time  is  completely  filled. 

The  water-tube,  however,  will  retain  but  a limited 
quantity  on  its  upper  side,  after  which  it  becomes 
in  a measure  self-cleaning. 


WATER-TUBE. 


FIRE-TUBE. 


47 


75. — Durability. 

Besides  the  important  increase  of  durability 
due  to  the  absence  of  deteriorating  strains,  and 
of  thick  plates  and  joints  in  the  fire,  there  is  no 
portion  of  the  boiler  exposed  to  the  abrasive  ac- 
tion which  so  rapidly  destroys  the  ends  of  fire 
tubes,  or  to  the  blow-pipe  action  of  the  flame 
upon  the  crown  sheet,  bridge  walls  and  tube 
sheets,  which  are  so  destructive  frequently  to  or- 
dinary, particularly  locomotive  boilers.  Neither 
is  there  any  portion  of  the  surface  above  the 
water  level  exposed  to  the  fire.  For  these  reasons 
these  boilers  are  durable,  and  less  liable  to 


ordinary  construction.  They  can  be  made  in  parts 
small  enough  for  mule  transportation,  if  required. 

17. — Repairs. 

As  now  constructed  these  boilers  seldom  re- 
quire repairs,  but  should,  from  any  cause,  such 
be  necessary',  any  good  mechanic  can  make  them 
with  the  tools  usually  found  in  boiler  shops. 
Should  a tube  require  to  be  renewed  it  can  be 
removed,  and  a new  one  substituted  the  same  as 
in  a tubular  boiler. 

18.—  Practical  Experience. 

The  above  advantages  would  be  worthy  of  at- 
tention if  they  were  only  theoretical,  but  they  have 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  164  H.  P.,  erected  1884  for  Greenfield  & Co.,  Confectioners,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


repairs,  than  other  boilers  under  the  same  cir- 
cumstances, and  having  the  same  care. 

16. — Ease  of  Transportation. 

Being  made  in  sections,  which  are  readily  put 
together  with  a simple  expanding  tool,  these 
boilers  may  be  easily  and  cheaply  transported 
where  it  would  be  impossible  to  place  a boiler  of 


been,  in  fact,  demonstrated  by  the  experience 
of  twenty  years,  under  a great  variety  of  circum- 
stances and  of  treatment.  Of  the  total  num- 
ber sold,  less  than  twro-per  cent,  have,  so  far  as 
w'e  are  aw'are,  been  thrown  out  of  use ; while  a 
large  number  of  customers  have  repeated  their 
orders  — some  a score  of  times,  — as  will  be  seen 
by  the  list  of  references  hereto  appended. 


48 


- ◄ 

A , 


^JfcUsSl 


ULES  and  PRAeTIGAU  DATAr 


ECONOMY  IN  STEAM. 

Efficiency  of  the  Boiler. 

One  pound  of  pure  carbon  when  burned  yields 
14,500  heat  units,  each  of  which  is  equal  to  77S 
foot  pounds  of  energy'.  If  all  its  heat  was  utilized 
in  power,  it  would  therefore  exert  5.697  horse- 
power for  one  hour,  instead  of  from  y2  to  }{,  as 
in  the  best  ordinary  practice  The  14,500  heat 
units  would,  if  all  utilized  in  a boiler,  evaporate  15 
lbs.  of  water  from  212°  at  atmospheric  pressure. 
A boiler  which  evaporates  7%  pounds  of  water 


manufacturing  purposes,  in  England,  Scotland, 
and  from  Massachusetts  to  California  in  the 
United  States,  with  various  kinds  and  grades  of 
coals,  and  at  various  rates  of  combustion,  cover- 
ing an  aggregate  of  nearly  three  months’  regular 
working,  and  evaporating  over  three  thousand 
tons  of  water,  gave  an  average  evaporation  of 
1 1.42 1 7 pounds  water  per  pound  of  combustible. 
This  is  within  four  per  cent,  of  Rankine’s  stand- 
ard, and  within  seven  and  one-half  per  cent,  of 
the  highest  theoretical  efficiency , under  the  con- 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler  at  Chavanne  Brun  et  Cie.,  Chamond,  France.  248  H,  P. 
" W.  I.  F.”  style,  with  Wrought  Headers. 


for  each  pound  of  combustible,  utilizes  but  50 
per  cent,  of  the  total  heat,  and  this  is  about  the 
average  result  of  shell  boilers  nowin  use. 

The  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers,  in  thirty  tests 
extendingoverthelast  twelve  years,  under  a great 
variety  of  conditions  and  circumstances,  by  no 
less  than  twenty  different  engineers,  and,  with 
only  two  exceptions,  on  boilers  in  daily  use  for 


ditions  in  which  they  were  made.  It  is  not  prob- 
able that  any  kind  of  boiler,  fairly  tested,  will  ever 
beat  such  a record.  As  about  15  per  cent,  is 
lost  in  the  chimney  gases,  and  in  radiation,  it  is 
evident  that  all  claims  to  over  12  f pounds  evap- 
oration should  be  looked  upon  as  unreliable. 

A steam  generator  is  composed  of  two  distinct 
parts,  each  with  its  independent  function.  The 


49 


tumace  is  for  the  proper  combustion  of  the  fuel, 
and  its  duty  is  performed  to  perfection  when  the 
greatest  amount,  but  not  necessarily  intensity , of 
heat  is  obtained  from  the  given  weight  of  com- 
bustible. The  boiler  proper  is  for  the  transfer  of 
the  heat  thus  generated  into  useful  effect  by 
evaporating  water  into  steam,  and  its  function  is 
fulfilled  completely  when  the  greatest  possible 
quantity  of  heat  is  thus  utilized.  To  a lack  of 


depend  upon  the  amount  of  air  admitted  to  the 
furnace,  and  the  increase  of  temperature  at  which 
it  escapes.  The  more  air  admitted  the  greater 
the  loss  ; hence  the  fallacy  of  all  those  schemes 
which  admit  air  above  the  fire. 

The  rate  of  combustion  should  not  exceed  0.3 
pound  of  coal  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  heating 
surface,  except  where  quantity  of  steam  is  of 
greater  importance  than  economy  of  fuel.  Where 


VERTICAL  SECTION. 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler,  at  U.  S.  Centennial  Exhibition,  1876.  150  H.  P. 


appreciation  of  this  fact,  and  of  a knowledge  of 
the  principles  involved,  is  chargeable  much 
waste  of  money  and  disappoinUnent,  both  to  in- 
ventors and  steam  users. 

As  a boiler  is  for  making  steam,  it  can  only 
utilize  for  that  purpose  heat  of  a greater  intensity 
or  higher  temperature  than  the  steam  itself,  there- 
fore the  gases  of  combustion  cannot  be  reduced 
below  chat  temperature,  and  the  heat  thereby 
represented  is  lost.  The  amount  of  this  loss  will 


a blast  is  used  the  grate  surface  should  be  pro 
portionately  reduced  to  secure  best  economy. 

“The  maximum  conductivity  or  flow  of  heat 
is  secured  by  so  designing  the  boiler  as  to  secure 
rapid,  steady,  and  complete  circulation  of  the 
water  within  it  . . . and  securing  opposite  di- 
rections of  flow  for  the  gases  on  the  one  side  and 
the  water  on  the  other.” — Prof.  R.  H.  Thurston. 

The  accumulation  of  scale  on  the  interior,  and 
of  soot  on  the  exterior,  will  seriously  affect  the 


50 


efficiency  and  economy  of  the  boiler.  Only  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  deposit  of  soot  renders  the  heat- 
ing surface  practically  useless.  Only  one-six- 
teenth of  an  inch  of  scale  or  sediment  will  cause 
a loss  of  13  per  cent,  in  fuel.  A boiler  must, 
therefore,  be  kept  clean,  outside  and  in,  to  se- 
cure a high  efficiency. 

It  is  never  economy  to  force  a boiler,  and  the 
best  results  are  always  attained  with  ample  boiler 
power.  It  is  also  necessary  to  keep  the  boiler, 


always  the  oxygen  in  the  atmosphere,  and  the 
other  is  the  fuel  employed.  Every  pound  of  fuel 
requires  a given  quantity  of  oxygen  for  its  com- 
plete combustion,  and  thus  a given  quantity  of 
air.  This  varies  with  different  fuels,  but  in  every 
case  less  air  prevents  complete  combustion,  and 
an  excess  of  air  causes  waste  of  heat  to  the 
amount  required  to  heat  it  to  the  temperature  of 
the  escaping  gas. 

With  chimney  draft,  the  experiments  of  the 


FRONT  VIEW. 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler,  at  U.  S.  Centennial  Exhibition,  1876.  150  H.  P. 


together  with  its  brick  work,  in  good  order,  and 
to  have  careful  firing  where  economy  is  desired. 

The  result  of  a bad  setting  for  a boiler  has 
been  known  to  be  a loss  of  21  per  cent,  in 
economy. 

Efficiency  of  the  Furnace. 

Combustion  may  be  defined  as  “the  union  of 
two  dissimilar  substances,  evolving  light  and 
heat.’’  In  ordinary  practice,  one  of  these  is 


U.  S.  Navy  show  that  ordinary  furnaces  require 
about  twice  the  theoretical  amount  of  air  to  secure 
perfect  combustion. 

Prof.  Schwackhoffer,  of  Vienna,  found  in  the 
boilers  used  in  Europe  an  average  excess  of  70 
per  cent,  of  the  total  amount  passing  through 
the  fire  — or  that  over  three  times  the  theoretical 
amount  was  used. 

A series  of  analyses  by  Dr.  Behr  of  the  escaping 
gases  from  a Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler,  with 


Same  Company's  South  gth  Street  House  has  900  H. 


chimney  draft,  showed  an  average  excess  of  air 
equal  to  48  per  cent,  of  the  whole  quantity. 

A series  of  12  tests  made  by  same  with  arti- 
ficial blast,  gave  an  average  excess  of  only  22  per 
cent,  of  the  whole  quantity,  and  in  a few  cases 
none  at  all,  with  only  traces  of  carbonic  oxide, 
showing  perfect  combustion. 

In  a summary  of  experiments  made  in  England, 
published  in  Bourne’s  late  large  work,  “Steam, 
Air  and  Gas  Engines,”  it  is  stated  that : 

“A  moderately  thick  and  hot  fire  with  rapid 
draft  uniformly  gave  the  best  results.” 

“Combustion  of  black  smoke  by  additional 
air  was  a loss.” 

“ In  all  experiments  the  highest  result  was 
always  obtained  when  all  the  air  was  introduced 
through  the  fire  bars.” 

“ Difference  in  mode  of  firing  only,  may  pro- 
duce a difference  of  13  per  cent.”  (in  economy). 

Different  fuels  require  different  furnaces,  and 
no  one  furnace  or  grate-bar  is  equally  good  for 
all  fuels.  The  Babcock  & Wilcox  Co.  provide 
with  their  boilers,  a special  furnace,  adapted  to 
the  particular  kind  of  fuel  to  be  used. 

Efficiency  of  the  Engine. 

A first-class  boiler  will  deliver  to  the  engine  75 
per  cent,  of  all  the  energy  in  the  combustible,  or 
say  10,875  out  of  a total  of  14,500  heat  units,  or, 
allowing  about  8 per  cent,  for  ashes,  10,000  heat 
units  for  each  pound  of  coal  burned.  This  rep- 
resents 7,720,000  foot  pounds  of  energy,  which,  if 
all  utilized  by  the  engine,  would  give  3.90  horse- 
power for  one  hour,  or  at  the  rate  of  0.26  lbs. 
coal  for  each  hourly  horse-power.  But,  by  the 
greatest  refinement  in  engines  yet  accomplished, 
the  cost  of  a horse-power  has  not  been  brought 
below  1 yz  lbs.  coal  per  hour,  or  17  per  cent,  of 
the  energy  delivered  by  the  boiler,  while  the 
average  engine  uses  3)4  lbs.  coal  per  horse- 
power, and  discharges,  unutilized,  93  per  cent, 
of  the  energy  delivered  to  it ! The  greater  part 
of  this  loss  is  in  the  latent  heat  of  the  steam, 
which  is  exhausted  into  the  atmosphere,  or  con- 
denser, and  is  unavoidable  so  far  as  now  known. 
Still,  the  fact  remains  that  many  an  ordinary  en- 
gine uses  four  times  as  much  steam  for  the  same 
power  as  is  required  by  the  best  engines. 

It  is  economy,  therefore,  in  most  cases,  to  use 
a high-class  engine.  There  are  instances,  how- 


ever, where  the  engine  is  used  for  so  short  a 
time  in  each  year,  that  the  saving  may  not  be 
sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  additional 
cost,  and  a cheaper  engine,  even  if  comparatively 
wasteful,  may  be  better  economy. 

Compound  engines,  when  high  pressures  can 
be  obtained,  have  an  advantage  in  economy  over 
single  cylinders,  and  even  “triple”  and  “quad- 
ruple” expansion  engines  under  some  conditions 
show  a saving  over  simple  “compound.”  But  they 
require  a pressure  of  from  100  to  200  lbs.  and  a 
comparatively  steady  load  to  develope  their  ad- 
vantages to  a great  degree.  Such  pressures  can 
be  safely  carried  on  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers. 

A large  boiler  is  generally  an  advantage,  but  it 
is  not  economy  to  use  a large  engine  to  develop 
a small  power.  Sufficient  steam  to  fill  the  cylin- 
der at  the  terminal  pressure — each  stroke  — has 
to  be  furnished  whether  the  engine  is  doing  more 
or  less  work,  and  this  frequently  amounts  to  far 
more  than  the  steam  used  to  do  the  work.  Thus, 
a 24  X 48  engine,  making  60  revolutions  per 
minute,  without  “cut-off,”  uses  30  horse-power 
of  steam  in  displacing  the  atmosphere,  without 
exerting  any  available  power.  For  the  same 
reason  back  pressure  greatly  increases  the  cost 
of  the  power. 

“ Most  of  the  abuses  connected  with  steam  en- 
gineering have  arisen  from  two  causes- — avarice 
and  ignorance  ; avarice  on  the  part  of  men  who 
are  imbued  with  the  idea  that  cheap  boilers  and 
engines  are  economical,  and  that  these  can  be 
operated  by  a class  of  men  who  are  willing  to 
work  for  the  lowest  wages  ; ignorance  on  the 
part  of  those  who  claim  to  be  engineers,  but  who 
at  the  best  are  mere  starters  and  stoppers.” — 
J.  H.  Vail,  Gen.  Supt.  Edison  E.L.  Co., New  York. 

Efficiency  of  Pumping  Machines. 

Many  engines,  from  the  small  “ donkey  ” feed 
pump  to  the  great  water-works  engine,  are  used 
exclusively  for  pumping  water,  and  it  is  usual  to 
reckon  their  “duty”  by  the  water  pumped,  ex- 
pressed in  millions  of  foot  pounds  for  each  100 
lbs.  coal  burned  ; each  million  of  duty  represent- 
ing about  0.13  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  thermal 
value  of  the  steam.  The  following  table  is  based 
on  one  given  by  Chas.  E.  Emery,  Ph.  D.,  in  the 
“ Report  and  Awards,  Group  XX,  U.  S.  Cen- 
tennial Exposition 


TABLE.  OF  EFFICIENCY  OF  PUMPING  MACHINES. 


Description. 

Duty  in  Million 

Foot  Pounds  per  no 
lbs.  Coal. 

Per  Centage  of  Ther- 
mal Value  of 
Steam  Used. 

Equivalent  in  Coal 
per  Hourly  Horse- 
power. 

30  to  no 

15  to  30 

8 to  15 

3 to  10 

2 to  5 

3.89  .0  13.25 

1.94  “ 3.89 

1.04  “ 1.94 

0.39  “ 1.30 

0.26  “ o.6«; 

6.68  to  1.95 

13.4  “ 6.68 

25.00  “ 13.40 

66.6  “ 25.00 

100  “ 66.60 

Steam  pumps,  large  size,  proportioned  for  work 

Steam  pumps,  small  size,  for  ordinary  uses 

Vacuum  pumps 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  624  H.  P,|  at  the  Ingenio  Fortuna  de  Luciano  6,  Barbon,  Alquizar,  Cuba,  Erected  in  1883,  for  burning  dry  bagasse. 


FUEL. 

The  value  of  any  fuel  is  measured  by  the  num- 
ber of  heat  units  which  its  combustion  will  gen- 
erate, a unit  of  heat  being  the  amount  required 
to  heat  one  pound  of  water  one  degree  Fahren- 
heit. The  fuel  used  in  generating  steam  is  com- 


posed of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  and  ash,  with 
sometimes  small  quantities  of  other  substances 
not  materially  affecting  its  value. 

“Combustible”  is  that  portion  which  will 
burn  ; tire  ash  or  residue  varying  from  2 to  36 
per  cent,  in  different  fuels. 


- 


i 


TABLE  OF  COMBUSTIBLES. 


Air  Re- 
quired. 

Temperature  of  Com- 
bustion. 

Theoretical 

Value. 

Highest 
Attainable 
Value  un- 
der Boiler. 

Kind  of 

Combustible. 

In  Pounds 

per  pound 

of  Combustible. 

With  Theoretical 

Supply  of  Air. 

With  1 14  Times 

the  Theoretical 

Supply  of  Air. 

With  Twice 

the  Theoretical 

Supply  of  Air. 

With  Three  Times 

the  Theoretical 

Supply  of  Air. 

I n Pounds  of  Water 

raised  i°  per  pound 

of  Combustible. 

In  Pounds  of  Water 

evaporated  from  & 

at  2120,  with  1 lb. 

Combustible. 

With  Chimney 

Draft. 

With  Blast,  Theor- 

1 etical  Supply  of  Air 
at  6o°,  Gas  320" 

Hydrogen 

Petroleum 

36.00 

15-43 

5750 

5°5° 

3860 
35 1 5 

2860 

2710 

1940 

1850 

62032 

21000 

64.20 

21.74 

18.55 

19.90 

\ Charcoal.  / 

Carbon  n Coke, 

12.13 

458° 

32I5 

244° 

1650 

14^00 

15.00 

13.30 

14.14 

( Anthracite  Coal,  \ 

Coal — Cumberland 

12. 06 

4QOO 

3360 

2550 

1730 

I537° 

15.90 

14.28 

15.06 

“ Coking  Bituminous 

n-73 

5140 

3520 

2680 

1810 

>5837 

16.00 

I4-45 

i5-*9 

“ Cannel 

1 1.80 

4850 

333° 

254° 

1720 

15080 

15.60 

14.01 

>4.76 

“ Lignite 

9-30 

4600 

32 10 

2490 

1670 

”745 

12.15 

io.78 

1 1 .46 

Peat — Kiln  dried 

7.68 

4470 

3M° 

2420 

1660 

9660 

10.00 

8.92 

9.42 

“ Air  dried  25  per  cent,  water. . . 

5-76 

4000 

2820 

2240 

1550 

7000 

7.25 

6.41 

6.78 

Wood — Kiln  dried 

6.00 

4080 

2910 

2260 

1530 

7245 

7-50 

6.64 

7.02 

“ Air  dried  20  per  cent,  water. . 

4.80 

3700 

2607 

2100 

1490 

5600 

5.80 

4.08 

4-39 

There  is  a large  difference  in  coals  from  different  localities,  and  even  adjacent 
mines.  The  following  table  of  American  coals,  is  compiled  from  various  sources  : 

AMERICAN  COALS. 


The  effective  value  of  all  kinds  of  wood  per  pound,  when  dry,  is  substantially 
the  same.  This  is  usually  estimated  at  0.4  the  value  of  the  same  weight  of  coal. 

The  following  are  the  weights  and  comparative  value  of 
different  woods  by  the  cord  : 


COAL. 

STATE.  KIND  OF  COAI.. 

Per  cent, 
of  Ash. 

Theoretical  Value. 

COAL. 

STATE.  KIND  OF  COAL. 

Per  cent 
of  Ash. 

Theoretical  Value 

in  Heat 
Units. 

Pounds 
of  water 
evap. 

in  Heat 
Units. 

Pounds 
of  water 
evap. 

Penn.  Anthracite 

3-49 

14.199 

14.70 

111.  Bureau  Co 

5.2° 

13,025 

13.48 

6.13 

T3»535 

14.01 

“ Mercer  Co 

5.60 

13,123 

13-58 

“ “ .... 

2.Q0 

14,221 

14.72 

1 “ Montauk 

5-5° 

12,659 

13. 10 

“ Cannel  

1 5.02 

I3A43 

13.60 

Ind.  Block 

2.50 

13.588 

14. 38 

“ Connellsville . . 

6.50 

13.368 

13-84 

“ Caking 

5.66 

14 146 

14.04 

“ Semi-bit’nous.. 

10.70 

13.155 

13.62 

“ Cannel 

6.00 

13,097 

13-56 

“ Stone's  Gas.  . . 

5.00 

14,021 

14.51 

1 Md.  Cumberland .... 

13.88 

12,226 

12.65 

“ Youghiogheny 

5.60 

14,265 

14.76 

Ark.  Lignite 

5.00 

9*215 

9-54 

“ Brown 

9-5° 

*2,324 

12.75 

Col.  u 

9-25 

13,562 

14.04 

Kentucky  Caking. . . 

2.75 

i4*39T 

14.89 

kk  “ 

4.50 

13,866 

14-35 

Cannel . . . . 

2.00 

15,198 

16.76 

Texas  “ 

4-5o 

12,962 

I3-4I 

“ “ . . . . 

14.80 

13,360 

!3-84 

Wash.  Ter.  Lignite. . 

3-4° 

11,55! 

11.96 

“ Lignite 

7.00 

9,326 

9.65 

Penn.  Petroleum ... 

20,746 

21.47 

Kind  of  Wood. 

Wght. 

Kind  of  Wood. 

Wght. 

Hickory,  Shell  bark. 
“ Red  heart. 

4469 

3705 

382I 

3254 

2325 

2137 

Hard  Maple. . . . 

2878 

3375 

Red  Oak 

Virginia  “ 
Yellow  . 

White  “ 

Spruce  

New  Jersey  Pine... 

1904 

1868 

& Wilcox  Boilers,  2000  H.  P.,  with  Artificial  Blast,  Economizer,  etc. 


The  first  table  gives,  for  the  more  com- 
mon combustibles,  the  air  required  for 
complete  combustion,  the  temperature 
with  different  proportions  of  air,  the  theo- 
retical value,  and  the  highest  attainable 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  at  Standard  Oil  Co.'s  Brooklyn  Oil  Refinery.  400  H.  P.  Erected  in  1878.  With  apparatus  for  burning  tar  or  petroleum. 


value  under  a steam  boiler,  assuming  that  the 
gases  pass  off  at  320°,  the  temperature  of  steam 
at  75  lbs.  pressure,  and  the  incoming  draft  to  be 
at  6o° ; also  that  with  chimney  draft  twice  and 
with  blast  only  the  theoretical  amount  of  air  is 
required  for  combustion. 

The  relative  value  of  different  fuels  is  largely  a 
question  of  locality  and  transportation.  For  in- 
stance, in  some  parts  of  Central  America  they 
bum  rosewood  under  their  boilers,  because  it  is 
cheaper  than  coal ; while  a few  years  ago  in  the 
West  it  was  found,  during  a coal  famine,  that  In- 
dian corn  was  the  cheapest  fuel  they  could  burn. 
In  some  places  they  burn  manure  only.  The 
Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  of  Chicago  cable  rail- 
ways are  run  regularly  on  the  offal  from  the 
stables  of  the  horse  roads,  a very  small  propor- 
tion of  coal  being  used  to  keep  it  alight. 

“Slack”  or  the  screenings  from  coal,  when 
properly  mixed — anthracite  and  bituminous, — 
and  burned  by  means  of  a blower  on  a grate 
adapted  to  it,  is  nearly  equal  in  value  of  com- 
bustible to  coal,  but  its  percentage  of  refuse  is 
greater. 

A number  of  firms  are  using  slack  with  decided 
economy,  under  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers,  in 
which  there  is  ample  space  below'  the  tubes  for 
the  dust  to  accumulate  without  covering  heating 
surface  or  impairing  the  draft. 

Much  is  said  nowadays  about  the  wonderful 
saving  which  is  to  be  expected  from  the  use 
of  petroleum  for  fuel.  This  is  all  a myth,  and  a 
moment’s  attention  to  facts  is  sufficient  to  con- 
vince any  one  that  no  such  possibility  exists. 
Petroleum  has  a heating  capacity,  when  fully 
burned,  equal  to  from  21,000  to  22,000  B.  T.  U. 
per  pound,  or  say  50  per  cent,  more  than  coal. 
But  owing  to  the  ability  to  burn  it  with  less 
losses,  it  has  been  found  through  extended  ex- 
periments by  the  pipe  lines  that  under  the  same 
boilers,  and  doing  the  same  work,  a pound  of 
petroleum  is  equal  to  1 '8  pounds  of  coal.  The 
experiments  on  locomotives  in  Russia  have 
shown  practically  the  same  value,  or  1 77.  Now, 
a gallon  of  petroleum  weighs  67  pounds  (though 
the  standard  buying  and  selling  weight  is  67 
pounds),  and  therefore  an  actual  gallon  of  petro- 
leum is  equivalent  under  a boiler  to  twrelve 
pounds  of  coal,  and  190  standard  gallons  are 
equal  to  a gross  ton  of  coal.  It  is  very  easy  with 
these  data  to  determine  the  relative  cost.  At  the 
wells,  if  the  oil  is  worth  say  two  cents  a galion, 
the  cost  is  equivalent  to  $3. So  per  ton  for  coal  at 
the  same  place,  while  at  say  three  cents  per  gal- 
lon, the  lowest  price  at  which  it  can  be  delivered 
in  the  vicinity  of  New  York,  it  costs  the  same  as 
coal  at  $5.70  per  ton.  The  Standard  Oil  Co. 


estimate  that  173  gallons  are  equal  to  a gross  ton 
of  coal,  allowing  for  incidental  savings,  as  in 
grate  bars,  carting  ashes,  attendance,  &c. 

Saw  dust  can  be  utilized  for  fuel  to  good  ad- 
vantage by  a special  furnace  and  automatic  feed- 
ing devices.  Spent  tan  bark  is  also  used,  mixed 
with  some  coal,  or  it  may  be  burned  without  the 
coal  in  a proper  furnace.  Its  value  is  about  one- 
fourth  that  of  the  same  weight  of  wood,  as  it  comes 
from  the  press,  but  when  dried  its  value  is  about 
S5  per  cent,  of  the  same  weight  of  wood  in  same 
state  of  dryness. 

Bagasse,  the  refuse  of  sugar  cane,  after  being 
dried  in  the  sun,  is  largely'  employed  in  Cuba. 
Its  value  is  about  equal  to  the  same  weight 
of  pine  wood,  in  the  same  state  of  dryness.  As 
it  comes  from  the  mill  it  contains  from  50  to 
So  per  cent,  of  water,  in  which  state  it  may'  be 
burnt  in  Cook's  Bagasse  Furnace,  under  Babcock 
& Wilcox  Boilers,  with  a result  nearly  or  quite 
equal  to  that  of  the  dried  bagasse  under  ordinary 
boilers,  thus  saving  the  large  expense  of  drying  it. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  on  an  average  one 
pound  of  coal  is  equal,  for  steam-making  pur- 
poses, to  2 lbs.  dry  peat,  2X±  to  2)A  lbs.  dry'  wood, 
2Vz  t°  3 lbs.  dried  tanbark,  2'f  to  3 lbs.  sun- 
dried  bagasse,  2 to  3 lbs.  cotton  stalks,  3)4  to 
3^4  lbs.  wheat  or  barley  straw,  5 to  6 lbs.  wet 
bagasse,  and  6 to  8 pounds  wet  tan-bark. 

Natural  gas  varies  in  quality,  but  is  usually 
worth  2 to  2(0  times  the  same  weight  of  coal,  or 
about  30,000  cubic  feet  are  equal  to  a ton  of  coal. 


TEMPERATURE  OF  FIRE. 

By  reference  to  the  table  of  combustibles,  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  temperature  of  the  fire  is 
nearly  the  same  for  all  kinds  of  combustibles, 
under  similar  conditions.  If  the  temperature  is 
known,  the  conditions  of  combustion  may  be  in- 
ferred. The  following  table,  from  M.  Pouillet, 
will  enable  the  temperature  to  be  judged  by'  the 
appearance  of  the  fire  : 


Appearance. 

Temp.  Fah. 

Appearance. 

Temp.  Fah. 

Red,  just  visible  . 

977° 

Orange,  deep.. 
“ clear. 

2010 

“ dull 

1290 

2 IQO 

“ Cherry,  dull 
“ “ full.. 

1470 

White  heat  . . 

2370 

1650 

“ bright  . . 

2550 

“ “ clear 

1830 

“ dazzling 

2730 

To  determine  temperature  by  fusion  of  met- 
als, etc. — 


Sub- 

stance. 


Tallow 

Spermaceti  . 
Wax,  white. 
Sulphur 
Tin 


Temp. 

Fah. 

Metal. 

Temp. 

Fah. 

Metal. 

Temp. 

Fah. 

Q2° 

Bismuth. . 

518 

Silver,  pure  . . . 
Gold  Coin  .... 

1830 

120 

Lead 

630 

2156 

154 

Zinc 

793 

Iron  Cast,  med 

2010 

2 39 

Antimony 

810 

Steel 

2550 

455 

Brass. 

1650 

Wrought  Iron 

2Q 10 

57 


I ' M l I I 


' ' » tt-1* « 

h !'  »-|  h 

H H F 

i 1 1 1. 

1 ■ '•  M i j J 

v f , - ■ 

1 • 

! -}1m 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  with  Cook's  Automatic  Apparatus  tor  burning  green  bagasse,  at  Yngeiuo  Central  Hormigueru,  Cuba. 


BURNING  GREEN  BAGASSE. 

The  refuse  from  sugar  cane,  after  it  has  left 
the  grinding  rolls,  contains  usually  from  25  to  40 
per  cent,  of  woody  fibre  and  from  6 to  9 per 
cent,  of  sugar,  while  the  balance,  respectively 
66  to  54  per  cent,  is  water.  In  this  condition  it 
is  not  combustible  in  ordinary  furnaces,  for 
which  purpose  it  requires  to  be  sun-dried, 
which  process  removes  from  eight  to  nine-tenths 
of  the  moisture  and  nearly  all  the  sugar  through 
fermentation.  This  sugar  itself  is  an  excellent 
fuel,  and  if  it  could  be  utilized  as  such  would 
be  nearly  sufficient  to  evaporate  the  water  in 
which  it  is  dissolved,  so  that  it  is  probable  that 
the  process  of  drying  by  natural  means  destroys 
more  fuel  than  sufficient  to  do  the  drying  includ- 
ing that  wasted  in  the  several  handlings  If, 
therefore,  the  green  bagasse  can  be  burned 
direct  from  the  mill  it  should  give  as  good 
results  as  when  dried. 

Cook’s  Automatic  Apparatus  accomplishes 
this  result,  burning  the  bagasse  automatically 
direct  from  the  sugar  mill,  with  a saving  of  the 
large  number  of  men,  carts  and  oxen  required 
for  spreading,  drying,  gathering  and  firing  it  in 
a dry  state.  It  also  secures  far  better  combus- 
tion than  can  be  had  with  the  best  hand  firing, 
with  no  smoke,  little  refuse,  and  a greatly  in- 
creased evaporative  capacity.  An  element  of 
additional  economy  consists  in  utilizing  the 
waste  heat  escaping  to  the  chimney  for  heating 
the  blast.  This  hot  blast  is  peculiarly  efficient 
in  burning  wet  fuel,  because  of  the  greatly  in- 
creased capacity  of  the  hot  air  for  absorbing 
moisture,  and  thus  partially  drying  the  ba 
gasse  before  burning.  Air  at  200°  tem- 
perature has  over  two  hundred 
times  the  capacity  for  mois- 
ture that  the  same  air 
has  at  6o°,  and  the 


air  required  for  the  combustion  of  the  fuel  in  the 
bagasse,  if  forced  into  the  furnace  at  300°  tem- 
perature, will  carry  away  the  excess  of  moisture 
in  the  fuel  without  other  heat  than  that  itself 
contains.  Therefore,  if  the  blast  is  heated  by 
the  waste  gases  to  that  temperature,  it  secures 
the  full  value  of  the  fuel  for  steam  making,  the 
same  as  if  it  were  dried  before  it  was  delivered 
to  the  furnace.  These  considerations  explain 
the  fact  that  where  these  burners  have  been 
erected  they  have  always  brought  about  a large 
reduction  in  the  supplementary  fuel  required 
with  dry  bagasse,  besides  giving  more  and 
steadier  steam  pressure.  In  a well  arranged  plan- 
tation the  bagasse  is  sufficient  without  other  fuel. 

The  furnace  of  Cook's  apparatus  consists  in 
an  oven  of  brick  having  a smaller  chamber  be- 
neath, into  which  the  blast  previously 
heated  is  introduced  through  num- 
erous perforations  in  the  walls. 

Openings  in  the  walls  of  the  oven 
permit  the  escape  of  the  gases  of 
combustion  to  the  boilers.  On  their 
way  to  the  chimney  these  gases 
pass  tubular  heaters,  through  which  a 
fan  forces  the  blast  en  route  to  the 
burner,  thus  returning  a large  part  of 
the  waste  heat  to  the  furnace  and 
securing  an  exceedingly  high  tem- 
perature therein. 

The  furnaces  require  to  be  cleaned 
once  in  24  hours,  when  the  refuse 
from  250  tons  of  bagasse  makes 
about  four  wheel-barrow  loads,  in  the 
form  of  a vitreous  mass,  evidencing 


-j  

Side  View  of  Cook's  Automatic  Apparatus  for  burning  Green  Bagasse  with  Babcock  &.  Wilcox  Boilers,  at  Yngenio  Senado. 


59 


’ ’ 

=-  - 

k 


(4* 


Plan  of  Cook's  Automatic  Apparatus  for  burning  green  bagasse,  and  four  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers 
at  Yngenio  ISABEL  (Messrs.  Beattie  & Co.)  & TERESA  (Rigney  & Co.',  Manzanillo,  Cuba,  erected  1889 


me  intense  heat  attained.  This  high  temperature  is  readily  absorbed  by 
the  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  without  injury  to  the  heating  surface,  but 
it  is  not  considered  safe  to  apply  it  to  other  boilers  having  thicker  heat- 
ing surface  and  a less  perfect  circulation  of  water. 

The  bagasse  is  fed  to  the  furnaces  automatically  by  an  arrangement 
of  carriers  which  receive  it  from  the  rolls  and  distribute  it  equably  to 
the  different  furnaces,  where  more  than  one  is  required,  dumping  any 
surplus  upon  cars,  where  it  is  stored  for  use  when  the  mill  is  not  grind- 
ing. The  number  of  attendants  required  is  reduced  to  a minimum, 
every  operation  being  automatic.  At  Yngenio  Senado  two  of  these  ; ; ,, 

burners  reduce  the  number  of  men  employed  from  250  to  60,  besides  , 

the  saving  in  wood  and  teams,  the  better  supply  of  steam,  the  ability 

to  erind  durine  rainv  weather,  and  the  total  absence  of  risk  of  fires. 

& ( 

As  a rule,  the  cost  of  the  apparatus  is  repaid  in  the  first  crop.  ,//s  n 

Four  of  Cook's  apparatus  with  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  have  now 
taken  off  six  crops  each  in  Louisiana  with  no  repairs  or  stoppages, 
and  with  perfect  success  in  every  case.  Forty  burners  in  Cuba  U/^ 

the  last  season  worked  through  the  entire  crop  successfully  without  the  1 1 

least  stoppage  or  trouble.  No  wood  was  required 
after  the  first  starting,  the  spare  bagasse  serving  to 
light  the  burner  after  stopping  for  cleaning,  as  well  as 
to  keep  it  running  when  the  mill  was  not  grinding. 

Burning  green  bagasse  with  economy  and  efficiency-  is, 
therefore,  no  longer  a problem,  but  an  assured  success. 

Cook’s  Appara  tus  is  the  subject  of  numerous 
patents  in  all  sugar-producing  countries.  These 


patents,  all  of  which  are  owned,  or  controlled,  by 
the  Babcock  & Wilcox  Company,  cover  all  the  pecul- 
iarities which  distinguish  this  process  and  apparatus 
from  the  previous  crude  attempts  to  burn  green  ba- 
gasse. Among  these,  are  the  arrangement  of  several 
boilers  for  one  burner ; the  construction  of  the  furnace 
without  grate  bars ; the  hot  blast  in  numerous  jets, 
applied  to  a bagasse  burner,  and  the  method  of  heat- 
ing the  same ; the  method  of  dividing  the  bagasse 
automatically  between  several  burners ; the  improved 
carriers ; the  storing  of  surplus  bagasse  for  use 
when  the  mill  is  stopped  temporarily ; the  arrange- 
ment of  the  bagasse-fired  boilers  so  that  they  may  be 


fired  with  other  fuel  in  the  ordinary  manner  when  the 
mill  is  not  grinding ; and  numerous  other  important 
details.  It  is  the  only  apparatus  which  will  effectually 
take  care  of  the  bagasse  direct  from  the  mill.  During 
the  season  of  1S91-92  there  were  sixty-three  Cook's 
furnaces  on  the  island,  automatically  caring  for  and 
consuming  the  bagasse  from  23,000  tons  of  cane  daily. 


61 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  with  Cook's  Automatic  Apparatus  for  burning  green  bagasse,  at  Yngenio  Central  Senario.  1,000  H,  P.  Erected  >888 


HORSE-POWER  OF  BOILERS. 

-Strictly  speaking,  there  is  no  such  thing  as 
‘ horse-power  ” to  a steam  boiler  ; it  is  a meas- 
ure applicable  only  to  dynamic  effect.  Rut  as 
boilers  are  necessary  to  drive  steam-engines,  the 
same  measure  applied  to  steam-engines  has  come 
to  be  universally  applied  to  the  boiler,  and  can- 
not well  be  discarded.  In  consequence,  how- 
ever, of  the  different  quantity  of  steam  necessary 
to  produce  a horse-power,  with  different  engines, 
there  has  been  great  need  of  an  accepted  stand- 
ard by  which  the  amount  of  boiler  required  to 
provide  steam  for  a commercial  horse-power  may 
be  determined. 

This  standard,  as  fixed  by  Watt,  was  one  cubic 
foot  of  water  evaporated  per  hour  from  2120  for 
each  horse-power.  This  was,  at  that  time,  the 
requirement  of  the  best  engine  in  use.  At  the 
present  time,  Prof.  Thurston  estimates,  that  the 
water  required  per  hour,  per  horse-power,  in 
good  engines,  is  equal  to  the  constant  200,  divid- 
ed by  the  square  root  of  the  pressure,  and  that  in 
the  best  engines  this  constant  is  as  low  as  150. 
This  would  give  for  good  engines,  working  with 
64  lbs.  pressure,  25  lbs.  water,  and  for  the  best 
engines  working  with  100  lbs.,  only  15  lbs.  water 
per  hourly  horse-power. 

The  extensive  series  of  experiments,  made 
under  the  direction  of  C.  E.  Emery,  M.  E.,  at  the 
Novelty  Works,  in  1S66-8,  and  published  by 
Professor  Trowbridge,  show,  that  at  ordinary 
pressures,  and  with  good  proportions,  non-con- 
densing engines  of  from  20  to  300  H.  P.,  required 
only  from  25  to  30  lbs.  water  per  hourly  horse- 
power, in  regular  practice. 

The  standard,  therefore,  adopted  by  the  judges 
at  the  late  Centennial  Exhibition,  of  30  lbs. 
water  per  hour,  evaporated,  at  70  lbs.  pressure, 
from  300°,  for  each  horse-power,  is  a fair  one  for 
both  boilers  and  engines,  and  has  been  favor- 
ably received  by  the  Am.  Soc.  of  Mecli.  Engineers 
and  by  steam  users,  but  as  the  same  boiler  may 
be  made  to  do  more  or  less  work  with  less  or  great- 
er economy,  it  should  be  also  required  that  the 
rating  of  a boiler  be  based  on  the  amount  of 
water  it  will  evaporate  at  a high  economical  rate. 

For  purposes  of  economy 
the  amount  of  heating  surface 
should  never  be  less  than  one, 
and  generally  not  more  than 
two,  square  feet,  for  each 
5,000  British  thermal  units  to 
be  absorbed  per  hour,  though 
this  depends  somewhat  on 
the  character  and  location  of 
such  surface.  The  range 
Aven  above  is  believed  to  be 


sufficient  to  allow  ior  tne  different  conditions  in 
practice,  though  a far  greater  range  is  frequently 
employed.  As,  for  instance,  in  torpedo  boats, 
where  everything  is  sacrificed  to  lightness  and 
power,  tlie  heating  surface  is  sometimes  made  to 
absorb  12,000  to  15,000  B.  T.  U.  per  square  foot 
per  hour,  while  in  some  mills,  where  the  pro- 
prietor and  his  advisers  have  gone  on  the  princi- 
ple that  1 ' too  much  is  just  enough,”  a square  foot 
is  only  required  to  absorb  1,000  units  or  less  per 
hour.  Neither  extreme  is  good  economy. 

Square  feet  of  heating  surface  is  no  criterion  as 
between  different  styles  of  boilers  — a square 
foot  under  some  circumstances  being  many  times 
as  efficient  as  in  others  ; but  when  an  average 
rate  of  evaporation  per  square  foot  for  any  given 
boiler  has  been  fixed  upon  by  experiment,  there 
is  no  more  convenient  way  of  rating  the  power  of 
others  of  the  same  style.  The  following  table 
gives  an  approximate  list  of  square  feet  of  heat- 
ing surface  per  H.  P.  in  different  styles  of  boilers  ; 
and  various  other  data  for  comparison  : 


Type  of  Boiler. 

Square  feet  of 
Heating  Sur- 

face for 
CneH.  P. 

Coal  per sq.  ft. 

PI. S. per  hour. 

Relative 

Economy. 

Relative 

Rapidity  of 

Steaming. 

Authority. 

Water-lube 

10  to  12 

•3 

1. 00 

1. 00 

I shervvood. 

Tubular 

14  to  18 

• 25 

•91 

•5° 

14 

Flue 

8 to  12 

•4 

•79 

•25 

Prof.  Trow- 

Plain  Cylinder  . . 

6 to  10 

•5 

.69 

.20 

bridge. 

Locomotive 

12  to  16 

•275 

.85 

Vertical  Tubular. 

15  to  20 

•25 

.80 

.60 

A horse-power  in  a steam-engine  or  other 
prime  mover,  is  550  lbs.  raised  1 foot  per  second 
or  33,000  lbs.  1 foot  per  minute. 


HORSE-POWER  OF  DIFFERENT  NATIONS. 

Most  nations  have  a standard  for  power  simi- 
lar to,  and  generally  derived  from  W att’s  “ horse- 
power, ” but  owing  to  different  standards  of 
weights  and  measures,  these  are  not  identical, 
though  the  greatest  differences  amount  to  less 
than  ij^  per  cent.  The  following  table  gives  the 
standard  horse-power  for  each  nation,  in  kilo- 
grammetres  per  second , and  in  fool-pounds  per 
second,  expressed  in  the  foot  and  pound  stand- 
ard in  each  country : 


TABLE  OF  STANDARD  HORSE-POWER  FOR  DIFFERENT  NATIONS. 


Country. 

L c/3 

c/T 

C c 

T3  0 ^ 

Saxon 

Ft.  pounds, 
per  sec. 

IS)  • 

' • 

a tx=  u 

u 3 is. 

£ OJ  O , 
5-0  0-0 

Prussian 

Ft,  pounds,  | 
per  sec. 

c 

.2  -n 

*5  c u 

2 0 <y 

1 it 

~ X 

English 

Ft.  pounds, 
per  sec. 

Austrian 

Ft.  pounds, 
per  sec. 

France  and  1 
Baden . . . ) 

75 

500 

529.68 

521.58 

477-93 

5P3-53 

542.47 

423.68 

Saxony 

5OO.4O 

530. 

523.89 

478.22 

513-84 

542.80 

423-93 

\V  ortemberg  . . 

75-240 

501-36 

531-12 

525. 

470-23 

5M-92 

543-95 

424.83 

Prussia 

75-325 

502,17 

531-07 

525.85 

480. 

515-75 

544.82 

425-51 

Hanover 

75.361 

502.41 

532.23 

526.  IO 

480.23 

516. 

S45.08 

425-72 

England  . . 

76.041 

506.  Q4 

537-03 

530.84 

484.56 

520.6s 

550. 

420.56 

Austria 

76. 1 19 

507-46 

437-5® 

531-39 

485.06 

52  1.19 

550-57 

430. 

63 


◄ 


jtjnfjfiSffip 

iir.ilihhU'.ili 


niihnHu^vJj 

S'liiiii'sili 

siiiittnsM 

i _ 


$}  ’ I /is////ffe/ i f i * j j i f i } I : i i i I 

'////se//Mfmiikhhl!h!ltl^ssaasaM 


rwmmimm 


ssSMfgfiljlillfiijill 

'f*Sfsfe|s|sfs|s®i!sfi|sisjE? 

fegg «ggS 


!t{'»il\:j  m il 

hUig** 


!MKsamaag»»\»\^ 


HHWillllBl 


feijililijililWlilil 


SIM* 


Babcock  Si  Wilcox  Boilers,  832  H,  P,,  at  Lucy  Furnace,  Pittsburgh,  Pa,  Erected  1883,  Fired  with  waste  eases  from  blast  furnaces, 


BOILERS  IN  IRON  AND  STEEL  WORKS. 

The  requirements  of  a steam  boiler  in  an  iron 
or  steel  works  are  more  severe  than  in  any  other 
establishment,  with  possibly  the  exception  of  a 
sugar  plantation.  The  heat  applied  to  the  boiler 
is  not  only  intense,  but  fluctuating.  The  utmost 
possible  amount  of  work  may  be  required  from 
the  boiler  for  one  hour,  and  scarcely  any  work 
the  next,  while  in  many  iron  works  too  little 
attention  is  paid  to  the  boiler-house  by  the  man- 
agement. it  being  left  to  the  care  or  neglect 


This  boiler  possesses  for  this  purpose  the  a<1 
vantages  of  safety  and  economy.  The  intense 
heat  of  the  gases  from  a puddling  furnace  is  very 
destructive  of  thick  plates  and  riveted  joints, 
causing  frequent  violent  explosions  in  boilers  so 
heated.  The  thin  tubes,  and  rapid  circulation, 
in  these  bi  >ilers  render  them  less  liable  to  damage 
from  the  high  temperature,  and  the  arrangement 
of  heating  surface  secures  a fuller  absorption  of 
the  waste  heat.  Should  a tube  burn  out,  no  se- 
rious explosion  can  occur. 


Section  of 

832  Hone  Power  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers 
at  Lucy  Furnaces.  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  burning  wa;te  gas. 


of  incompetent  men.  There  is,  also,  frequently 
a lack  of  sufficient  boiler  capacity,  and  in  conse- 
quence the  boilers  are  driven  at  a rate  which  is 
both  wasteful  of  fuel  and  destructive  to  heating 
surfaces. 

An  extended  experience  with  the  Babcock  & 
Wilcox  boilers  in  iron  and  steel  works  extending 
over  ten  years,  under  a variety  of  conditions,  in 
connection  with  heating,  puddling  and  blast 
furnaces,  utilizing  the  waste  heat,  has  shown  their 
adaptability  and  superiority  for  such  work. 


Some  establishments  place  their  boilers  over 
the  furnaces,  as  shown  in  the  cut,  while  others 
place  them  at  the  side  of  the  furnace,  or  in  the 
rear.  One  advantage  of  this  boiler,  especially 
for  double  puddling  and  large  heating  furnaces, 
is  that  a much  larger  amount  of  heating  surface 
can  be  placed  over  a furnace  than  can  be  done 
with  the  boilers  ordinarily  used  for  this  purpose, 
thereby  giving  greater  economy  of  fuel  with  less 
cost  of  erection.  At  The  Carron  Iron  Works, 
near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  the  Lucy  Furnaces. 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  Pennsylvania  Steel  Co's  Works,  Sparrows  Point,  Md.  1st  order,  4,000  H,  P.  in  process  of  erection,  1888.  Duplicate  ordered  1889, 


Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  and  elsewhere,  these  boilers  are 
fired  with  the  waste  gases  of  the  blast  furnaces 
with  marked  success.  The  combustion  of  the 
gas  is  perfect ; the  boilers  develop  much  more 
than  their  rated  capacity  ; and  the  dust  contained 
in  the  gas  has  given  no  trouble.  The  manager  of 
the  Lucy  Furnace  says : 

‘ They  are  very  free  steamers,  easily  cleaned, 
and  will  do  a given  amount  of  work  on  very  much 
less  gas  than  our  cylinder  or  two-flue  boilers. 
They  have  cost  nothing  for  repairs.” 


WEIGHT  AND  VOLUME  OF  AIR. 

A cubic  foot  of  air  at  6o°  and  under  average 
atmospheric  pressure,  at  sea  level,  weighs  536 
grains,  and  13.06  cubic  feet  weigh  one  pound. 
Air  expands  or  contracts  an  equal  amount  with 
each  degree  of  variation  in  temperature.  Its 
weight  and  volume  at  any  temperature  under  30 
inches  of  barometer  may  be  found  within  less 
than  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  by  the  following 
formula,  in  which  W = weight  in  pounds  of  one 
cubic  foot,  V — volume  in  cubic  feet,  per  pound, 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  over  Puddling  Furnace. 


In  rolling  mills  doing  the  heaviest  and  most 
irregular  kind  of  work,  the  success  of  these  boil- 
ers has  been  equally  encouraging,  and,  in  a 
number  of  the  Bessemer  Steel  Works,  they  are 
supplying  steam  to  reversing  engines  rolling  steel 
ingots  in  two  high  trains,  while  several  large 
plants  supply  power  for  rolling  rods,  bar  iron, 
rails  and  beams,  and  drawing  wire.  The  names 
of  many  extensive  Iron  and  Steel  Works,  in 
some  of  which  large  plants  have  been  in  use  for 
years,  will  be  found  in  the  list  of  references. 


and  r absolute  temperature,  or  460°  added 
to  that  by  the  thermometer,  = / + 460. 

’ W=4o  ■ V=JL 

7 40 

For  any  condition  of  pressure  and  temperature 
the  following  formulas  are  very  nearly  exact : 

W—2.71-C  . . V ' , . ./=  2.71  V/>  — 460 
r 2.71/ 

in  which  p is  pressure  above  absolute  vacuum. 
The  same  formulae  answer  for  any'  other  gas  bv 
changing  the  co-efficient. 


67 


CHIMNEYS. 

Chimneys  are  required  for  two  pur- 
poses— ist, to  carry  off  obnoxious  gas- 
es ; 2d,  to  produce  a draught,  and  so 
facilitate  combustion.  The  first  re- 
quires size,  the  second  height. 

Each  pound  of  coal  burned  yields 
from  13  to  30  pounds  of  gas,  the  vol- 
ume of  which  varies  with  the  temper- 
ature. 

The  weight  of  gas  to  be  carried  off  by  a 
chimney  in  a given  time  depends  upon 
three  things  — size  of  chimney,  velocity 
of  flow,  and  density  of  gas.  But  as 
the  density  decreases  directly  as  the  ab- 
solute temperature,  while  the  velocity 
increases,  with  a given  height,  nearly  as 
the  square  root  of  the  temperature,  it 
follows  that  there  is  a temperature  at 
which  the  weight  of  gas  delivered  is 
a maximum.  This  is  about  550°  above 
the  surrounding  air  Temperature, 
however,  makes  so  little  difference, 
that  at  550°  above,  the  quantity  is  only 
four  per  cent,  greater  than  at  300°. 
Therefore,  height  and  area  are  the  only 
elements  necessary  to  consider  in  an 
ordinary  chimney. 

The  intensity  of  draught  is,  how- 
ever, independent  of  the  size,  and  de- 
pends upon  the  difference  in  weight  of 
the  outside  and  inside  columns  of  air, 
which  varies  nearly  as  the  product  of 
the  height  into  the  difference  of  tem- 
perature. This  is  usually  stated  in  an 
equivalent  column  of  water,  and  may 
vary  from  0 to  possibly  2 inches. 

After  a height  has  been  reached  to 
produce  draught  of  sufficient  intensity 
to  burn  one,  hard  coal,  provided  the 
area  of  the  chimney  is  large  enough, 
there  seems  no  good  mechanical  reason 
for  adding  further  to  the  height,  what- 
ever the  size  of  the  chimney  requir- 
ed. Where  cost  is  no  consideration 
there  is  no  objection  to  building  as 
high  as  one  pleases  ; but  for  the 
purely  utilitarian  purpose  of  steam 
making  equally  good  results,  might 
be  attained  with  a shorter  chimney 
at  much  less  cost. 

The  intensity  of  draft  required  va- 
ries with  the  kind  and  condition  of 
the  fuel,  and  the  thickness  of  the 
fires.  Wood  requires  the  least,  and 
fine  coal  or  slack  the  most.  To 
bum  anthracite  slack  to  advantage, 


! I 


* 1*. 


9 I 


a draught  of  1 f inch  of  water  is  nec- 
essary, which  can  be  attained  by  a well- 
proportioned  chimney  175  feet  high. 

Generally  a much  less  height  than 
100  feet  can  not  be  recommended  for  a 
boiler,  as  the  lower  grades  of  fuel  can- 
not be  burned  as  they  should  be  with 
a shorter  chimney. 

A round  chimney  is  better  than 
square,  and  a straight  flue  better  than  a 
tapering,  though  it  may  be  either  larger 
or  smaller  at  top  without  detriment. 

The  effective  area  of  a chimney  for 
a given  power,  varies  inversely  as  the 
square  root  of  the  height.  The  actual 
area,  in  practice,  should  be  greater, 
because  of  retardation  of  velocity  due 
to  friction  against  the  walls.  On  the 
basis  that  this  is  equal  to  a layer  of  air 
two  inches  thick  over  the  whole  inte- 
rior surface,  and  that  a commercial 
horse-power  requires  the  consumption 
on  an  average  of  5 pounds  of  coal  per 
hour,  we  have  the  following  formula  : 


• 0.6  1 A 


13-54  v E • 4 4 


fn  which  H = horse-power  ; h =•  height 
of  chimney  in  feet ; E = effective  area, 
and  A— actual  area  in  square  feet ; S = 
side  of  square  chimney,  and  D = dia 
of  round  chimney  in  inches.  The  table 
on  page  70  is  calculated  by  means  of 
these  formulae. 

To  find,  the  draft  of  a given  chimney 
in  inches  of  water  : Divide  7.6  by  the 
absolute  temperature  of  the  external 
air  (*.  = / + 460) ; divide  7.9  by  the 
absolute  temperature  of  the  gases  in 
the  chimney  (rc  = t'  + 460) ; subtract 
the  tatter  from  the  former , and  multi- 
ply the  remainder  by  the  height  oj 
the  chimney  in  feet.  This  rule,  ex- 
nressed  in  a formula,  would  be : 


d ■■ 


(£  - e 


To  find  the  height  of  a chimney , to 
give  a specific  draft  power,  express- 
Proceed  as 
above , through  the  first  two  steps, 
then  divide  the  given  draft  power 


ea  in  inches  of  water 

■6  UN  Of  T ION 


68 


by  the  remainder,  the  result  is  the  height  in  feet. 
Or,  by  formula  : 

,/ 


To  find  the  maximum  efficient  draft  for  any 
given  chimney,  the  heated  column  being  600  F., 


temperature.  It  will  be  seen  that  practically 
nothing  can  be  gained  by  carrying  the  temper- 
ature of  the  chimney  more  than  350°  above  the 
external  air  at  6o°. 

To  determine  the  quantity  of  air , in  pounds, 
a given  chimney  will  deliver  per  hour,  multiply 
the  distance  in  inches,  at  given  temperature,  on 

the  diagram, 


and  the  external  air  62° : Jl luh  ipty  the 
height  above  grate  m feet  by  .007, 
and  the  product  is  the  draft  power  in 
inches  of  water. 

The  above  diagram  shows  the  draft,  in 
inches,  of  water  for  a chimney  100  feet 
high,  under  different  temperatures,  from 
50°  to  Soo°  above  external  atmosphere, 
which  is  assumed  at  6o°.  The  vertical 
scale  is  full  size,  and  each  division  is  dj 
of  an  inch.  It  also  shows  the  relative 
quantity,  in  pounds  of  air,  which  would 
be  delivered,  in  the  same  time,  by  a 
chimney  under  the  same  differences  of 


by  1000  times 
the  effective 
area  in  square 
feet,  and  by 
the  square  root 
of  the  height 
in  feet.  This 
gives  a maxi- 
mum. Fric- 
tion in  flues 
and  furnace  may  reduce  it  greatly. 

The  external  diameter  of  a brick  chim- 
ney at  the  base  should  be  one-tenth  the 
height,  unless  it  be  supported  by  some 
other  structure.  The  “ batter  ” or  taper  of 
a chimney  should  be  from  T\  to  inch  to 
the  foot  on  each  side. 

Thickness  of  brick  work  : one  brick  (8 
or  9 inches)  for  25  ft.  from  the  top,  increas- 
ing J2  brick  (4  or  \'/z  inches)  for  each  25 
ft.  from  the  top  downwards. 

If  the  inside  diameter  exceed  5 ft.  the 
top  length  should  be  1%  bricks,  and  if  un- 
der 3 ft.  it  may  be  brick  for  ten  feet. 


Chimney  for  1260  H.  P,  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler,  at  Bird  Coleman  Furnace,  Cornwall,  Pa. 


SIZES  OF  CHIMNEYS  WITH  APPROPRIATE  HORSE-POWER  BOILERS, 


'The  following  table  has  been  computed  by  means  of  the  formulae  on  page  68, and  will  be  found 

useful  for  ready  reference  : 


C tr 

Height  of 

Chimneys. 

v J. 

1$  * o 

3 O u 

V 

° | . * 

O 

S3  'Z 

50  ft 

60  ft 

70  ft 

80  n. 

90  ft 

IOO  ft. 

1 10  ft. 

125  n.. 

50  n. 

175  ft. 

200  ft. 

'Z  « O 

0 

nj  * E'  0 

£ < 3 

Commercial  Horse-Power. 

It 

t/) 

18 

23 

25 

27 

0.97 

‘•77 

16 

21 

35 

38 

4 1 

* -47 

2.4» 

»9 

24 

49 

54 

58 

62 

| 

2.08 

3-  >4 

22 

27 

65 

72 

78 

83 

2.78 

3.98 

24 

30 

84 

92 

100 

107 

1 13 

3-58 

4.91 

27 

.33 

1*5 

125 

‘33 

141 

4 47 

5-94 

30 

36 

141 

152 

>63 

*73 

| 182 

5-47 

7.07 

32 

39 

.83 

I96 

208 

1 219 

6.57 

8.30 

35 

42 

216 

231 

245 

2=8 

271 

7.76 

9.62 

38 

48 

311 

330 

348 

365 

389 1 

10.44 

>2.57 

43 

54 

363 

427 

449 

472 

503  1 

55  * 

1 3 • 5 » 

15.90 

48 

60 

5<>5 

5.39 

565 

593j 

632 1 

692 

748 

16.98 

19.64 

54 

66 

658 

694 

728 

776  - 

849 

9l8 

981 

20.83 

23-76 

59 

72 

792 

835 

876 

934 

1023 

1105 

1 181 

25 .08 

28 . 27 

64 

78 

995 

1038 

1 *°7  , 

I2L£ 

I3IO 

1400 

29.73 

33.i8 

70 

84 

1 163 

1214 

>294 

I418 

« 53* 

■637 

34.76 

38.48 

75 

90 

*344 

*4*5 

1496 1 

1639 

1770 

‘893 

40.19 

44.18 

80 

96 

>537 

1616 

1720  j 

1 876 

2027 

2167 

46  01 

50.27 

86 

IRON  CHIMNEY  STACKS. 

In  many  places,  notably  in  iron  works,  iron 
stacks  are  preferred  to  brick  chimneys.  Their 
efficiency  for  the  same  dimensions 
is  somewhat  higher  because  there 
is  no  infiltration  of  air  as  through 
brick-work.  The  cuts  on  the  mar- 
gin of  this  page  show  the  stacks 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Steel  Co  , at 
Sparrow’s  Point,  Md.  These  are 
lined  with  brick  their  whole  height 
and  are  bolted  down  to  the  base 
so  as  to  require  no  stays,  though 
in  this  case  they  would  be  suffici- 
ently stable  from  their  own  weight. 

A good  method  of  securing  such 
bolts  to  the  stack  is  practiced  by 
the  Pencoyd  Iron-Works,  Pa.,  and 
is  shown  in  detail  in  the  annexed 
figures.  On  page  69  is  a cut  of  a 
similar  stack,  at  the  Bird  Coleman 
Furnaces,  Cornwall,  Pa.  Iron 
stacks  require  to  be  kept  well 
painted  to  prevent  rust,  and 
generally,  where  not  bolted 


C- 


IV, 


Stability,  or  power  to 
withstand  the  overturning 
force  of  the  highest  winds 
requires  a proportionate  re- 
lation between  the  weight, 
height,  breadth  of  base,  and 
exposed  area  of  the  chimney. 
This  relation  is  expressed  in 
the  equation 
d h 2 
b 

in  which  d — the  average 
breadth  of  the  shaft,  h — its 
height;  b = the 
breadth  of  base;  all  in 
feet ; IV  = weight  of 
chimney  in  lbs.,  and 
C = a co-efficient  of 
wind  pressure  per 
square  foot  of  a.  This 
varies  with  the  cross- 
section  of  the  chim- 
ney, and  = 56  for  a 
square, 35  for  an  octa- 
gon, and  28  for  a round  chim- 
ney. Thus  a square  chimney 


down,  as  here  shown,  they  Ho|din?down  Bc|t,  and  LugSi  of  average  breadth  of  8 ft.,  10 


need  to  be  braced  by  rods  Pencoyd  Iron  Works, 
or  wires  to  surrounding  objects.  With  four  such 
braces  attached  to  an 
angle  iron  ring  at  % 
the  height  of  stack,  and 
spreading  laterally  at 
least  an  equal  distance, 
each  brace  should  have 
---  an  area  in  square  inches 
equal  to  1-1000  the  ex- 
posed area  of  stack 
(dia.  X height)  in  feet. 


feet  wide  at  base  and  100  feet 
high,  would  require  to  weigh 
56  X 8 X too  X 10  = 448,000 
lbs.  to  withstand  any  gale 
likely  to  be  experienced. 
Brick  work  weighs  from  100  to 
130  lbs.  per  cubic  foot, 
hence  such  a chimney 
must  average  13  inches 
thick  to  be  safe.  A round 
stack  could  weigh  half  as 
much,  or  have  less  base. 


f 


rr 


TO 


PROPERTIES  OF  SATURATED  STEAM 

Ice  is  liquified  and  becomes  water  at  320  F. 
Above  this  point  water  increases  in  temperature 
up  to  the  steaming  point,  nearly  at  the  rate  of  i° 
for  each  unit  of  heat  added  per  pound  of  water. 
The  steaming  point  (2120  at  atmospheric  press- 
ure), rises  as  the  superimposed  pressure  in- 
creases, but  at  a decreasing  ratio ; as,  for  ex- 
ample. at  atmospheric  pressure  it  takes  3^°  to 


thermometric  temperature), constitutes  the  “Total 
Heat.”  The  “total  heat”  being  greater  as  the 
pressure  increases,  it  will  take  more  heat,  and 
consequently  more  fuel,  to  make  a pound  of 
steam  the  higher  the  pressure. 

Saturated  steam  cannot  be  cooled  except  by 
lowering  its  pressure,  the  abstraction  of  heat  be- 
ing compensated  by  the  latent  heat  of  a portion 
which  is  condensed.  Neither  can  steam,  in 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  at  The  Turner  & Seymour  Mfg.  Co.,  Torrington,  Ct.  100  H.  P.  Erected  1880-1 


add  a pound,  whiie  at  150  lbs.  y2°  gives  the  same 
increase  of  pressure. 

For  each  unit  of  heat  added  above  the  steam- 
ing point,  a portion  of  the  water  is  converted  into 
steam,  having  the  same  temperature  and  the  same 
pressure  as  that  at  which  it  is  evaporated.  The 
heat  so  absorbed  is  called  “Latent  Heat.”  The 
amount  of  heat  rendered  latent  by  each  pound  of 
water  in  becoming  steam  varies  at  different  press- 
ures, decreasing  as  the  pressure  increases.  This 
latent  heat  added  to  the  sensible  heat  (or  the 


contact  with  water,  be  heated  above  the  tem- 
perature normal  to  its  pressure. 

The  density  of  saturated  steam  varies  from 
that  of  air  of  same  temperature  and  pressure, 
below  that  of  the  atmosphere,  to  2/i  at  100  lbs. 
Its  weight  per  cubic  foot  varies  as  the  17  root 
of  the  1 6th  power,  and  may  be  found  by  the 
formula  : D = .003027  p -941,  which  is  correct  to 
within  \ per  cent,  up  to  250  lbs.  pressure. 

The  following  table  gives  the  properties  of 
steam  at  different  nressu res  — Torn  1 lb.  to  soo. 


71 


Edison  Central  Station,  W.  26th  St.,  New  York  City. 

To  contain  3,000  Horse-pcwer  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  when  in  full  running  order ; 
900  H.  P.  now  in  use,  erected  1888. 


"* 


TABLE  OF  PROPERTIES  OF  SATURATED  STEAM,  Partly  from  C.  H.  Peabody's  Tables. 


Pressure 

in 

pounds 

persq.in. 

above 

vacuum 

Tempera- 
lure  in 
degrees, 
Fahrenheit. 

Total  heat 
in  heat  units 
from 
water  at 

32°- 

Heat 
in  liquid 
from 

32 c in 

units. 

Heat  of 
vaporiza- 
tion, or 
latent 
heat  in 
heat  units 

Density 
or  weight 
of  cubic  ft. 
in  pounds. 

Volume 
of  one 
pound  in 
cubic 
feet. 

Factor  of 
equivalent 
evaporation 
at  2120. 

Total 

pressure 

above 

vacuum. 

1 

101 .99 

* 1 *3- 1 

70.0 

1043.0 

0.00299 

334-5 

.0661 

1 

2 

126.27 

1 120.5 

04.4 

1026.  i 

0.00576 

173.6 

•9738 

2 

3 

14 1 62 

1 125. 1 

109  8 

1015. 3 

0.00844 

118.5 

.9786 

3 

4 

*53-09 

1 128.6 

121.4 

1007.2 

0.01 107 

90.33 

.9822 

4 

5 

162.34 

* 1 3 * - 5 

*3°-7 

1000.8 

0.01366 

73-2* 

.9852 

6 

170.14 

1133.S 

138.6 

995.2 

0.01622 

61.65 

.9876 

6 

7 

176.90 

* l35  9 

*45  4 

090.5 

0.01874 

53-39 

.9897 

7 

s 

182.92 

1 *37-7 

* 5 1 - 5 

9S6.2 

0.02125 

47.06 

.9916 

8 

9 

188.33 

**39-4 

156.9 

982  5 

0.02374 

42.12 

•0934 

9 

10 

*93-25 

1140  9 

161.9 

979.0 

0.02621 

38.15 

•9949 

10 

T5 

2*3-°3 

1 146.9 

181.8 

965.1 

0.03826 

26. 14 

1.0003 

* 5 

20 

227.95 

1 *5*-5 

196.9 

054.6 

0 05023 

19.01 

1.0051 

20 

25 

240.04 

1 155.1 

209. 1 

946.0 

0.06199 

16.13 

1.0099 

25 

10 

250.27 

1 158.3 

219.4 

938.9 

0 07360 

*3-59 

1. 0129 

3° 

35 

259- *9 

1161.0 

228.4 

032.6 

0.08508 

**-75 

1.0157 

40 

267.13 

1 163.4 

236.4 

927.0 

0.09644 

*o-37 

1.0182 

40 

274.29 

1 165.6 

243.6 

922.0 

0.1077 

0.285 

1 .0205 

50 

280.85 

1 167.6 

250.2 

917.4 

0. 1188 

8.418 

1 .0225 

50 

55 

286.89 

1169.4 

256.3 

9*3-* 

0.1299 

7.698 

1.0245 

55 

60 

292.51 

1171*2 

261.9 

9°9 -3 

0.1409 

7.007 

1 0263 

60 

65 

297.77 

1172.7 

267.2 

Qo.5-5 

0 15*9 

6.583 

1.0280 

65 

70 

302.71 

**74-3 

272.2 

902.1 

0. 1628 

6.143 

1.0295 

7° 

75 

307.38 

1175. 7 

276.9 

8q8.8 

0.1736 

5.760 

1.0309 

75 

80 

311.80 

1 177.0 

281.4 

895.6 

0.1843 

5.426 

1.0323 

80 

65 

316.02 

1178.3 

285.8 

892.5 

0.1951 

5. 126 

*•0337 

85 

90 

320.04 

1179.6 

290.0 

88a. 6 

u.2058 

4-85) 

1.0350 

00 

95 

323.89 

1 180.7 

294.0 

886.7 

0.2165 

4.619 

1.0362 

95 

100 

327-S8 

1 181.9 

207.9 

884.0 

0.2271 

4-403 

*•0374 

100 

105 

33*-*3 

1 182.9 

30!. 6 

881.3 

0.2378 

4.205 

1.0385 

*05 

1 10 

334-5^ 

1184.0 

305.2 

878.S 

0.2484 

4.026 

1.0396 

1 10 

1 *5 

337-86 

1 185.0 

308.7 

876. 3 

0.2589 

3.862 

1.0406 

1 1 5 

120 

34  *-©5 

1 186.0 

312.0 

874.0 

0.2695 

3-7** 

1.0416 

120 

*25 

344-  *3 

1 186.9 

3*5-2 

871.7 

0.2800 

3-57* 

1.0426 

125 

130 

347-12 

1187.8 

318.4 

860.4 

0.2904 

3-444 

* 0435 

130 

140 

352-85 

1189.5 

324-4 

S65.1 

°-3*  *3 

3-2*2 

*°453 

140 

*5° 

358.26 

1 191.2 

330.0 

861.2 

0.3321 

3-on 

1.0470 

150 

160 

363  40 

1192.8 

335*4 

857.4 

0-3530 

2.833 

1.0486 

160 

1 7° 

368.29 

**94-3 

340-5 

853. S 

o-3737 

2.676 

1.0502 

170 

1 80 

372.97 

1*95-7 

345-4 

850.3 

o-3945 

2-535 

1. 0517 

180 

1 go 

377-44 

1 *97- 1 

350.1 

847.0 

0-4*53 

2.408 

1. 0531 

190 

200 

381-73 

1 198.4 

354-6 

843-8 

0-4359 

2.294 

*-°545 

200 

225 

39*-79 

1201.4 

365-1 

836.3 

0.4876 

2.051 

1.0576 

225 

250 

400.99 

1204.2 

374-7 

829.5 

o-5393 

1.854 

1 .0605 

250 

275 

409.50 

1206.8 

383.6 

823.2 

0-59*3 

1.691 

1.0632 

275 

300 

417.42 

1209.3 

39*-9 

817.4 

0.644 

*•553 

1.0657 

300 

325 

424.82 

1211.5 

399.6 

811.9 

0.696 

*•437 

1.0680 

325 

350 

431.90 

*213-7 

406.9 

806.8 

0.748 

*•337 

1.0703 

350 

375 

438.40 

I2I5-7 

414.2 

801. 5 

0.800 

1.250 

1 .0724 

375 

400 

445-  *5 

1217.7 

421  - 4 

796.3 

0.853 

1.172 

*•0745 

400 

500 

466.57 

1224.2 

444-3 

779-9 

1.065 

•939 

1 .0812 

500 

The  gauge  pressure  is  about  15  pounds  (14.7)  less  than  the  total  pressure,  so 
that  in  using  this  table,  1 5 must  be  added  to  the  pressure  as  given  by  the  steam 
gauge.  The  column  of  Temperatures  gives  the  thermometric  temperature  of 
steam  and  the  boiling  point  at  each  pressure.  The  “ factor  of  equivalent  evapo- 
ration ” shows  the  proportionate  cost  in  heat  or  fuel  of  producing  steam  at  the 
given  pressure  as  compared  with  atmospheric  pressure. 

To  ascertain  the  equivalent  evaporation  at  any  pressure,  multiply  the  given 
evaporation  by  the  factor  of  its  pressure,  and  divide 
the  product  by  the  factor  of  the  desired  pressure. 

Each  degree  of  difference  in  temperature  of  feed- 
water  makes  a difference  of  .00104  in 
the  amount  of  evaporation.  Hence, 
to  ascertain  the  equivalent  evapora- 
tion from  any  other  temperature  of 
feed  than  2120,  add  to  the  factor 
given  as  many  times  .00104  as  the 
temperature  of  feed-water  is  degrees  ‘It® I 
below  2120.  For  other  pressures  than 
those  given  in  the  table,  it  will  be  prac- 
tically correct  to  take  the  proportion  of 
the  difference  between  the  nearest 
pressures  given  in  the  table.  Boiler  House  and  Chimney  for  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler  with  Economizer,  Etc. 


1 r 


◄ 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  at  F,  0.  Matthiessen  & Wiecher’s  Sugar  Refining  Co.,  Jersey  City,  N,  J.  2d  Order,  1,500  H.  P.  Erected  1877. 


WATER  AT  DIFFERENT  TEMFERATURES. 

There  are  four  notable  temperatures  for  pure 
water,  viz. : 

1.  Freezing  point  at  sea  level,  320  F. 

2.  Point  of  maximum  density,  30. i°  F. 

3.  British  standard  for  specitic  gravity,  62°  F. 

4.  Boiling  point  at  sea  level,  2120  F. 

32°  F.  Weight  per  cub. ft.  62.418  lb.;  per  cub.  in.,  .03612  lb. 

39. 1 0 F.  62.425 .036125“ 

62°  F.  “ “ “ 62.355  “ “ “ .03608 

2120  F.  “ lk  u 59-760  “ “ “ .03458 

A United  States  Standard  gallon  holds  231 
cubic  inches  and  S'/i  lb.  water  at  62°  F. 

A British  Imperial  gallon  holds  277.274  cubic 
inches  and  10  lb.  water  at  62  F. 

Sea  water  (average)  has  a specific  gravity  of 
1.028,  boils  at  21 3. 2°  F.,  and  weighs  64  lb.  per 
cubic  foot  at  62°  F. 

A pressure  of  1 lb.  per  sq.  in.  is  exerted  by  a col- 
umn of  water  2.3093  ft.,  or  27.7 i in.  high,  at  62°  F. 

In  solvent  power  water  has  a greater  range 
thanvany  other  liquid.  For  common  salt  this  is 
nearly  constant  at  all  temperatures,  while  it  in- 
creases with  increase  of  temperature  for  others, 
magnesium  and  sodium  sulphates,  for  instance. 

Where  water  contains  carbonic  acid  it  dissolves 
some  minerals  quite  readily,  but  a boiling  tem- 
perature causes  the  disengagement  of  the  car- 
bonic acid  in  gaseous  form  and  the  deposition  of 
a large  part  of  the  minerals  thus  held  in  solution. 

Lime  salts  are  more  soluble  in  cold  than  in  hot 
water,  and  most  of  them  are  deposited  at  320°, 
or  less.  When  frozen  into  ice,  or  evaporated 
into  steam,  water  parts  with  nearly  all  substances 
held  in  solution. 


TABLE  OF  SOLUBILITIES  OF  SCALE-MAKING  MINERALS. 


SUBSTANCE. 

Soluble  iS°‘ubLeQ 
in  parts  k b 

of  pure!  Farb°"‘ 
water  lc  ac,d 
it  22°F  water, 

3 ’ cold. 

Soluble 
in  parts 
of  pure 
water 
at  2120. 

Insolu- 
ble in 
water 

at 

Carbonate  of  Lime  . 

62,500  150 

62,500 

302°  F. 

Sulphate  of  Lime  . . 

500 

460 

302  “ 

Carbonate  of  Magnesia 

5.500  150 

o,6oo 

Phosphate  ot  Lime  . . 

• • • 1 1333 

212  “ 

Oxide  ot  Iron  .... 

212  “ 

Silica 

. . . Und’t’d 

212  “ 

Water  has  a greater  specific  heat,  or  heat- 
absorbing capacity,  than  any  other  known  sub- 
stance (bromine  and  hydrogen  excepted),  and  is 
the  unit  of  comparison  employed  for  all  meas- 
urements of  the  capacities  for  heat  of  all  sub- 
stances whatever.  The  specific  heat  of  water  is 
not  constant,  but  rises  in  an  increasing  ratio  with 
the  temperature,  so  that  it  requires  slightly  more 
heat,  the  higher  the  temperature,  to  raise  a given 
quantity  of  water  from  one  temperature  to 
another.  The  specific  heat  of  ice  and  steam  are, 
respectively,  .504  and  .475,  or  practically  about 
half  that  of  water. 


A British  Thermal  Unit  (or  heat  unit)  is  that 
quantity  of  heat  which  will  raise  one  pound  of 
water  at  or  about  freezing  point,  i°  F.  A 
French  “Calorie"  is  the  heat  required  to  raise 
one  kilogramme  of  water  i°  C.,  and  is  equal  to 
3.96832  British  thermal  units. 

The  following  table  gives  the  number  of  British 
thermal  units  in  a pound  of  water  at  different  tem- 
peratures. They  are  reckoned  above  320  F., 
for,  strictly  speaking,  water  does  not  exist  below 
220.  and  ice  follows  another  law. 


WATER  BETWEEN 


Temper- 

ature 

Fahr. 

Heat 
Units 
per  lb. 

Weight 
lb.  per 
cub.  ft 

320 

0.00 

62.42 

35 

3.02 

62.42 

40 

8.06 

62.42 

45 

13.08 

62.42 

50 

18.10 

62.41 

52 

20.1 1 

62.40 

54 

22. 1 1 

62.40 

56 

24. 1 1 

62.39 

58 

26.12 

62.38 

60 

28.12 

62.37 

62 

30.12 

62.36 

64 

32.12 

62.35 

66 

34.12 

62.34 

68 

36.12 

62.33 

70 

38.11 

62.31 

72 

40.1 1 

62.30 

74 

42.11 

62.28 

76 

44.1 1 

62.27 

78 

46.10 

62.25 

80 

48.09 

62.23 

82 

50.08 

62.21 

84 

52.07 

62.19 

86 

54.06 

62.17 

88 

56-°5 

62.15 

90 

58.04 

62.13 

92 

60.03 

62.11 

94 

62.02 

62.09 

96 

64.OI 

62.07 

98 

66.01 

62.05 

100 

68.01 

62.02 

102 

70.00 

62.00 

104 

72.00 

61.97 

106 

74.00 

61.95 

108 

76.00 

61.92 

1 10 

78.00 

61.89 

1 12 

80.00 

61.86 

i 13 

81.01 

61.84 

114 

82.02 

61.83 

”5 

83.02 

61.82 

1 16 

84.03 

61.80 

117 

85.04 

61.78 

118 

86.05 

61.77 

119 

87.06 

61.75 

120 

88.06 

61.74 

121 

89.07 

61.72 

122 

90.08 

61.70 

123 

91.09 

61.68 

124 

92.10 

61.67 

125 

93.10 

61.65 

126 

94.  n 

61.63 

127 

95.12 

61.61 

128 

96.13 

61.60 

129 

97.14 

61.58 

130 

98.14 

61.56 

I3I 

99-15 

61.54 

02 

100.16 

61.52 

*33 

101.17 

61.51 

134 

102. 18 

61.49 

*35 

103.18 

61.47 

136 

104.19 

61.45 

*37 

105.20 

61.43 

j38 

106.21 

61.41 

139 

107.22 

61.39 

140 

108.22 

61.37 

141 

109.23 

61.36 

142 

110.24 

61.34 

M3 

1 11.25 

61.32 

144 

112.26 

61.30 

32°  AND  212°  F. 


Temper- 

ature 

Fahr. 

Heat 
Units 
per  lb. 

Weight, 
lb.  per 
cub.  It. 

M5 

113.26 

61.28 

146 

114.27 

61.26 

M7 

1 1 5.28 

61.24 

ms 

116.29 

61 .22 

149 

117.30 

61 .20 

150 

1 18.30 

61.18 

151 

119-31 

61.16 

152 

120.32 

61.14 

M3 

121.33 

61.12 

!54 

122.34 

61 . 10 

J55 

123.34 

61.08 

156 

124-35 

61.06 

157 

125.36 

61.04 

158 

126.37 

61.02 

159 

127.38 

61.00 

160 

128.38 

60.98 

161 

129.39 

60.96 

162 

130.40 

60.9.; 

163 

131.41 

60.92 

164 

132.42 

60.90 

165 

133-42 

60.87 

166 

134-43 

60.85 

167 

135-44 

60.83 

168 

136.45 

60.81 

169 

137.46 

60.79 

170 

138.46 

60.77 

171 

139-47 

60.75 

172 

140.48 

60.73 

M3 

M1  - 49 

60.70 

174 

142.50 

60.68 

175 

143.50 

60.66 

176 

144-5I 

60.64 

177 

M5-52 

60.62 

178 

146.53 

60.59 

179 

M7-54 

60.57 

180 

148.54 

60.55 

181 

M9-55 

60.53 

182 

150.56 

60.50 

183 

I5I-57 

60.48 

184 

152.58 

60.46 

185 

153-58 

60.44 

186 

60.41 

187 

155.60 

60.39 

188 

156.61 

60.37 

189 

157.62 

60.34 

190 

158.62 

60.32 

191 

159.63 

60.29 

192 

160.63 

60.27 

193 

161.64 

60.25 

104 

162.65 

60.22 

195 

163.66 

60.20 

iq6 

164.66 

60.17 

!97 

165.67 

60.15 

iq8 

166.68 

60.12 

199 

167.69 

60.10 

200 

168.70 

60.07 

201 

169.70 

60.05 

202 

170-71 

60.02 

203 

171.72 

60.00 

204 

172.73 

59-97 

205 

173-74 

59-95 

206 

174-74 

59-92 

207 

175-75 

59.89 

208 

176.76 

59-87 

209 

177-77 

59-84 

210 

178.78 

50.82 

21 1 

179.78 

59-79 

212 

180.79 

59.76 

75 


-+ 


Steam  at  95  lb><  pressure 
Superheated  9 degrees. 


PRIMING  OR  WET  STEAM. 

A fault,  frequently  met  with  in  steam  boilers  is 
the  carrying  over  of  water  mechanically  mixed 
with  the  steam,  which  water  not  only  carries  away 
heat  without  any  useful 
effect,  but,  when  present 
in  any  marked  quantity 
itself  becomes  a source  of 
danger  ;.nd  of  serious  loss 
in  the  engine.  This  is  a 
point  frequently  forgotten 
in  designing  boilers,  par- 
ticularly sectional  boilers. 
If  steam  rises  from  a sur- 
face of  water  faster  than 
about  2 ft.  6 ins.  to  $ ft.  per 
second,  it  carries  water 
with  it  in  the  form  of  spray, 
and  when  a fine  spray  is 
once  formed  in  steam  it 
does  not  readily  settle 
against  a rising  current  of 
very  low  velocity,  as  a cur- 
rent of  i ft.  per  second  will 
carry  with  it  a globule  of 
water  roVtr  an  inch  *n  d>a- 
The  common  method  of  determining  the  per- 
centage of  moisture 
in  steam  is  described 
in  the  report  of  the  test 
of  Babcock  & Wilcox 

boilers  at  the  Raritan  

Woolen  Mill,  on  a Dry  Steam  at 

subsequent  page.  If  experiments  of  this  kind 
are  not  made  with  great  care  by  experienced 
hands,  and  with  instru- 
ments of  the  utmost  ac- 
curacy, they  are  liable  to 
such  errors  as  will  render 
them  worthless.  Fuller 
directions  for  this  pur- 
pose, together  with  a 
statement  of  the  difficul- 
ties in  securing  accuracy 
in  such  tests,  will  be  found 
in  the  report  of  the  Com. 
on  Boiler  Tests,  in  Vol. 
VI,  of  the  Transactions 
of  the  Amer.  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers. 

Another  method,  by 
finding  the  heat  required 
to  evaporate  the  en- 
trained water,  has  been 
invented,  and  used  with 
Steam  at  55  lbs.  pressure,  with  excellent  results,  by 
1 .94  per  cent,  moisture.  Geo.  H.  Barrus,  M.  E. 


Prof.  J.  E.  Denton  has  demonstrated  that 
jets  of  steam  escaping  from  an  orifice  in  a boiler 
or  steam  reservoir  show  unmistakable  change  ol 
appearance  to  the  eye  when  the  steam  varies 
less  than  one  per  cent, 
from  the  condition  of  sat- 
uration either  in  the  direc- 
tion of  wetness  or  super- 
heating. Consequently  if 
a jet  of  steam  flow  from  a 
boiler  into  the  atmosphere 
under  circumstances  such 
that  very  little  loss  of  heat 
occurs  through  radiation, 
etc.,  and  the  jet  be  trans- 
parent close  to  the  orifice, 
or  be  even  a grayish  white 
color,  the  steam  may  be 
assumed  to  be  so  nearly 
dry  that  no  portable  con- 
densing calorimeter  will  be 
capable  of  measuring  the 
amount  of  water  therein. 

If  the  jet  be  strongly  white, 
the  amount  of  water  may  Steam  at  55  lbs.  pressure  with 
be  roughly  judged  up  to  M Per  cent’  moisture< 
about  2 per  cent,  but  beyond  this  a calorimeter 
only  can  determine 
the  exact  amount  of 
moisture.  The  cuts 
on  this  page  were 
made  direct  by  pho- 
95  lbs.  pressure.  tography  from  jets  un- 

der conditions  stated,  and  show  very  clearly  the 
effect  of  dryness  and  slight  moisture  on  such  jets. 
With  a little  experience 
any  one  may  determine  by 
this  method  the  conditions 
of  steam  within  the  above 
limits.  A common  brass 
pet  cock  may  be  used  as 
an  orifice,  but  it  should, 
if  possible,  be  set  into  the 
steam  drum  of  the  boiler 
and  never  be  placed  fur- 
ther away  from  the  latter 
than  four  feet,  and  then 
only  when  the  intermedi- 
ate reservoir  orpipe  is  well 
covered,  for  a very  short 
travel  of  dry  steam  through 
a naked  pipe,  will  cause 
it  to  become  perceptibly 
moist.  Steam  containing 
not  more  than  3 per  cent, 
moisture  may  be  termed 
commercially  “dry.” 


* 4*! 

* / » 


Steam  at  55  lbs.  pressure. 
Boiler  Foaming  Violently 


76 


Many  boilers  show  a high  apparent  evapora- 
tion in  consequence  ol  furnishing  “wet  steam,’’ 
while  practically  they  are  anything  but  economi- 
cal. Parties  have  been  known  to  claim  an  evap- 
oration of  19  to  20  pounds  per  pound  of  coal, 
where  the  highest  practically  possible  is  not  over 
13.  Such  boilers  are  dear  at  any  price. 

The  cause  of  priming  may  be  either  impure 
water,  too  much  w ater,  or  improper  proportions 
in  the  boiler.  When  a boiler  is  found  to  form 
wet  steam  with  good  water,  carried  at  a proper 
height,  it  is  a proof  of  wrong  design. 

The  amount  of  priming  in  different  boilers 
varies  greatly,  and  as  yet  there  is  not  suflii  ient 
data  to  establish  any  definite  ratio  for  boileis  in 
ordinary'  use.  The  experiments  of  M.  Him,  at 
Mulhouse,  showed  an  average  of  at  least  5 per 
cent.  ; Zeuner  sets  it  down  as  approximately 
from  ~y2  to  15  per  cent.;  the  careful  experiments 
at  the  American  Institute  in  1S71  show  in  cylin- 
drical tubulars  7.9  per  cent.,  and  in  the  tests  at 
the  Centennial  Exposition  one  boiler  showed  as 
high  as  1S.57  per  cent,  priming. 

In  sixteen  different  tests  of  the  dryness  of  the 
steam  from  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  made  by- 
twelve  different  engineers,  the  average  moisture 
in  the  steam  was  only  1. 1 16  per  cent.  The  high- 
est was  4.16  percent.,  which  was  less  than  the 
same  engineer  with  the  same  apparatus  found  in 
large  two-flue  boilers,  working  very  lightly 


SUPERHEATED  STEAM. 

Steam  which  has  a higher  temperature  than 
that  normal  to  its  pressure,  is  termed  “super- 
heated ” or  “gaseous.”  Dr.  Seimens  found  that 
when  steam  at  2120  was  heated  separate  from 
water  it  increased  rapidly  in  volume  up  to  230°, 
after  which  it  expanded  uniformly  as  a permanent 
gas.  If  this  superheating  could  be  carried  tosuch 
an  extent  as  to  avoid  the  “initial  condensation 
w ithin  the  cylinder  of  an  engine,  there  would  be 
a marked  economy  in  its  use,  but  this  involves 
so  high  a temperature  as  to  burn  the  lubricating 
material  and  destroy  the  engine  in  a short  time. 
Dixw  cll  found  superheating  so  as  to  maintain  in 
the  cylinder  a temperature  of  400°  with  steam 
at  a pressure  of  70  lbs.,  to  be  the  limit  of  possible 
lubrication.  With  a higher  pressure  that  degree 
of  superheating  would  not  afford  sufficient 
additional  heat  for  the  purpose.  The  present 
tendency  to  high  pressures  seems,  therefore,  to 
preclude  the  possibility  of  much  gain  through 
superheating,  because  the  temperatures  are 
already  carried  to  wry  nearly  the  limit  at  which 
lubrication  can  be  maintained.  For  other  pur- 
poses the  use  of  superheated  steam  adds  little  if 
anything  to  the  economy,  while  itgreatly  increases 


the  cost  and  the  wear  and  tear.  Where  super 
heating  is  required  it  should  always  be  done  by  a 
separate  apparatus,  and  pains  must  be  taken  to 
separate  the  entrained  water  from  the  steam 
before  it  enters  the  superheater.  The  use  in  any 
steam  boiler  of  superheating  surface  exposed  to 
the  gases  of  combustion,  is  highly  objectionable 
and  is  of  doubtful  efficiency.  Attempts  to  super- 
heat steam  by  means  of  the  waste  gases,  are 
usually  failures  because  in  a well  proportioned 
boiler  the  low  temperature  of  such  gases  necessi- 
tates an  unreasonably  large  surface  to  produce 
the  desired  effect.  Steam  cannot  be  superheated 
when  it  is  in  contact  with  water. 


FEEDING  BOILERS. 

The  relative  value  of  injectors,  direct-acting 
steam  pumps,  and  pumps  driven  from  the  engine, 
is  a question  of  importance  to  all  steam  users. 
The  following  table  has  been  calculated  by  D.  S. 
Jacobus,  M.  E.,  from  data  obtained  by-  experi- 
ment. It  will  be  noticed  that  when  feeding  cold 
water  direct  to  boilers,  the  injector  has  a slight 
economy,  but  when  feeding  through  a heater  a 
pump  is  much  the  most  economical. 


Method  of  Supplying  Feed  Water 
to  Boiler. 

Temperature  of  feed  water  as  deliv- 
ered to  the  pump  or  to  the  injector,  b0° 
Fah.  Rate  of  evaporation  of  boiler,  10 
pounds  of  water  per  pound  of  coal  from 
and  at  212°  Fah. 

Relative  amount  of 
coal  required  ) er 
unit  of  time,  the 
amount  tor  a direct 
acting  pump,  feed- 
ing water  at  60°, 
without  a heater, 
being  taken  as  unity. 

Saving  of  fuel 
over  the 
amount  re- 
quired when  the 
boiler  is  fed  by 
a direct 
acting  pump 
without  heater 

Direct  acting  pump,  feeding 
water  at  6o°,  without  a 
heater 

I .OOO 

.0 

Injector  feeding  water  at  150°, 
without  a heater 

.985 

1.5  per  ct 

Injector  feeding  through  a 
heater  in  which  the  water  is 
heated  from  150  to  2000 

•938 

6.2  “ 

Direct  acting  pump  feeding 
water  through  a heater,  in 
which  it  is  heated  from  60 

to  200° 

.879 

12. 1 “ 

Geared  pump,  run  from  the 
the  engine,  feeding  water 
through  a heater,  in  which 
it  is  heated  from  60  to  200° . . 

.868 

13.2 

ECONOMY  OF  HIGH  PRESSURE  STEAM. 

Higher  steam  pressure  is  the  tendency  of  the 
times,  and  with  good  reason,  for  the  higher  the 
pressure  the  greater  the  opportunity  for  economy- 
in  generating  power.  The  compound  and  triple 
expansion  engines  of  the  present  day,  which  have 
reduced  the  cost  of  power  some  40  per  cent,  over 
the  best  performance  of  a few  years  ago,  require 
higher  pressure  than  can  with  safety  be  carried 
on  shell  boilers,  but  there  is  no  difficulty  in 
carrying  any  desirable  pressure  on  a sectional 
water-tube  boiler  properly  constructed.  Babcock 
& Wilcox  boilers  in  special  cases,  carry  as  high 
as  500  lbs.  pressure  in  regular  work 


77 


4 


Initial 
Tern,  of 

FINAL  TEMPERATURE  OF  FEED- 

WATER. 

Initial 

FINAL  TEMPERATURE  OF  FEED 

-WATER 

Water. 

120 

140 

160 

180 

200 

250 

300 

Water. 

120 

140 

160 

180 

200 

250 

300 

32° 

7-5° 

9.20 

IO.QO 

12.36 

14.30 

19.03 

22.90 

9o° 

2.68 

4-47 

6.26 

8.06 

9.85 

14.32 

18.81 

35 

7.25 

8.96 

10.66 

12.09 

14.09 

>8.34 

22.60 

95 

2.24 

4.04 

5.84 

7.65 

9.44 

13-94 

18.44 

40 

6.85 

8-57 

10.28 

12.00 

i3-7i 

17.99 

22.27 

100 

I.80 

3-6i 

5-42 

7-23 

9-03 

'3-55 

18.07 

45 

6.45 

8.17 

O.90 

11. 61 

1.3-34 

17.64 

2I.Q4 

no 

.90 

2.73 

4-55 

6.38 

8.20 

12.76 

17.28 

50 

6.05 

7.71 

9.50 

11.23 

13.00 

17.28 

2I.6l 

120 

O 

1.84 

3*67 

5-52 

7.36 

”•95 

16.49 

55 

5.64 

7-37 

o.o6 

10.85 

13.60 

16.93 

21.27 

130 

.92 

2.77 

4.64 

6.99 

I I. 14 

15.24 

60 

5-23 

6.97 

8.72 

10.46 

12.20 

16.58 

20.92 

140 

0 

1.87 

3-75 

5.62 

IO.3I 

14-99 

65 

4.82 

6.56 

8.32 

10  07 

1 1.82 

16.20 

20.58 

150 

•94 

2.83 

4.72 

9.46 

I4.18 

70 

4.40 

6.15 

7.91 

9.68 

”•43 

I5-83 

20.23 

160 

0 

I.9I 

3-82 

8.59 

■337 

75 

3.08 

5-74 

7-5<> 

9.28 

11.04 

15.46 

19.88 

170 

.06 

2.89 

7.71 

12.54 

80 

3*55 

5-32 

7.09 

8.87 

10.65 

15.08 

19.52 

180 

O 

1.96 

6.81 

I 1.70 

8 s 

3.12 

4QO 

6.63 

8.46 

10.25 

14.70 

19.17 

200 

0 

4.85 

9 93 

HEATING  FEED -WATER. 

The  feed-water  furnished  to  steam  boilers  has 
to  be  heated  from  the  normal  temperature  to 
that  of  the  steam  before  evaporation  can  com- 
mence, and  this  generally  at  the  expense  of  the 
fuel  which  should  be  utilized  in  making  steam. 
This  temperature  at  75  lb.  pressure  is  320°,  and 
if  we  take  6o°  as  the  average  temperature  of  feed, 
we  have  260  units  of  heat  per  pound,  which,  as 
it  takes  1,151  units  to  evaporate  a pound  from 
6o°,  represents  22.5  per  cent, 
of  the  fuel.  All  of  this  heat, 
therefore,  which  can  be  im- 
parted to  the  feed-water  is 
just  so  much  saved,  not  only 


water  by  injectors  and  “ live-steam  heaters  ’’ 
comes  from  the  fuel  and  represents  no  saving. 

There  are  two  sources  of  waste  heat  available 
for  this  purpose  — exhaust  steam  and  chimney 
gases.  By  the  former,  water  may  be  heated  to 
200  , or  possibly  to  210°,  in  a well-proportioned 
heater. 

d he  gases  going  to  the  chimney  carry  off  on 
an  average,  according  to  good  authority,  51  per 
cent,  of  the  fuel,  and  in  the  most  economical 
boiler  this  cannot  be  reduced  below  12  per  cent. 
Some  proportion  of  this  is  always  available  for 
heating  the  feed-water,  by  what  are  known  as 
“ economizers,”  and  frequently  it  may  be  carried 
nearly  to  the  temperature  of  high  pressure 
steam,  making  a saving  in  some  in- 
stances of  20  per  cent.  The  more 
wasteful  the  boiler,  the 
greater  the  benefit 
of  the  economizer; 


SAVING  OF  FUEL  BY  HEATING  FEED-WATER.  UN  PER  CENT.,  STEAM  AT  SIXTY  POUNDS.) 


in  cost  of  fuel,  but  in  capacity  of 
boiler.  But  it  is  essential  that  it 
be  done  by  heat  which  would 
otherwise  be  wasted.  All  heat  imparted  to 


feed- 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  Solvay  Process  Co.'s, 
3,264  H.  P , set  with  Independent  Feed-Water  Heaters. 


but  for  large  plants  it  is  always  a valu- 
able adjunct.  In  many  cases  water 
heated  by  exhaust  steam  may  be  still 
further  heated  in  an  economizer  to  advantage. 


INCRUSTATION  AND  SCALE. 

Nearly  all  waters  contain  foreign  substances  in 
greater  or  less  degree,  and  though  this  may  be  a 
small  amount  in  each  gallon,  it  becomes  of  im- 
portance where  large  quantities  are  evaporated. 
For  instance,  a ioo  H.  P.  boiler  evaporates  30,- 
000  lbs.  water  in  ten  hours,  or  390  tons  per 
month  ; in  the  comparatively  pure  Croton  water 
there  would  be  SS  lbs.  of  solid  matter  in  that 
quantity,  and  in  many  kinds  of  spring  water  as 
much  as  2, coo  lbs. 

The  nature  and  hardness  of  the  scale  formed 
of  this  matter  will  depend  upon  the  kind  of  sub- 
stances held  in  solution  and  suspension.  Analy- 
ses of  a great  variety  of  incrustations  show  that 
carbonate  and  sulphate  of  lime  form  the  larger 
part  of  all  ordinary  scale,  that  from  carbonate 
being  soft  and  granular,  and  that  from  sulphate 
hard  and  crystalline.  Organic  substances  in  con- 
nection with  carbonate  of  lime,  will  also  make  a 
hard  ar.d  troublesome  scale. 

The  presence  of  scale  or  sediment  in  a boiler 
results  in  loss  of  fuel,  burning  and  cracking  of 
the  boiler,  predisposes  to  explosion,  and  leads  to 
extensive  repairs.  It  is  estimated  that  the  pres- 
ence of  t'j  inch  of  scale  causes  a loss  of  13  per 
cent,  of  fuel,  \ inch3S  percent.,  and  i inch  60 
per  cent.  The  Railway  Master  Mechanics’  Asso- 
ciation of  the  U.  S.  estimates  that  the  loss  of  fuel, 
extra  repairs,  etc.,  due  to  incrustation,  amount 
to  an  average  of  £750  per  annum  for  every  loco- 
motive in  the  Middle  and  Western  States,  and  it 
must  be  nearly  the  same  for  the  same  power  in 
stationary  boilers. 

The  most  common  and  important  minerals  in 
boiler  scale  are  carbonate  of  lime,  sulphate  of 
lime,  and  carbonate  of  magnesia.  Small  amounts 
of  alumina  and  silica  are  sometimes  found,  and  an 
oxide  of  iron  not  infrequently  is  present  as  a col- 
oring matter. 

Means  of  Prevention. 

It  is  absolutely  essential  to  the  successful  use 
of  any  boiler,  except  in  pure  water,  that  it  be  ac- 
cessible for  the  removal  of  scale,  for  though  a 
rapid  circulation  of  water  will  delay  the  deposit, 
and  certain  chemicals  will  change  its  character, 
yet  the  most  certain  cure  is  periodical  inspection 
and  mechanical  cleaning.  This  may,  however, 
be  rendered  less  frequently  necessary,  and  the 
use  of  very  bad  water  more  practical  by  the  em- 
ployment of  some  preventives.  The  following  are 
a fair  sample  of  those  in  use,  with  their  results  : 

M.  Bidard’s  observations  show  that  “anti- 
incrustators  ” containing  organic  matter  help 
rather  than  hinder  incrustations,  and  are  there- 
fore to  be  avoided. 


Oak,  hemlock,  and  other  barks  and  woods, 
sumac,  catechu,  logwood,  etc.,  are  effective  in 
waters  containing  carbonates  of  lime  or  magne- 
sia, by  reason  of  their  tannic  acid,  but  are  injuri- 
ous to  the  iron,  and  not  to  be  recommended. 

Molasses,  cane  juice,  vinegar,  fruits,  distillery 
slops,  etc.,  have  been  used  with  success  so  far  as 
scale  is  concerned,  by  reason  of  the  acetic  acid 
which  they  contain,  but  this  is  even  more  injuri- 
ous to  the  iron  than  tannic  acid,  while  the  organic 
matter  forms  a scale  with  sulphate  of  lime  when 
it  is  present. 

Milk  of  lime  and  metallic  zinc  have  been  used 
with  success  in  waters  charged  with  bicarbonate 
of  lime,  reducing  the  bicarbonate  to  the  insoluble 
carbonate. 

Barium  chloride  and  milk  of  lime  are  said  to  be 
used  with  good  effect  at  Krupp’s  Works,  in 
Prussia,  for  waters  impregnated  with  gypsum. 

Soda  ash  and  other  alkalies  are  very  useful  in 
waters  containing  sulphate  of  lime,  by  converting 
it  into  a carbonate,  and  so  forming  a soft  scale 
easily  cleaned.  But  when  used  in  excess  they 
cause  foaming,  particularly  where  there  is  oil 
coming  from  the  engine,  with  which  they  form 
soap.  All  soapy  substances  are  objectionable 
for  the  same  reason. 

Petroleum  has  been  much  used  of  late  years. 
It  acts  best  in  waters  in  which  sulphate  of  lime 
predominates.  As  crude  petroleum,  however, 
sometimes  helps  in  forming  a very  injurious 
crust,  the  refined  only  should  be  used. 

Tannate  of  soda  is  a good  preparation  for  gen- 
eral use,  but  in  waters  containing  much  sulphate, 
it  should  be  supplemented  by  a portion  of  car- 
bonate of  soda  or  soda  ash. 

A decoction  from  the  leaves  of  the  eucalyptus 
is  found  to  work  well  in  some  waters,  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

For  muddy  water,  particularly  if  it  contain  salts 
of  lime,  no  preventive  of  incrustation  will  prevail 
except  filtration,  and  in  almost  every  instance 
the  use  of  a filter,  either  alone  or  in  connection 
with  some  means  of  precipitating  the  solid  matter 
from  solution,  will  be  found  very'  desirable. 

In  all  cases  where  impure  or  hard  waters  are 
used,  frequent  “blowing”  from  the  mud-drum 
is  necessary  to  carry  off  the  accumulated  matter, 
which  if  allowed  to  remain  would  form  scale. 

When  boilers  are  coated  with  a hard  scale  diffi- 
cult to  remove,  it  will  be  found  that  the  addition 
of  I4  lb.  caustic  soda  per  horse-power,  and  steam- 
ing for  some  hours,  according  to  the  thickness  of 
the  scale,  just  before  cleaning,  will  greatly  facili- 
tate that  operation,  rendering  the  scale  soft  and 
loose.  This  should  be  done,  if  possible,  when 
the  boilers  are  not  otherwise  in  use. 


79 


HE  AT  I NO  FROM  CENTRAL  STATIONS. 

It  has  been  thoroughly  demonstrated,  by 
practice,  that  a number  of  buildings  may  be 
heated  from  a single  central  plant,  instead  of  its 
being  necessary  to  place  a boiler  in  each.  This 
is  a simple  problem  where  the  buildings  form  a 
group,  as  at  Columbia  College,  in  New  York 
city,  Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  Vander- 
bilt University,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  the  Indiana 
State  Asylums  for  the  Insane,  and  many  other 
similar  institutions,  where  a single  plant  of 


tlius  supplied  regularly  with  steam,  at  reduced 
cost  to  them,  and  at  a profit  to  the  producer. 
This  company  have,  at  present,  three  stations  in 
operation,  one  of  which  is  doubtless  the  largest 
single  plant  of  stationary  boilers  in  the  world, 
— 12,000  H.  P.,  under  one  roof, — supplying 
steam  through  seventeen  miles  of  pipe,  laid 
in  the  streets. 

In  a work  of  this  magnitude  it  becomes  abso- 
lutely imperative  that  the  boilers  which  furnish 
the  steam  should  be  of  such  a construction  as  to 


BOILERS  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  STEAM  CO, 


Side  Elevation  showing  section  through  boiler  and  flue, 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  supply  heat  and  power 
to  a number  of  detached  buildings.  It  has  also 
been  attempted  in  a number  of  places  to  carry 
steam,  as  gas  and  water  are  supplied.  Though 
a number  of  these  attempts  have  been  failures, 
the  experience  of  the  New  York  Steam  Co.,  the 
most  extensive  of  such  plants  yet  constructed, 
has  fully  demonstrated  that  it  is  possible  to  thus 
carry  steam  for  miles,  with  no  serious  losses,  and 
that  private  houses  and  business  places  may  be 


give  the  greatest  amount  of  useful  effect  for  the 
coal  burnt,  and  at  the  same  time  be  able  to  run 
continuously,  with  a minimum  amount  of  stop- 
page for  repairs ; and,  above  all,  they  should  be 
so  constructed  as  to  be  safe  against  destructive 
explosion.  The  ability  to  furnish  dry  steam  is 
also  a very  important  point,  where  it  is  intended 
to  carry  it  through  so  many  miles  of  pipe  before 
it  is  finally  used  up.  The  boiler  adopted  was  the 
Babcock  & Wilcox  Water-tube  Boiler. 


NEW  YORK  STEAM  HEATING  COMPANY,  STATION  B,,  GREENWICH  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


* 


front  Elevation  and  partial  section  of  one  floor,  showing  Battery  of  four  Boilers  of  250  H.  P.  each,  15,000  H.  P.  now  in  use.  Plan  contemplates  16,000  H,  P.  in  all. 


HEATING  BY  STEAM. 

In  heating  buildings  by  steam,  the  amount  of 
boiler  and  heating  pipe  depends  largely  on  the 
kind  of  building  and  its  location.  \\  ooden  build- 
ings require  more  than  stone,  and  stone  more 
than  brick.  Iron  fronts  require  still  more,  and 
glass  in  windows  demands  twenty  times  as  much 
heat  as  the  same  surface  in  brick  walls.  Also  if 
the  heating  be  done  by  indirect  radiation  from  50 
to  100  per  cent,  more  surface  will  be  required 
than  when  direct  radiation  is  used.  No  rules  can 
be  given  which  will  not  require  a liberal  applica- 
tion of  “ the  coefficient  of  common  sense.” 

Radiating  surface  may  be  calculated  by  the 
rule  : Add  together  the  square  feet  of  glass  in 
the  windows,  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  air 


tity  of  the  air  caused  to  pass  through  the  coil  in- 
creases. Thus  one  square  foot  radiating  surface, 
with  steam  at  2120,  has  been  found  to  heat  100 
cubic  feet  of  air  per  hour  from  zero  to  150°,  or 
300  cubic  feet  from  zero  to  ioo°  in  the  same  time. 

The  best  results  are  attained  by  using  indirect 
radiation  to  supply  the  necessary  ventilation, 
and  direct  radiation  for  the  balance  of  the  heat. 
The  best  place  for  a radiator  in  a room  is  beneath 
a window.  Heated  air  cannot  be  made  to  enter 
a room  unless  means  are  provided  for  permitting 
an  equal  amount  to  escape.  The  best  place  for 
such  exit  openings  is  near  the  floor. 

Small  pipes  are  more  effective  than  large. 
When  the  diameter  is  doubled,  20  per  cent,  addi- 
tional surface  should  be  allowed,  and  for  three 


Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Logansport,  Ind.,  with  400  H.  P.  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  Erected  1885, 


required  to  be  changed  per  minute,  and  one- 
twentieth  the  surface  of  external  wall  and  roof ; 
multiply  this  sum  by  the  difference  between  the 
required  temperature  of  the  room  and  that  of 
the  external  air  at  its  lozvest  point,  and  divide 
the  product  by  the  difference  in  temperature 
between  the  steam  in  the  pipes  and  the  required 
temperature  of  the  room.  The  quotient  is  the 
required  radiating  surface  in  square  feet.  Each 
square  foot  of  radiating  surface  may  be  depended 
upon  in  average  practice  to  give  out  three  heat 
units  per  hour  for  each  degree  of  difference  in 
temperature  between  the  steam  inside  and  the 
air  outside,  the  range  under  different  conditions 
being  about  50  per  cent,  above  or  below  that 
figure.  In  indirect  heating,  the  efficiency  of 
the  radiating  surface  will  increase,  and  the  tem 
perature  of  the  air  will  diminish,  when  the  quan- 


tifies the  diameter,  30  per  cent,  additional  is 
required.  For  indirect  radiation  that  surface  is 
most  efficient  which  secures  the  most  intimate 
contact  of  the  current  of  air  with  the  heated  sur- 
face. Rooms  on  windward  side  of  house  require 
more  radiating  surface  than  those  on  sheltered 
side. 

Where  the  condensed  water  is  returned  to  the 
boiler,  or  where  low  pressure  of  steam  is  used, 
the  Diameter  of  Mains  leading  from  the  boiler  to 
the  radiating  surface  should  be  equal,  in  inches, 
to  one-tenth  the  square  root  of  the  radiating  sur- 
face, mains  included,  in  square  feet.  Thus  a 
1 -inch  pipe  will  supply  100  square  feet  of  surface, 
itself  included.  Return  pipes  should  be  at  least 
inches  in  diameter,  and  never  less  than  ^ne- 
nalf  the  diameter  of  the  main  — longer  returns 
requiring  larger  pipe.  A thorough  drainage  of 


83 


<*■ 


Babcock  ii  Wilcox  Boilers,  at  Columbia  College  School  of  Mines,  400  H.  P.  150  H.  P,  erected  1879)  250  H.  P.  erected  1882, 


► 


steam  pipes  will  effectually  prevent  all  cracking 
and  pounding  noises  therein. 

The  amount  of  air  required  for  ventilation  is 
from  4 to  16  cubic  feet  per  minute  for  each  per- 
son, the  larger  amount  being  for  prisons  and  hos- 
pitals. From  } ^ to  i cubic  foot  per  minute 
should  be  allowed  for  each  lamp  or  gas  burner 
employed. 

One  square  foot  of  Boiler  Surface  will  supply 
from  7 to  io  square  feet  of  radiating  surface,  de- 
pending upon  the  size  of  boiler  and  the  efficiency 
of  its  surface,  as  well  as  that  of  the  radiating 
surface.  Small  boilers  for  house  use  should  be 


by  means  of  pipes  placed  overhead,  is  being 
largely  adopted,  and  is  recommended  by  the 
Boston  Manufacturers’  Mutual  Fire  Ins.  Co.  in 
preference  to  radiators  near  the  floor,  particular- 
ly for  rooms  in  which  there  are  shafting  and 
belting  to  circulate  the  air. 

In  heating  buildings  care  should  be  taken  to 
supply  the  necessary  moisture  to  keep  the  air 
from  becoming  1 ‘ dry  ’ ’ and  uncomfortable.  The 
capacity  of  air  for  moisture  rises  rapidly  as  it  is 
heated,  it  being  four  times  as  great  at  720  as  at 
320.  For  comfort,  air  should  be  kept  at  about 
“50  per  cent,  saturated.”  This  would  require 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler,  35  H,  P,,  Public  School  Building,  Plainfield,  N.  J.  Erected  1883. 


much  larger  proportionately  titan  large  plants. 
Each  Horse-power  of  Boiler  will  supply  from  240 
to  360  feet  of  1 -inch  steam  pipe,  or  So  to  120 
square  feet  of  radiating  surface. 

Cubic  feet  of  space  has  little  to  do  \\  ith  amount 
of  steam  or  surface  required,  but  is  a convenient 
factor  for  rough  calculations.  Under  ordinary 
conditions  one  horse-power  will  heat,  approx- 
imately, in 


Brick  dwellings,  in  blocks,  as  in  cities 
44  stores  “ “ 

dwellings,  exposed  all  round 
mills,  shops,  tactories,  etc. 
Wooden  dwellings,  exposed, 
Foundries  and  wooden  shops, 
Exhibition  buildings,  largely  glass,  etc 


15.000  to  20,000  cub.  ft. 

10.000  “ 15,000  “ “ 

10,000  “ 15,000  44  14 

7.000  44  10,000  4 4 4 4 

7.000  44  10,000  4 4 4 4 

6.000  44  10,000  4 4 4 4 

. 4,000  44  15,000  4 4 4 4 


The  system  of  heating  mills  and  manufactories 


one  pound  of  vapor  to  be  added  to  each  2500 
cubic  feet  heated  from  320  to  70°. 

A much  needed  attachment  has  recently  been 
introduced,  which  acts  automatically  upon  the 
steam  valves  of  the  radiators,  or  upon  the  hotair 
registers  and  ventilators,  and  maintains  the  tem- 
perature in  a room  to  within  one-half  a degree 
of  any  standard  desire. 

A “separator”  acting  by  centrifugal  force  has 
been  recently  tested,  and  is  very  efficient,  in 
trapping  out  all  the  water  entrained  in  steam. 
It  will  be  found  valuable,  particularly  where  the 
steam  has  to  be  carried  a long  distance  from  the 
boiler,  and  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  “ham- 
mering” of  water  in  the  pipes. 


85 


Hotel  Ponce  de  Leon,  St,  Augustine,  Fla,  Heat  and  Power  furnished  by  416  H.  P,  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers, 


HEATING  LIQUIDS  AND  BOILING  BY  STEAM. 

(<?).  Efficiency  of  surface,  where  all  the  air  is 
expelled.  For  vertical  surface,  each  square 
loot  will  transmit  230  heat  units  per  hour,  for 
each  degree  of  difference  in  the  temperature 
of  the  two  sides.  For  horizontal  and  inclined 
surface,  each  square  foot  will  transmit  330  heat 
units  per  hour  for  each  degree  of  difference  in 
temperature  between  the  two  sides. 

( b ).  Steam  required.  Each  966  heat  units 
will  require  the  condensation  of  one  pound  of 
steam  at  2120,  or  1,000  units  at  75  lbs.  pressure. 


The  philosophy  of  drying  or  evaporating  moist- 
ure by  heated  air  rests  upon  the  fact  that  the  ca- 
pacity of  air  for  moisture  is  rapidly  increased  by 
rise  in  temperature.  If  air  at  520  is  heated  to  720, 
its  capacity  for  moisture  is  doubled,  and  is  four 
times  what  it  was  at  320.  The  following  table 
gives  the  weight  of  a saturated  mixture  of  air  and 
aqueous  vapor  at  different  temperatures  up  to 
1600  — the  practical  limit  of  heating  air  by  steam, 
together  with  the  weight  of  vapor,  in  pounds  and 
per  centage,  and  total  heat,  the  portion  contained 
in  the  vapor  and  the  quantity  of  air  required 
per  pound  of  water. 

By  the  inspection 
of  this  table  it  will  be 
seen  why  it  is  more 
economical  to  dry  at 
the  higher  tempera- 
tures. The  atmos- 
phere is  seldom  satu- 
rated with  moisture, 
and  in  practice  it  will 
be  found  generally 
necessary  to  heat  the 
air  about  30°  above 
the  temperature  of 
saturation.  The  best 
effect  is  produced 
where  there  is  artifi- 
cial ventilation,  by 
fan  or  by  chimney, 
and  the  course  of  the 
heated  air  is  from 
above  downwards. 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  in  Ponce  de  Leon  Hoteli  St.  Augustine.  Fla. 


Each  pound  of  steam  condensed  will  evaporate 
one  pound  of  water  (nearly)  from  the  tempera- 
ture of  evaporation.  Each  horse-power  of  boil- 
er will  heat  30,000  lbs.  water  i°  per  hour,  or 
evaporate  30  lbs.  water  in  the  same  time. 


DRYING  BY  STEAM 

There  are  three  modes  of  drying  by  steam. 
1st.  By  bringing  wet  substances  in  direct  con- 
tact with  steam-heated  surfaces,  as  by  passing 
cloth  or  paper  over  steam-heated  cylinders,  or 
clamping  veneers  between  steam-heated  plates. 
2d.  By  radiated  heat  from  steam  pipes,  as  in 
some  lumber  kilns,  and  laundry  drying  rooms. 
3d.  By  causing  steam-heated  air  to  pass  over 
wet  surfaces,  as  in  glue  works,  etc. 

The  second  is  rarely  used  except  in  combina- 
tion with  the  third.  The  first  is  the  most  eco- 
nomical, the  second  less  so,  and  the  third  least. 
Under  favorable  circumstances,  it  may  be  esti- 
mated that  one  horse-power  of  steam  will  evap- 
orate 24  pounds  water  by  the  first  method,  20  by 
file  second,  and  15  by  the  third. 


SATURATED  MIXTURES  OF  AIR  AND  AQUEOUS  VAPOR. 


I Temperature, 

| degrees  Fah. 

| Weight  of  100 

cub.  ft.  of  mixture 
in  lbs. 

Weight  of  water 
in  100  cub.  ft.  of 
mixture  in  lbs. 

Per  cent,  of  water 
in  mixture. 

Heat  Units  in  too 
cub.  ft.  of  mix- 
ture. 

Per  cent,  of  heat 
in  vapor. 

Dry  air 
required  for 
vapor  in  mix- 
ture. 

lbs. 

cub. 

ft. 

35 

8.004 

0.034 

0.42 

42.8 

86.69 

234-4 

3080 

40 

7.920 

0.041 

0.52 

59.8 

76.59 

192.2 

2526 

45 

7.834 

0.049 

0.62 

77-7 

68.98 

158.9 

2088 

50 

7.752 

0.059 

0.76 

97.6 

66.29 

130.4 

I7J4 

55 

7.688 

0.070 

0.91 

118.3 

64.58 

108.5 

1326 

60 

7.589 

0.082 

1.08 

140. 1 

64.31 

91 . 6 

1203 

65 

7.507 

0.097 

1 .29 

164.9 

64.76 

76.4 

1004 

70 

7.425 

O.  I I4 

1.49 

189.7 

66.21 

66.0 

868 

7.5 

7.342 

°-  x34 

1.79 

221 . 6 

66.74 

55-o 

723 

80 

7 . 262 

0. 156 

2-15 

253-6 

68.02 

45.6 

599 

85 

7.178 

0. 182 

2' 54 

289.7 

69.66 

38.4 

505 

90 

7. 108 

0.212 

2.98 

330-2 

71.19 

32.5 

427 

95 

7.009 

0.245 

3-50 

373-4 

72.87 

27 . 6 

363 

100 

6.924 

0.283 

4.08 

422.0 

74.58 

23-5 

308 

io5 

6.830 

°-  325 

4.76 

474-7 

76.22 

20.0 

263 

1 10 

6.741 

°-  373 

5-23 

533-9 

77.88 

17. 1 

224 

XI5 

6.650 

0.426 

6.41 

599 -1 

79-52 

14.6 

192 

120 

6.551 

0.488 

7.46 

672.4 

81.14 

12.6 

163 

I25 

6.454 

°-  554 

8.55 

750.5 

82.62 

10.7 

140 

130 

6-347 

0.630 

9.90 

839-4 

84.13 

9-7 

118 

J35 

6.238 

°-7I4 

1 1 • 44 

936.7 

85.57 

7-7 

102 

140 

6.131 

0.806 

I3-I4 

1042.7 

86.89 

6.6 

87 

T45 

6.015 

0.909 

I5-H 

1 1 60 . 6 

88.18 

5-6 

74 

l5° 

5.891 

1 .022 

*7-33 

1288 . 4 

89.39 

4.8 

63 

x55 

5764 

1. 145 

19.88 

1427.4 

90.53 

4.0 

53 

160 

5-679 

*•333 

23-47 

163S.7 

91-93 

3-3 

43 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  the  New  York  Produce  Exchange,  624  H.  P.,  erected  February,  1884. 


4 


■4 


FLOW  OF  STEAM  THROUGH  PIPES. 

The  approximate  weight  of  any  fluid  which 
will  flow  in  one  minute  through  any  given  pipe 
with  a given  head  or  pressure  may  be  found  by 
the  following  formula : 


in  which  IV  = weight  in  pounds  avoirdupois, 
d = diameter  in  inches,  D = density  or  weight 
per  cubic  foot ; /q  the  initial  pressure,  p..  pressure 
at  end  of  pipe,  and  L — the  length  in  feet. 

The  following  table  gives,  approximately,  the 
weight  of  steam  per  minute  which  will  flow  from 
various  initial  pressures,  with  one  pound  loss  of 
pressure  through  straight  smooth  pipes,  each 
having  a length  of  240  times  its  own  diameter. 

For  sizes  of  pipe  below  6-inch,  the  flow  is  cal- 
culated from  the  actual  areas  of  ‘ ‘ standard  ’ ’ 
pipe  of  such  nominal  diameters. 


The  resistance  at  an  elbow  is  equal  to  ^3  that 
of  a globe  valve.  These  equivalents — for  open- 
ing, for  elbows,  and  for  valves, — must  be  added 
in  each  instance  to  the  actual  length  of  pipe. 
Thus  a 4-in.  pipe,  120  diameters  (40  feet)  long, 
with  a globe  valve  and  three  elbows,  would  be 
equivalent  to  1 20  -f-  60  60  -f-  ( 3 X 40 ) = 360 

diameters  long ; and  360  h-  240  = 1%.  It  would 
therefore  have  i}£  lbs.  loss  of  pressure  at  the 
flow  given  in  the  table,  or  deliver  (1  -f-  \/ 

= .816),  81.6  per  cent,  of  the  steam  with  the  same 
(1  lb.)  loss  of  pressure. 

FLOW  OF  STEAM  FROM  A GIVEN  ORIFICE. 

Steam  of  any  pressure  flowing  through  an 
opening  into  any  other  pressure,  less  than  three- 
fifths  of  the  initial,  has  practically  a constant 
velocity,  888  feet  per  second,  or  a little  over  ten 
miles  per  minute  ; hence  the  amount  discharged 
in  pounds  is  proportionate  to  the  weight  or  dens- 
ity of  the  steam.  To  ascertain  the  pounds, 


TABLE  OF  FLOW  OF  STEAM  THROUGH  PIPES. 


t/5  . £ 

t 

Diameter  of 

Pipe  in 

nches. 

Length  of  each  =:  240 

diameters. 

a a 3 

2 = SS 

H 

1 

2 

2/r<2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

x5 

18 

>»  . 

Weight  of  Steam  per  minute  in  pounds,  with  one  pound  loss  of  pressure. 

1 

I . l6 

2.07 

5-7 

10.27 

x5  -45 

25.38 

46.85 

77-3 

H5-9 

21 1 . 4 

34x  - 1 

502.4 

804 

1177 

10  . . . . 

1 *44 

2-57 

7-i 

12.72 

I9-I5 

31  • 45 

58.05 

95  8 

143.6 

262.O 

422.7 

622.5 

996 

1458 

20 

1.70 

3.02 

8-3 

x4-94 

22.49 

36-94 

68 . 20 

112.6 

168 . 7 

307.8 

496.5 

73x  • 3 

1170 

1713 

30 

1. 91 

3-40 

9.4 

16. 84 

25-35 

41.63 

76.84 

126.9 

190. 1 

346.8 

559-5 

824. 1 

13.8 

1930 

40 

2 . 10 

3-74 

10.3 

18.51 

27.87 

45-77 

84.49 

x39-  5 

209.0 

38x-3 

615.3 

906.0 

X45° 

2122 

50 

2.27 

4.04 

11 .2 

20.01 

30-x3 

49.48 

91  • 34 

150.8 

226.0 

412.2 

665.0 

979-5 

1567 

2294 

60 

2-43 

4-32 

11. 9 

21.38 

32.19 

52.87 

97.60 

161 . 1 

24r  • 5 

440.5 

710.6 

1046.7 

1675 

2451 

70 

2-57 

4-5^ 

12.6 

22.65 

34-io 

56.00 

103.37 

170.7 

255-8 

466.5 

752-7 

1108.5 

x774 

2596 

80 

2.71 

4.82 

x3-3 

23.82 

35-87 

q8.qi 

108.74 

x79-  5 

269.0 

490.7 

791.7 

1166. 1 

1866 

273x 

90 

2.83 

5-04 

13.9 

24.92 

37-52 

61 .62 

xx3- 74 

187.8 

281.4 

5X3-  3 

828.1 

1219.8 

x95x 

2856 

100 

2.95 

5-25 

Mo 

25.96 

39-07 

64.18 

118.47 

195.6 

293.1 

534-6 

862.6 

1270. 1 

2032 

2975 

120 

3.16 

5-63 

i5o 

27-85 

41.93 

68.87 

127. 12 

209.9 

3X4  • 5 

573-7 

925.6 

!363-3 

2181 

3X93 

150 

3-45 

6.14 

17.0 

3°-37 

45-72 

75-09 

138.61 

228.8 

343-o 

625-5 

1009 . 2 

I486.5 

2378 

3481 

For  horse-power,  multiply  the  figures  in  the 
table  by  2.  -For  any  other  loss  of  pressure,  mul- 
tiply by  the  square  root  of  the  given  loss.  For 
any  other  length  of  pipe,  divide  2qo  by  the  given 
length  expressed  in  diameters , and  multiply  the 
figures  in  the  table  by  the  square  root  of  this 
quotient , which  will  give  the  flow  for  1 lb.  loss  of 
pressure.  Conversely  dividing  the  given  length 
by  240  will  give  the  loss  of  pressure  for  the  flow 
given  in  the  table. 

The  loss  of  head  due  to  getting  up  the  velocity, 
to  the  friction  of  the  steam  entering  the  pipe,  and 
passing  elbows  and  valves,  will  reduce  the  flow 
given  in  the  tables.  The  resistance  at  the  open- 
ing, and  that  at  a globe  valve,  are  each  about  the 
same  as  that  fora  length  of  pipe  equal  to  114 
diameters  divided  by  a number  represented  by 
1 -f-  (3.6  -4-  diameter).  For  the  sizes  of  pipes 
given  in  the  table,  these  corresponding  lengths  are  : 


avoirdupois,  discharged  per  minute,  multiply 
the  area  of  opening  in  inches , by  j/o  times  the 
weight  per  cubic  foot  of  the  steam.  (Seep.  7 3,) 
Or  the  quantity  discharged,  per  minute,  may 
be  approximately  found  by  Rankine’s  formula  : 
IV  = 6 a p -x  7 in  which  JV=  weight  in  pounds, 
a = area,  in  square  inches,  and p — absolute  press- 
ure. The  theoretical  flow  requires  to  be  mul- 
tiplied by  £ = 0.93,  for  a short  pipe,  or  0.63  for  a 
thin  opening,  as  in  a plate,  or  a safety  valve. 

Where  the  steam  flows  into  a pressure  more 
than  Ys  the  pressure  in  the  boiler : 

IV = 1.9  a k ( p — 8 ) b ; in  which  b = differ- 
ence in  pressure  between  the  two  sides,  in  pounds 
per  square  inch,  and  a,  p and  k as  above. 

To  reduce  to  horse-power,  multiply  by  2. 
Where  a given  horse-power  is  required  to  flow 
through  a given  opening,  to  determine  the  nec 
essary  difference  in  pressure  : 


H I 1 I I z I 2^  I 3 I 4 I si  6 | 8 | 10  | 12  | 15 1 7s~  P _/  P~  H.P. 2 

2-g_l25  I 34  I 41  I 47  I 52  I 60  | 66  I 71  | 79  I 84  I 88  i ^2  | q=  — 2 V 4 z4a*  k 


* 


89 


■* 


EQUA  T/ON  OF  PIPES. 

It  is  frequently  desirable  to  know  what  num- 
ber of  one-sized  pipes  will  be  equal  in  capacity 
to  another  given  pipe  for  delivery  of  steam,  air 
or  water.  At  the  same  velocity  of  flow  two 
pipes  deliver  as  the  squares  of  their  internal 
diameters,  but  the  same  head  will  not  produce 
the  same  velocity  in  pipes  of  different  sizes  or 
lengths,  the  difference  being  usually  stated  to 
vary  as  the  square  root  of  the  fifth  power  of 
the  diameter.  The  friction  of  a fluid  within 
itself  is  very  slight,  and  therefore  the  main 
resistance  to  flow  is  the  friction  upon  the  sides  of 
the  conduit.  This  extends  to  a limited  distance, 
and  is,  of  course,  greater  in  proportion 'to  the 
contents  of  a small  pipe  than  of  a large.  It  may 
be  approximated  in  a given  pipe  by  a constant 
multiplied  by  the  diameter,  or  the  ratio  of  flow 
found  by  dividing  some  power  of  the  diameter 
by  the  diameter  increased  by  a constant.  Care- 
ful comparison  of  a large  number  of  experi- 
ments, by  different  investigators,  has  developed 
the  following  as  a close  approximation  to  the 
relative  flow  in  pipes  of  different  sizes  under 
similar  conditions  : 

\\T  rs  / d'J  d?' 

\\  oc  . or, 

\ d-y(>  V d ■ 3 6 
W being  the  weight  of  fluid  delivered  in  a given 
time,  and  d being  the  internal  diameter  in  inches. 


The  diameters  of  “ standard  ” steam  and  gas 
pipe,  however,  vary  from  the  nominal  diameters, 
and  in  applying  this  rule  it  is  necessary  to  take 
the  true  measurements,  which  are  given  in  the 
following  table : 


Table  of  Standard  Sizes,  Steam  and  Gas  Pipes. 


Size,  inches,  j 

Diameter. 

Size,  inches. 

Diameter. 

Size,  inches. 

Diameter. 

Inter- 

nal. 

Exter- 

nal. 

Inter- 

nal. 

Exter- 

nal 

Inter- 

nal. 

Exter- 

nal. 

Vs 

.27 

.40 

2/4 

2.47 

2.87 

9 

8. Q4 

9.62 

% 

•36 

•54 

3 

: 3-o  7 

3-5  : 

10 

10.02 

io-75 

H 

•49 

.67 

3 'A 

3-55 

4 

1 1 

I I 

11.75 

lA 

.62 

,84 

4 

403 

4-5 

12 

12 

12.75 

Y\ 

.82 

1.05 

4 lA 

4-51 

5 

13 

I3-25 

M 

1 

1.05 

*•31 

5 

504 

5-56 

14 

I4.25 

*5 

i'A 

1.38 

1.66 

6 

; 6.06 

6.62 

15 

15-43 

16 

i 14 

1.61 

I.QO 

7 

7.02 

7.62 

16 

16.4 

17 

2 

2.07 

2-37 

8 

7-98 

8.62 

x7 

I7.32 

18 

The  table  below  gives  the  number  of  pipes  of 
one  size  required  to  equal  in  delivery  other  larger 
pipes  of  same  length  and  under  same  conditions. 
The  upper  portion  above  the  diagonal  line  of 
blanks  pertains  to  “ standard  ” steam  and  gas 
pipes,  while  the  lower  portion  is  for  pipes  of  the 
actual  internal  diameters  given.  The  figures 
given  in  the  table  opposite  the  intersection  of  any 
two  sizes  is  the  number  of  the  smaller  sized 
pipes  required  to  equal  one  of  the  larger.  Thus, 
it  requires  29  standard  2-inch  pipes  to  equal  one 
standard  7-inch  pipe. 


TABLE  OF  EQUATION  OF  PIPES. 


STANDARD  STEAM  AND  GAS  FIFES. 


Dia.  || 

'A 

3/ 

1 

i'A 

2 

2M 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

x3 

>4 

15 

16 

x7 

d 

5 

A 

2.27 

4.88 

15.8 

3x-7 

52.9 

96.9 

205 

377 

620 

918 

1,292 

',767 

2,488 

3,OI4 

3,786 

4.904 

5,927 

7,32i 

8,535 

9,7X7 

V, 

y* 

2.60 

2.05 

6.97 

14.0 

23*3 

42.5 

90.4 

166 

273 

405 

569 

779 

1,096 

1,328 

1,668 

2,161 

2,615 

3,226 

3,761 

4,282 

X 

1 

7-55 

2.90 

3-45 

6.82 

XI. 4 

20.9 

44.1 

81. 1 

■33 

198 

278 

380 

536 

649 

815 

1,070 

1 ,263 

1,576 

1,837 

2,092 

’a 

1A 

24.2 

9-30 

3.20 

1.26 

3-34 

6.13 

13.0 

23.8 

39-2 

58.1 

81.7 

1 12 

157 

190 

239 

310 

375 

463 

539 

614 

2 

54-8 

21.0 

7.25 

2.26 

1.67 

3.06 

6.47 

11.9 

19.6 

29.0 

40.8 

55-8 

78.5 

95- x 

XI9 

x55 

187 

231 

269 

307 

2 

254 

102 

39-4 

13.6 

423 

1.87 

1.66 

1.83 

3.87 

7. 12 

XI-7 

17.4 

24.4 

33-4 

47-0 

56.9 

7I-5 

92.6 

1 12 

x3« 

161 

184 

2 lA 

3 

170 

65.4 

22.6 

7.03 

3.11 

2. 12 

3.89 

6.39 

9.48 

x3*3 

20.9 

23-7 

31.2 

39- x 

50.6 

61. 1 

75-5 

88.0 

100 

3 

4 

376 

144 

49-8 

x5-5 

6.87 

3.67 

2.21 

1.84 

3.02 

4.48 

6.30 

8.61 

12. 1 

14.7 

18.5 

23-9 

28.9 

35-7 

41.6 

47-4 

4 

s 

686 

263 

90.9 

28.3 

12.5 

6.70 

4-03 

1.83 

1.65 

2.44 

3-43 

4.69 

6.60 

8.00 

10. 0 

13.0 

x5-7 

X9-4 

22.6 

25.8 

5 

6 

1,1x6 

429 

I48 

46.0 

20.4 

10.9 

6. 56 

2.97 

1.63 

1.48 

2.09 

2.85 

4.02 

4.86 

6.1 1 

7.91 

9.56 

11. 8 

13.8 

15.6 

6 

7 

1,707 

656 

226 

70-5 

3x-2 

16.6 

10.0 

4-54 

2.49 

X*5X 

1. 41 

x*93 

2.71 

3.28 

4.12 

5-34 

6.45 

7-97 

9-31 

10.6 

7 

8 

2,435 

936 

322 

101 

44-5 

23.8 

x4-3 

6.48 

3-54 

2.18 

1.43 

x-35 

x*93 

2-33 

2.92 

3-79 

4-57 

5-67 

6.60 

7-52 

8 

9 

3,335 

1,281 

440 

137 

bo.  8 

32.5 

19.5 

8.85 

4.85 

2.98 

x-95 

i-37 

1. 41 

1. 71 

2.14 

2.77 

3-35 

4.14 

4.83 

5-50 

9 

10 

4,393 

1,688 

582 

181 

80.4 

42.9 

25.8 

IX-7 

6.40 

3-93 

2-57 

1.80 

1.32 

1. 21 

x-52 

1.97 

2.38 

2.94 

3-43 

3-91 

10 

1 1 

5,642 

2,168 

747 

233 

103 

55-1 

33- 1 

15.0 

8.22 

5-05 

3-3i 

2.32 

1.70 

1.28 

1.26 

1.63 

1.88 

2.43 

2.83 

3.22 

11 

12 

7,087 

2,723 

038 

293 

129 

69.2 

4.-6 

18.8 

10.3 

6.34 

4-x5 

2.91 

2.13 

1. 61 

1.26 

1.30 

x*57 

x-93 

2.26 

2.58 

12 

13 

8.657 

3,326 

1.146 

358 

x58 

84.5 

5°-7 

23.0 

12.6 

7-75 

5.07 

3-56 

2.60 

1.98 

x-53 

1.22 

1. 21 

1.49 

1.74 

1.98 

>3 

1 4 

10,600 

4,070 

1,403 

438 

193 

103 

62.2 

28.2 

15-4 

9.48 

6.21 

4-35 

3.18 

2.41 

1.88 

1.50 

1.22 

1.24 

1.44 

1.64 

1 4 

15 

12,824 

4,927 

1,608 

530 

234 

125 

7 5-3 

34-1 

18.7 

xx-5 

7-52 

5-27 

3-85 

2.92 

2.27 

1. 81 

1.48 

1. 21 

x*x7 

x-35 

*5 

16 

14,978 

5,758 

1,984 

619 

274 

146 

88.0 

39-9 

21.8 

x3  4 

8.78 

6.15 

4.51 

3-41 

2.66 

2.12 

J-73 

1.42 

1. 18 

1. 14 

16 

17 

x7,537 

6,738 

2,322 

724 

^20 

171 

103 

46.6 

25.6 

x5-7 

xo-3 

7.20 

5-27 

3-99 

3-1 1 

2-47 

2.03 

1.66 

x-37 

1. 17 

18 

20,327 

7,810 

2,691 

840 

37i 

•0 

00 

1x9 

29.6 

x8.2 

11.9 

8.35 

6. 1 1 

4.63 

3.60 

2.87 

2-35 

1.92 

1.59 

1.36 

1. 16 

20 

26,676 

10,249 

3,532 

1,102 

487 

260 

T57 

70.9 

38.9 

23-9 

15.6 

10.9 

8.02 

6.07 

4-73 

i3-76 

3.08 

2.52 

2.08 

1.78 

1.52 

24 

42,624 

16,376 

5,644 

1,761 

778 

416 

250 

”3 

62. 1 

38.2 

25.0 

x7-5 

12.8 

0.70 

7-55 

6.01 

4.92 

4.02 

3- 32 

2.84 

2-43 

30 

75-453 

28.990 

9,990 

3, ”7 

1,378 

736 

443 

201 

no 

67.6 

44.2 

31.0 

22.7 

17.2 

13.4 

10.7 

8.72 

7-  x4 

5.88 

5-03 

4-30 

3<> 

120,100 

46,143 

15,902 

4,061 

2,193 

1. 172 

705 

3X9 

x75 

108 

70.4 

49-3 

36.1 

27-3 

21.3 

16.9 

x3-9 

1 1 -3 

9-37 

8.01 

6.85 

42 

177,724 

68,282 

23,5s1 

7,34i 

3,245 

i,734 

1,044 

473 

259 

x59 

104 

73-o 

53-4 

4°-5 

3'-5 

25. x 

20.5 

16.8 

13.9 

11. 9 

10. 1 

48 

249,351 

95,818 

33,020 

10,301 

4,554 

2,434 

1,465 

663 

363 

223 

146 

102 

75-o 

56.8 

44.2 

35-2 

28.8 

23-5 

19.4 

16.6 

14.2 

0 

K 

X 

1 

154 

2 

i'A 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

I I 

12 

x3 

14 

15 

16 

x7 

ACTUAL  INTERNAL  DIAMETERS. 


90 


◄ 


COVERING  FOR  BOILERS.  STEAM  PIPES.  ETC. 

The  losses  by  radiation  from  unclothed  pipes 
and  vessels  containing  steam  is  considerable,  and 
in  the  case  of  pipes  leading  to  steam  engines,  is 
magnified  by  the  action  of  the  condensed  water 
in  the  cylinder.  It  therefore  is  important  that  such 
pipes  should  be  well  protected. 

There  is  a wide  difference  in  the  value  of  differ- 
ent substances  for  protection  from  radiation,  their 
value  varying  nearly  in  the  inverse  ratio  of  their 
conducting  power  for  heat,  up  to  their  ability  to 
transmit  as  much  heat  as  the  surface  of  the  pipe 
will  radiate,  after  which  they  become  detrimental, 
rather  than  useful,  as  covering.  This  point  is 
reached  nearly  at  baked  clay  or  brick. 

The  following  table  of  the  relative  value  of 
various  substances  for  protection  against  radia- 
tion has  been  compiled  from  a variety  of  sources, 
mainly  the  experiments  of  the  Massachusetts 


ratio,  for  radiation,  of  53  to  100  for  cast  iron. 
Mere  color  makes  but  little  difference. 

Hair  01  wool  felt,  and  most  of  the  better  non- 
conductors, have  the  disadvantage  of  becoming 
soon  charred  from  the  heat  of  steam  at  high 
pressure,  and  sometimes  of  taking  fire  therefrom. 

“Mineral  wool,”  a fibrous  material  made  from 
blast  furnace  slag,  is  the  best  non-combustible 
covering,  but  is  quite  brittle,  and  liable  to  fall  to 
powder  where  much  jarring  exists. 

Air  space  alone  is  one  of  the  poorest  of  non- 
conductors, though  the  best  owe  their  efficiency 
to  the  numerous  minute  air  cells  in  their  struct- 
ure. This  is  best  seen  in  the  value  of  different 
forms  of  carbon,  from  cork  charcoal  to  anthra- 
cite dust,  the  former  being  three  times  as  valu- 
able for  this  purpose,  though  in  chemical  consti- 
tution they  are  practically  identical. 

Any  suitable  substance  used  to  prevent  the 


TABLE  OF  RELATIVE  VALUE  OF  NON-CONDUCTING  MATERIALS. 


St' INSTANCE. 

Value. 

Substance. 

Value. 

1 

Substance. 

— 

VAluk 

* Loose  Wool 

3 

•35 

* Paper  

.50  to 

7 1 

Paste  of  Fossil  Meal  and  As- 

* Loose  Lampblack  .... 

1 

.12 

* Cork 

•7i 

bestos 

•47 

* Geese  Feathers 

1 

.08 

* Sawdust  

.68 

Asbestos,  fibrous 

•36 

* Felt,  Hair  or  Wool 

1 

Paste  of  Fossil  Meal  and 

Plaster  of  Paris,  dry  ... 

■34 

* Carded  Cotton 

1 

Hair 

.63 

Clay,  with  vegetable  fibre 

-34 

* Charcoal  Irom  Cork  . 

■87 

Wood  Ashes 

.6l 

Anthracite  Coal,  powdered  . 

.29 

Mineral  Wool 

.68  to 

■83 

* Wood,  across  grain 

.40  to 

•55 

Coke,  in  lumps 

.27 

Fossil  Meal 

.66  to 

.7  Q 

Loam,  dry  and  open  . . . 

•55 

Air  Space,  undivided  . . . . 

14  to. 22 

* Straw  Rope,  wound  spirally 

•77 

Chalk,  ground, Spanish  white 

.31 

Sand 

• 17 

* Rice  Chaff,  loose  .... 

.76 

C.  oal  Ashes 

■35  to 

1 ■ 

Baked  Clay,  Brick  .... 

.07 

Carbonate  Magnesia  . . . 

.67  to 

■7< 

Gas-house  Carbon  .... 

•47 

Glass 

•05 

* Charcoal  from  Wood  . 

.63  to 

•75 

Asbestos  Paper 

•47 

Stone  

.02 

* Combustible,  and  sometimes  dangerous. 


Institute  of  Technology,  and  of  C.  E.  Emery, 
M.E.,  LL.D. 

Where  two  values  are  given  in  the  table  for 
the  same  substance  the  lower  one  is  for  the 
denser  condition. 

A smooth  or  polished  surface  is  of  itself  a good 
protection,  polished  tin  or  Russia  iron  having  a 


escape  of  steam  heat  should  not  be  less  than 
one  inch  thick. 

The  following  table  gives  the  loss  of  heat  from 
steam  pipes,  naked  and  clothed  with  wool  or 
hair  felt,  of  different  thickness,  the  steam  press- 
ure being  assumed  at  75  lbs.  and  the  external 
air  at  60". 


TABLE  OF  LOSS  OF  HEAT  FROM  STEAM  PIPES. 


c Outside  Diameter  of  Pipe,  without  Felt. 


I Thickness  of  Cover 

in  inches. 

2 in 

diameter. 

4 in 

diameter. 

6 in 

diameter. 

8 in 

diameter. 

12  in 

diameter. 

£ c 

C u *- 
- ^ 3 

•-  c- 

^ u O 

c c,  c. 

Ratio  of  Loss. 

Feet  in  length 
per  H.  P.  lost. 

It 

Loss  in  units 
per  foot  run 
per  hour. 

Ratio  of  Loss. 

tx  2 

jU  n • 

0) 

V 0 

t r.  — 

C 2 u 

V)  “ 

c 0 z. 

Ratio  of  Loss. 

apjo 

0 u 

Loss  in  units  ' 
per  foot  run 
per  hour. 

Ratio  of  Loss. 

be  o 

0 • 

u.  c. 

Loss  in  units 
per  foot  run 
per  hour. 

- 

Feet  in  length 
per  H.  P.  lost. 

0 

219.0 

1. 00 

152 

390-8 

1. 00 

86 

624. 1 

1. 000 

53 

720. 8 

1. 000 

46 

1077.4 

1 .000 

31 

y< 

100.7 

.46 

33i 

l80.Q 

.46 

182 

'A 

65-7 

•30 

507 

I 17.2 

.30 

284 

187.2 

.300 

177 

219.6 

.301 

151 

3OT*7 

.280 

1 T4 

I 

43  8 

.20 

761 

73-9 

.18 

451 

III.O 

.178 

300 

128.3 

.176 

2 59 

185.3 

.172 

179 

2 

28.4 

•13 

1173 

44-7 

.1 1 

745 

66.2 

. 106 

5°4 

75-2 

.103 

443 

98.0 

.OQI 

340 

4 

10.8 

.09 

1683 

28.1 

.07 

1186 

41.2 

.066 

808 

46.0 

.063 

724 

60.3 

.056 

553 

23-4 

.06 

1424 

33-7 

•054 

989 

34-3 

.047 

972 

45-2 

042 

735 

■* 


91 


CARE  OF  BOILERS. 


The  following  rules  are  compiled  from  those 
issued  by  various  Boiler  Insurance  Companies 
in  this  country  and  Europe,  supplemented  by 
cur  own  experience.  They  are  applicable  to  all 
boilers , except  as  otherwise  noted. 

ATTENTION  NECESSARY  TO  SECURE  SAFETY. 

[Though  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  are 
not  liable  to  destructive  explosion,  the  same  care 
should  be  exercised  to  avoid  possible  damage  to 
boiler,  and  expensive  delays.] 

1.  Safety  Valves. — Great  care  should  be  ex- 
ercised to  see  that  these  valves  are  ample  in  size 
and  in  working  order.  Overloading  or  neglect 
frequently  lead  to  the  most  disastrous  results. 
Safety  valves  should  be  tried  at  least  once  every 
day  to  see  that  they  will  act  freely. 

2.  Pressure  Gauge. — -The  steam  gauge  should 
stand  at  zero  when  the  pressure  is  off,  and  it 
should  show  same  pressure  as  the  safety  valve 
when  that  is  blowing  off.  If  not,  then  one  is 
wrong,  and  the  gauge  should  be  tested  by  one 
known  to  be  correct. 

3.  Water  Level. — The  first  duty  of  an  engi- 
neer before  starting,  or  at  the  beginning  of  his 
watch,  is  to  see  that  the  water  is  at  the  proper 
height.  Do  not  rely  on  glass  gauges,  floats  or 
water  alarms,  but  try  the  gauge  cocks.  If  they 
do  not  agree  with  water  gauge,  learn  the  cause 
and  correct  it.  Water  level  in  Babcock  & Wil- 
cox boilers  should  be  at  centre  of  drum,  which 
is  usually  at  middle  gauge.  It  should  not  be 
carried  above 

4.  Gauge  Cocrs  and  Water  Gauges  must  be 
kept  clean.  Water  gauge  should  be  blown  out 
frequently,  and  the  glasses  and  passages  to  gauge 
kept  clean.  The  Manchester,  Eng.,  Boiler  Asso- 
ciation attribute  more  accidents  to  inattention 
to  water  gauges,  than  to  all  other  causes  put 
together. 

5.  Feed  Pump  or  Injector. — These  should  be 
kept  in  perfect  order,  and  be  of  ample  size.  No 
make  of  pump  can  be  expected  to  be  continuously 
reliable  without  regular  and  careful  attention. 
It  is  always  safe  to  have  two  means  of  feeding  a 
boiler.  Check  valves,  and  self-acting  feed  valves 
should  be  frequently  examined  and  cleaned. 
Satisfy  yourself  frequently  that  the  valve  is  acting 
when  the  feed  pump  is  at  work. 

6.  Low  Water. — In  case  of  low  water,  im- 
mediately cover  the  fire  with  ashes  (wet  if  possi- 
ble) or  any  earth  that  may  be  at  hand.  If  noth- 
ing else  is  handy  use  fresh  coal.  Draw  fire  as 
soon  as  it  can  be  done  without  increasing  the 
heat.  Neither  turn  on  the  feed,  start  or  stop 


engine,  or  lift  safety  valve  until  fires  are  out,  and 
the  boiler  cooled  down. 

7.  Blisters  and  Cracks. — These  are  liable  to 
occur  in  the  best  plate  iron.  When  the  first  in- 
dication appears  there  must  be  no  delay  in  hav- 
ing it  carefully  examined  and  properly  cared  for. 

8.  Fusible  Plugs,  when  used,  must  be  ex- 
amined when  the  boiler  is  cleaned,  and  carefully 
scraped  clean  on  both  the  water  and  fire  sides, 
or  they  are  liable  not  to  act. 

ATTENTION  NECESSARY  TO  SECURE  ECONOMY. 

9.  Firing. — Fire  evenly  and  regularly,  a little 
at  a time.  Moderately  thick  fires  are  most  eco- 
nomical, but  thin  firing  must  be  used  where  the 
draught  is  poor.  Take  care  to  keep  grates  evenly 
covered,  and  allow  no  air-holes  in  the  fire.  Do 
not  “clean  ” fires  oftener  than  necessary.  With 
bituminous  coal,  a ‘‘coking  fire,”  i.  e.  firing  in 
front  and  shoving  back  when  coked,  gives  best 
results,  if  properly  managed 

10.  Cleaning. — All  heating  surfaces  must  be 
kept  clean  outside  and  in,  or  there  will  be  a 
serious  waste  of  fuel.  The  frequency  of  cleaning 
will  depend  on  the  nature  of  fuel  and  water. 
As  a rule,  never  allow  over  T'7  inch  scale  or  soot 
to  collect  on  surfaces  between  cleanings.  Hand- 
holes should  be  frequently  removed  and  surfaces 
examined,  particularly  in  case  of  a new  boiler, 
until  proper  intervals  have  been  established  by 
experience. 

The  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler  is  provided  with 
extra  facilities  for  cleaning,  and  with  a little  care 
can  be  kept  up  to  its  maximum  efficiency,  where 
tubulars  or  locomotive  boilers  would  be  quickly 
destroyed.  For  inspection,  remove  the  hand- 
holes at  both  ends  of  the  tubes,  and  by  holding 
a lamp  at  one  end  and  looking  in  at  the  other, 
the  condition  of  the  surface  can  be  fully  seen. 
Push  the  scraper  through  the  tube  to  remove  sed- 
iment, or  if  the  scale  is  hard  use  the  chipping 
scraper  made  for  that  purpose.  Water  through 
a hose  will  facilitate  the  operation.  In  replacing 
hand-hole  caps,  clean  the  surfaces  without  scratch- 
ing or  bruising,  smear  with  oil,  and  screw  up 
tight.  Examine  mud-drum  and  remove  the 
sediment  therefrom. 

The  exterior  of  tubes  can  be  kept  clean  by 
the  use  of  blowing  pipe  and  hose  through  open- 
ings provided  for  that  purpose.  In  using  smoky 
fuel,  it  is  best  to  occasionally  brush  the  surfaces 
when  steam  is  off. 

11.  Hot  Feed  Water. — Cold  water  should 
never  be  fed  into  any  boiler  when  it  can  be  avoid- 
ed, but  when  necessary  it  should  be  caused  to 


92 


mix  with  the  heated  water  before  coming  in  con- 
tact with  any  portion  of  the  boiler. 

12.  Foaming. — When  foaming  occurs  in  a 
boiler,  checking  the  outflow  of  steam  will  usually 
stop  it.  If  caused  by  dirty  water,  blowing  down 
and  pumping  up  will  generally  cure  it.  In  cases  of 
violent  foaming,  check  the  draft  and  fires. 

Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  never  foam  with 
good  water,  unless  the  water  is  carried  too 
high.  If  found  to  prime,  lower  the  water-line. 
It  should  not  be  carried  above  centre  line  of 
drum. 

13.  Air  Leaks. — Be  sure  that  all  openings  for 
admission  of  air  to  boiler  or  flues,  except  through 
the  fire,  are  carefully  stopped.  This  is  frequent- 
ly an  unsuspected  cause  of  serious  waste. 

14.  Blowing  Off. — If  feed-water  is  muddy  or 
salt,  blow  off  a portion  frequently,  according  to 
condition  of  water.  Empty  the  boiler  every  week 
or  two,  and  fill  up  afresh.  When  surface  blow- 
cocks  are  used,  they  should  be  often  opened  for 
a few  minutes  at  a time.  Make  sure  no  water  is 
escaping  from  the  blow-off  cock  when  it  is  sup- 
posed to  be  closed.  Blow-off  cocks  and  check- 
valves  should  be  examined  every  time  the  boiler 
is  cleaned. 

Attention  Necessary  to  Secure  Durability. 

15.  Leaks. — When  leaks  are  discovered,  they 
should  be  repaired  as  soon  as  possible. 

16.  Blowing  Off. — Never  empty  the  boiler 
while  the  brick-work  is  hot. 


17.  Filling  Up. — Never  pump  cold  water  into 
a hot  boiler.  Many  times  leaks,  and  in  shell 
boilers,  serious  weaknesses,  and  sometimes  ex- 
plosions are  the  result  of  such  an  action. 

18.  Dampness. — Take  care  that  no  water 
comes  in  contact  with  the  exterior  of  the  boiler 
from  any  cause,  as  it  tends  to  corrode  and 
weaken  the  boiler.  Beware  of  all  dampness  in 
seatings  or  coverings. 

19.  Galvanic  Action. — Examine  frequently 
parts  in  contact  with  copper  or  brass,  where 
water  is  present,  for  signs  of  corrosion.  If  water 
is  salt  or  acid,  some  metallic  zinc  placed  in  the 
boiler  will  usually  prevent  corrosion,  but  it  will 
need  attention  and  renewal  from  time  to  time. 

20.  Rapid  Firing.— In  boilers  with  thick 
plates  or  seams  exposed  to  the  fire,  steam  should 
be  raised  slowly,  and  rapid  or  intense  firing 
avoided.  With  thin  water  tubes,  however,  and 
adequate  water  circulation,  no  damage  can 
come  from  that  cause. 

21.  Standing  Unused. — If  a boiler  is  not  re- 
quired for  some  time,  empty  and  dry  it  thor- 
oughly. If  this  is  impracticable,  fill  it  quite 
full  of  water,  and  put  in  a quantity  of  common 
washing  soda.  External  parts  exposed  to 
dampness  should  receive  a coating  of  linseed 
oil. 

22.  General  Cleanliness. — All  things  about 
the  boiler  room  should  be  kept  clean  and  in 
good  order.  Negligence  tends  to  waste  and 
decay. 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  in  Chicago  City  Railway.  1 ,000  H.  P. 


PC*- 


93 


TESTING  STEAM  BOILERS* 

The  object  of  testing  a steam  boiler  is  to  de- 
termine the  quantity  and  quality  of  steam  ii  will 
supply  continuously  and  regularly,  under  speci- 
fied conditions ; the  amount  of  fuel  required  to 
produce  that  amount  of  steam,  and  sometimes  sun- 
dry' other  facts  and  values.  In  order  to  ascertain 
these  things  by  observation  it  is  necessary  to  exer- 
cise great  care  and  skill,  and  employ  the  most  per- 
fect apparatus,  or  errors  will  creep  in  sufficient  to 
vitiate  the  test  and  render  it  of  no  value,  if  not 
actually  misleading.  This  is  most  apparent  in 
testing  the  quality  of  the  steam  by  a “barrel  cal- 
orimeter,” as  at  the  Centennial  Exposition,  where 
an  error  of  )i  lb.  in  either  of  two  weighings  of  a 
mass  of  some  400  lbs.  made  a difference  of  3 per 
cent,  in  the  final  result. 


5.  Pressures  of  the  steam,  of  barometer,  and 
of  draft  in  chimney. 

6.  Weights  of  feed-water,  of  fuel,  and  of  ashes. 
Water  meters  are  not  reliable  as  an  accurate 
measure  of  feed  water. 

7.  Time  of  starting  and  of  stopping  test,  taking 
care  that  the  observed  conditions  are  the  same  at 
each  as  far  as  possible. 

S.  The  quality  of  the  steam,  whether  “wet,” 
“dr)-,”  or  “superheated.” 

From  these  data  all  the  results  can  be  figured, 
giving  the  economy  and  capacity  of  the  boiler, 
and  the  sufficiency  or  insufficiency  of  the  condi- 
tions, for  obtaining  the  best  results. 

The  amount  of  water  evaporated  per  pound  of 
coal  is  universally  conceded  to  be  the  proper 
measure  of  the  efficiency  of  a boiler,  but  in  order 


Boiler  House  of  Pencoyd  Iron  Works,  Pencoyd,  Pa.  1248  H.  P. 


The  principal  points  to  be  ascertained  and 
noted  in  a boiler  test  are  : 

1.  The  type  and  dimensions  of  the  boiler,  in- 
cluding the  area  of  heating  surface,  steam  and 
water  space,  area  of  water  surface,  and  draft  area 
through  or  between  tubes  or  flues. 

2.  The  kind  and  size  of  furnace  ; area  of  grate 
with  proportion  of  air  spaces  therein,  height  and 
size  of  chimney,  length  and  area  of  flues. 

3.  Kind  and  quality  of  fuel  and  amount  of  ash 
and  water  therein.  The  latter  is  a more  impor- 
tant item  than  is  generally  understood,  as  it  not 
only  adds  to  the  weight  without  adding  to  the 
value  of  the  fuel,  but  the  heat  taken  to  evapo- 
rate, and  send  the  steam  up  chimney  in  a highly 
superheated  condition,  adds  to  the  unobserved 
waste. 

4.  Temperatures,  of  external  air,  of  fire-room, 
of  chimney  gases,  of  fuel,  water  and  of  steam. 

* This  subject  will  be  found  very  fully  treated  in  the  re- 
port of  a committee  to  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  and  the  discussions  on  the  same.  Transactions 
A Si  M.  E.,  Vol.  VI,  pp.  256-351. 


to  compare  one  boiler  with  another,  each  should 
have  equally  good  coal,  be  fed  with  water  at  the 
same  temperature  and  furnish  steam  at  the  same 
pressure.  As  this  is  impractical  in  making  tests, 
a standard  has  been  accepted  to  which  all  tests 
should  be  brought  for  comparison.  This  is  called 
the  “equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  2120” 
per  pound  of  combustible ; that  is,  what  the  evap- 
oration would  have  been  if  the  coal  had  been 
without  ash,  the  feed-water  at  boiling  point  and 
the  steam  delivered  at  atmospheric  pressure. 

It  may  be  determined  by  the  following  formulae  : 

Let  W *=  the  observed  evaporation  per  lb.  of  combustible. 
“ t = the  observed  temperature  of  feed. 

“ T «=*  the  temperature  of  steam  at  observed  pressure. 

“ H = the  total  heat  of  steam  at  the  observed  pressure. 

“ W — equivalent  evaporation  from  and  at  2120. 


w,  = w _ 0.3  (T  — 212)  + (212  t ) 
966 


W'-WX 


H+32  — 1 
966 


The  value  of  T and  H may  be  found  by  refer 
ence  to  “steam  table  ” on  another  page 


94 


Engineering  Office  of  Chas.  E.  Emery, 
No.  7 Warren  Street,  New  York, 
March  21,  1S79. 
Messrs.  Babcock  & Wilcox, 

No.  30  Cortlandt  Street,  New  York. 

Gentlemen  : On  the  4th  and  5th  of  Febru- 
ary, 1879,  I made  a trial  of  the  Babcock  & Wil- 
cox Boilers  and  Corliss  engines  in  the  Raritan 
Woolen  Mills,  Raritan,  N.  J.,  the  results  of 
which  are  shown  in  the  following  report : 

There  were  two  boilers  tested  of  the  water- 
tube  type,  manufactured  by  you  and  known  by 
your  name,  rated  jointly  at  360  horse  power,  and 
reported  to  contain  4,oSo  square  feet  of  heating 
surface,  and  103  square  feet  of  grate  surface. 
These  boilers  were  erected  side  by  side  and 
connected  so  that  they  could  be  used  separately 
or  conjointly  in  connection  with  cr  independent 
of  a number  of  Lancashire  drop-flue  boilers, 
three  boilers  of  the  latter  kind  having  been  re- 
moved to  make  room  for  yours  All  the  boilers 
were  connected  to  a single  chimney  through  a 
Green’s  economizer  in  the  flue.  A large  por- 
tion of  the  steam  generated  appeared  to  be 
used  in  the  dye  house  and  for  heating  pur- 
poses. A portion  of  the  boilers  were  employed, 
however,  to  supply  steam  to  two  pairs  of  en- 
gines, of  equal  size,  operating  the  mill,  one  pair 
being  of  the  Wright  patent,  put  in  many  years 
since,  and  the  other  of  Corliss  make,  erected 
within  a year.  Each  steam  cylinder  was  20  in- 
ches in  diameter  with  48  inches  stroke  of  piston. 
The  engines  are  provided  with  Bulkley  conden- 
sers. In  the  ordinary  working  of  the  mill  your 
boilers  were  used  to  supply  steam  to  both  pairs 
of  engines. 

Your  contract  contained  a guarantee  that  tire 
boilers  should  furnish  sufficient  steam  to  de- 
velop the  rated  power  (360  H.  P.)  in  a Corliss 
engine,  and  that  the  evaporation  should  equal 
at  least  9 pounds  of  water  from  a temperature 
of  1 So0  per  pound  of  coal  containing  not  more 
than  12  per  cent,  of  refuse.  In  a preliminary 
trial,  part  of  the  load  on  the  Wright  engines 
was  transferred  to  the  Corliss  engines  ; but  it 
was  soon  found  that  the  latter  did  not  require 


all  the  steam  your  boilers  would  generate  eco- 
nomically ; so  two  trials  were  made,  one  of  4} 
hours’  duration,  using  your  boilers  with  reduced 
draft  to  supply  steam  to  the  Corliss  engines 
only,  and  taking  data  to  ascertain  the  economy 
of  the  engines  ; the  other  of  fully  12  hours’  du- 
ration, using  the  boilers  at  maximum  power  on 
a dull  day  without  forcing  the  fires,  part  of  the 
steam  being  used  to  operate  the  Corliss  engines, 
the  remainder  blown  into  the  pipe  system  of 
the  other  boilers,  which  were  working  at  a 
much  less  pressure. 

Trial  of  the  Boilers. 

The  experiment  commenced  at  6.01  a.  m.,  and 
closed  at  6.38  p.  m.  In  starting,  steam  was 
raised  by  spreading  the  banked  fires  left  from 
the  previous  day.  When  the  pressure  reached 
80  pounds  the  fires  were  hauled,  all  refuse  re- 
moved, and  fires  started  anew  with  wood, 
which  in  calculation  has  been  considered  equal 
in  calorific  value  to  T4W  its  weight  of  coal.  The 
fires  were  maintained  with  coal  during  the  day, 
finally  hauled,  allowed  to  cool,  the  combustible 
portion  deducted  from  the  coal  charged,  and 
the  refuse  weighed  separately.  The  experi- 
ment was  closed  when  the  boilers  stopped 
making  steam  at  80  lbs.  pressure,  with  water  in 
the  glass  gauges  at  same  height  as  in  starting. 

During  the  trial,  all  the  coal  consumed  was 
weighed  in  an  iron  wheel-barrow,  balanced 
when  empty  by  a fixed  weight,  and  each  bar- 
row  load  was  adjusted  at  the  scale  to  weigh 
200  pounds  net.  All  the  water  evaporated  was 
measured  in  a tank  provided  with  a heavy  float 
connected  through  a fine  chain  to  an  index 
showing  a water  level  on  an  exterior  scale, 
divided  decimally.  By  weighing  water  out  of 
the  tank,  its  capacity  was  found  to  be  5,172 
pounds  of  water  between  the  limits  employed. 

A complete  record  was  kept  of  the  coal,  water, 
steam  pressure  and  various  temperatures,  and  the 
quality  of  the  steam  was  tested  with  a calorime- 
ter at  frequent  intervals.  The  proprietors  of 
the  mill  took  the  proper  business  precaution  of 
stationing  observers  at  each  point,  who  kept 


95 


A. 


entirely  independent  records,  agreeing  with  those 
taken  by  my  assistants.  The  coal  used  was  clean 
nut  coal  from  the  Lackawanna  region.  It  had 
been  exposed  to  the  weather  during  the  winter, 
and  when  first  taken  from  the  pile  was  wet,  but 
a sufficient  quantity  for  the  trial  was  brought 
under  shelter  a few  days  in  advance,  so  that  the 
coal  actually  used  was  bright  and  appeared  dry. 
The  results  of  the  trial  are  as  follows  : 


Average  steam  pressure. 

Average  temperature, 

“ of  fire  room. 


. 44.00 

“ of  water  in  feed  tank,  . 90  47 

“ of  water  entering  boiler  after 

passing  through  a heater  in  flue,  1 10.59 
“ of  up-take  boiler  Xo.  1 by  py- 
rometer (evidently  wrong),  . 381.87 
‘ of  flue  beyond  feed  water  heater  453.23 

Wood  used  in  starting  fires,  730  lbs.,  equivalent  of 

coal  (730  x .4) lbs. 

Coal  put  in  furnaces  during  experiment,  . . “ 

Total  of  above.  . . . . . “ 20,119 
Combustible  in  refuse  at  close  or  experiment,  . “ 820 

Total  coal  consumed,  including  equivalent  of 

wood,  ........  lbs.  19,299 

Refuse  from  coal  removed  during  experiment,  . 

Refuse  from  coal  at  close  of  experiment, 

Total, 

Actual  per  centage  of  refuse,  (2,883  19.299 

x 100  = ) . . ... 

Combustible  consumed,  (19,299  — 2,883  "■  ) 

Coal  with  12  per  cent,  refuse  agreed  upon,  equiv- 
alent to  that  actually  consumed,  [16,416  -s- 
(100 — 12)  = ] ....  lbs.,  18,654.5 

Total  weight  of  water  actually  evaporated  at 
pressure  of  71.63  lbs.  from  temperature 
1 10. 590, lbs.,  161,573.28 

Equivalent  evaporation  at  pressure  of  70  lbs, 
from  temperature  of  1800 , as  agreed  upon, 


292 

19,827 


749 
21 34 

2,883 


M-94 
lbs.  16,416 


Evaporation  per  lb.  of  coal,  with  12  per  cent, 
of  refuse,  at  pressure  of  70  lbs.  from  tem- 
perature of 180°  

Evaporation  per  lb.  of  combustible,  atmos.  press, 
from  temp,  of  2120, 


172,592.58 

9.252 
1 1.221 


Calorimeter  Trials. 

The  calorimeter  consisted  of  a simple  barrel  set 
on  a platform  scale.  The  scale  beam  was  grad- 
uated for  half-pounds  only ; but  by  applying 
thereto  an  extra  movable  weight,  one-tenth  that 


of  the  other,  carefully  leveling 
the  platform,  and  in  weighing 
bringing  the  end  of  the  beam 
just  clear  of  the  guard,  it  was 
possible  to  read  to  one-tenth,  or 
even  .05  of  a pound.  In  an  in- 
clined position,  through  the  side 
of  the  barrel,  was  fixed  a ther- 
mometer graduated  to  de- 
grees, and  readily  read  to  y&  de- 
grees. A small  iron  propeller 
on  a vertical  shaft  was  arranged 
in  the  barrel.  In  operations,  the 
barrel  was  nearly  filled  with  cold 
water,  which  was  heated  with 
steam,  when  the  increase  in  weight 
showed  the  weight  of  steam  taken 
from  the  boiler,  and  the  increase  in 
temperature  measured  the  quan- 
tity of  heat  in  the  steam.  The 
steam  was  taken  from  the  boiler 
near  the  issuing  current,  through 
a 2-inch  pipe  reduced  outside  of 
the  boiler  to  % of  an  inch,  and 
again  near  the  outer  end  by  an 
inserted  nipple  to  of  an  inch, 
substantially  on  the  plan  recom- 
mended in  a previous  article  on 
the  subject.*  To  the  end  of  the 
steam-pipe  a short  piece  of  hose 
was  connected  through  a valve ; 
the  pipe  was  carefully  felted,  and 
was  heated  previous  to  each 
experiment  by  wasting  steam 
through  it  before  putting  the  hose 
into  the  calorimeter.  The  end  of 
the  hose  was  perforated  in  sever- 
al directions,  to  avoid  the  jar  due 
to  condensation. 

Seventeen  experiments  were 
made  during  the  day ; one  was 

* Report  of  Judges,  Group  XX.,  Cen- 
tennial Exhibition,  p.  82. 


Boiler-House  and  Chimney  for  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  at  Somersett 
Manufacturing  Co.’s  Woolen  Mills,  Raritan,  N.  J:  1,080  H.  Pi 


96 


rejected,  in  which  the  thermometer  scale  was 
seen  to  move  by  bringing  the  hose  too  near 
the  instrument.  The  results  were  calculated 
from  the  records  of  the  remaining  sixteen  experi- 
ments, on  the  following  basis  : 


Lot  W original  weight  of  water  in  calorimeter. 

Let  rt'  weight  of  water  added  by  heating  with  steam. 

Lot  T total  heat  in  water  due  to  the  temperature  of  steam 
at  observed  pressure. 

Let  1 1 total  heat  of  steam  at  observed  pressure. 

Lot  / latent  heat  of  steam  at  observed  pressure. 

Let  t — • total  heat  of  water  corresponding  to  temperature 
of  water  in  calorimeter. 

Let  t'  total  heat  in  water  corresponding  to  final  tempera- 
ture of  water  in  calorimeter. 

Let  E heating  efficiency  of  the  steam  furnished,  compared 
with  saturated  steam  between  the  same  limits  of 
temperature. 

Let  Q quality  of  steam  explained  hereafter. 


Then  E 


w (/'-/) 

w y\\  — !') 


(i) 


When  O i,  the  number  of  degrees  steam 
is  superheated  = 2.0S33  / ( Q — 1 ). 

In  the  present  case  O = .9S955.  Per  centag... 
of  moisture  in  steam  = 1.045. 

This  is  practically  dry  steam , and  equal  in 
quality  to  that  furnished  by  boilers  of  any  type 
not  provided  with  supei heating  surface.  The  ex- 
periments show,  in  a gratifying  manner,  that  you 
have  succeeded  in  overcoming  a great  difficulty 
often  experienced  with  boilers  constructed  of  a 
combination  of  small  chambers  to  reduce  the 
danger  of  explosion.  The  deficiency  of  ordinary 
boilers  in  furnishing  dry  steam  is  little  known, 
though  the  economy  is  materially  affected. 

Engine  Trials. 

The  preliminary  trial  of  engines  gave  the  fol- 
lowing results  : 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  Yngenio,  Central  Ysabel,  Manzanillo,  Cuba,  1,000  H.  P 


The  value  of  E was  ascertained  by  the  formula 
separately  for  each  experiment.  The  average 
value  was  .9916,  showing  that  the  steam  lacked 
but  of  1 per  cent,  of  the  quantity  of  heat  re- 
quired for  producing  perfectly  dry  or  saturated 
steam  between  the  same  limits  of  temperature. 

The  value  of  Q may  be  found  directly  from  the 
following  equation  : 

q = 7 0^,-/)~(T-'/)) 7) 

or,  from  the  average  cf  the  heating  efficiencies, 
by  the  following  : 

( H — t' ) ( 1 — E ) 

Q=-  1 (3) 

/ 

Then  when  O <[  1,  the  per  centage  of  moisture 
in  steam  = ioo  ( i — Q). 


Duration  of  experiment,  . . . .4.1  hours. 

Average  steam  pressure  in  boilers,  . . 93.94  pounds. 

Average  vacuum  in  condenser,  . . . 21.5  inches. 

Average  revolution  of  engine  per  minute  . 64.402 
Water  evaporated  per  hour,  . * 8830.244  pounds. 

Average  initial  pressure  in  steam  cylinders,  84.425  “ 

Mean  effective  pressure  in  cylinders,  . 30.1275  “ 

Average  point  of  cut-off,  ....  .129  stroke. 

Average  indicated  H.  P.  (both  engines),  . 292.613 
Maximum  H.  P.  shown  by  a complete  set 

of  diagrams,  ...  . . . 315.580 

Water  per  indicated  horse-power  per  hour,  30.177  pounds. 

The  steam  pipe  was  131  feet  long  and  other 
conditions  were  unfavorable  for  the  economical 
development  of  power  in  the  engines.  It  is,  in 
fact,  popularly  supposed  that  this  class  of  engines 
develops  a horse-power  for  % the  quantity  of 
steam  required  in  this  case. 

The  duration  of  the  boiler  experiment  was  12 
hours  and  37  minutes,  of  which  fully  13  minutes 


<4 


were  necessarily  lost  in  starting  and  hauling  fires. 
On  this  basis  the  water  was  evaporated  in  12.4 
hours,  or  at  the  equivalent  rate  of  13,919  pounds 
per  hour  for  feed  water  at  1S0  degrees.  On  the 
basis  that  any  good  engine  under  fair  conditions 
will  require  but  30  pounds  of  water  per  horse- 
power per  hour,  your  boilers,  during  this  experi- 
ment, though  not  forced  to  their  utmost,  devel- 
oped under  condition  agreed  upon,  13919  30 

= 464  horse-power,  or  104  horse-power  in  excess 
of  the  guaranteed  power. 

The  coal  required  per  horse-power  per  hour  is 
evidently  dependent  in  any  case  upon  the  econ- 
omy of  the  boiler  and  engine  jointly.  With  an 


of  89.4  pounds  from  a temperature  ioo°  per  lb. 
of  Cumberland  coal ; yet  the  engine  was  so 
economical  that  there  was  required  but  1.69  lbs. 
of  coal  per  horse-power  per  hour.  The  equiva- 
lent evaporation  of  your  boilers  from  the  same 
temperature  with  anthracite  nut  coal,  much  in- 
ferior to  Cumberland,  on  the  basis  of  the  trial 
above  mentioned,  is  S.547  pounds  of  water  per 
pound  of  coal ; so  if  your  boilers  were  used  in 
connection  with  that  particular  pumping  engine, 
there  would  be  required  but  1.64  pounds  of  the 
inferior  coal  per  horse-power  per  hour. 

The  economical  performance  of  your  boilers 
could  undoubtedly  be  rendered  still  greater  by 


Boilers,  Boiler  House  and  Economizers,  with  Blast  Flue  and  Ash  Tunnel,  made  for  Lombard,  Ayres  & Co.,  Seaboard  Oil  Refinery, 

Bayonne,  N.  J.,  15  orders,  2,246  H.  P. 


evaporation  of  9.252  pounds  of  water  per  pound 
of  coal,  and  30  pounds  of  water  per  horse-power 
in  the  engine,  there  would  be  required  per  horse- 
power per  hour  3.24  pounds  of  coal.  This  boiler 
performance,  however,  is  rarely  obtained  in 
ordinary  practice,  so  generally  a low  cost  of 
power  in  fuel  is  due  to  using  an  excellent  engjne 
with  a fair  boiler.  For  instance,  during  the  offi- 
cial trial  of  one  of  the  most  prominent  pumping 
engines  in  this  country,  the  boilers,  which  were 
specially  designed  to  secure  economy,  actually 
evaporated  but  8.31  pounds  of  water  at  a pressure 


reducing  the  rate  of  evaporation.  The  more  fuel 
burned  per  square  foot  of  heating  surface  in  a 
given  time  the  greater  the  quantity  of  heat  lost  in 
the  chimney,  so  that,  within  certain  limits,  using 
proper  proportion,  the  economy  increases  as  the 
rate  of  evaporation  is  diminished,  though  in  a 
much  less  ratio.  To  accomplish  this  result  to  the 
fullest  extent,  however,  the  boiler  would  probably 
need  to  be  so  proportioned  that  it  would  not 
develop  a maximum  of  464  horse-power,  or  up- 
ward, as  in  its  present  form. 

Very  truly,  yours,  Chas.  E.  Emery. 


98 


CENTENNIAL  BOILER  TESTS. 

At  the  U.  S.  Centennial  Exposition  held  in 
Philadelphia  in  1S76,  a careful  test  was  made  of 
the  different  boilers  there  exhibited,  except  the 
Corliss,  which  was  not  placed  in  competition. 
The  results  of  these  tests  have  been  condensed 
in  the  following  diagram,  which  gives  graphically 
not  only  the  relative  evaporation,  but  the  rate  of 
combustion  of  coal  per  square  foot  of  grate,  the 
ratio  of  heating  to  grate  surface,  the  water  evap- 
orated per  square  foot  of  heating  surface,  and 
the  waste  heat  in  the  flue.  The  height  of  the 


to  difference  in  the  construction  of  the  boilers,  by 
which  the  heating  surface  was  rendered  more 
effective.  The  fact  that  the  best  economic  re 
suits  were  obtained  by  a boiler  under  average 
conditions  in  other  respects,  is  significant. 

In  their  report,  the  Judges  said  : “The  awards 
of  the  Judges  were  not  based  upon  the  trials  ; in 
fact,  the  latter  were  not  commenced  until  the 
awards  had  been  made  by  another  committee  of 
the  same  group.  This  report  has  been  confined 
to  a statement  of  what  actually  took  place  during 
the  trials,  without  expressing  opinions  on  the  all- 


theorelic  value  of  the  combustible  used  in  the 
experiments.  In  the  line  of  “economy”  the 
boilers  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  relative 
economy,  as  shown  in  the  table.  The  distance 
of  this  line  from  the  base,  relative  to  the  whole 
height,  gives  the  percentage  of  useful  effect  in 
each  case.  All  the  lines  have  scales  measured  in 
millimeters,  from  a common  base. 

By  reference  to  the  lines  of  averages,  it  will  be 
seen  that  boilers  at  the  extremes  of  economy, 
had  an  average  of  each  of  the  conditions.  The 
different  results  are,  therefore,  to  be  attributed 


larly  the  trustworthiness  of  the  different  mechani- 
cal details  and  arrangements  employed  by  the 
various  exhibitors.  Many  of  these  questions  can 
only  be  settled  by  long  practical  use,  under  dif 
ferent  circumstances  as  to  management  and  the 
kind  of  fuel  and  water  used.” 

In  view  of  that  statement  it  is  an  interesting 
fact,  that  of  all  the  fifteen  boilers  tested  at  the 
Centennial,  only  three  can  be  said  to  be  now 
fairly  in  the  market,  and  of  these,  the  Babcock 
& Wilcox,  which  showed  the  best  results  there, 
is  the  only  one  extensively  sold  in  this  country. 


T4 


* 


99 


Comparative  Test, 

made  at  the  Oliver  Wire  Works,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
March,  1883,  by  Wm.  Kent,  M.  E.,  between  two 
Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  of  416  H.  P.,  and 
eight  “ two  flue  ” boilers  — six  of  them  being  28 
ft.  long,  42  inches  diameter,  14-inch  flues,  and 
two  of  them  26)^  feet  long,  40  inches  diam- 
eter, 14-inch  flues.  Total  grate-surface,  165  ft. 


B.  & W. 

Ret.  Flue. 

Date  of  test 

Coal,  bituminous,  lump  and  nut. 

Mch.  12  to  17 

Mch.  i9t02i 

Duration  of  test,  hours 

114 

40-75 

Average  steam  pressure 

9. 

95 

Average  temperature  of  feed,  deg. 

37 

180 

Water  evaporated lbs. 

1,513,763  2 

880,776 

Coal  fired 44 

190,228 

.4-, 668 

Per  cent,  of  ash 

1 1 

I I 

Combustible 

169.303 

*3M25 

Grate-surface,  square  feet 

Coal  consumed  per  square  foot,  of 

69.12 

165 

grate  per  hour  

Water  evaporated,  in  pounds 

24.14 

21.9 

per  lb.  coal  under  actual  con. 

7-05- 

5.964 

44  combustible  4 4 4 4 

8 . 826 

6.70 

44  coal  from  and  at  2120 . . 

0.700 

6.334 

44  combustible. ..  .do 

10.909 

7.115 

Rated  horse-power 

Horse-power  developed  from  2120 

416 

not  given. 

feed  and  70  lbs.  steam 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity. 

522.84 

25.68 

741.36 

Saving  in  fuel  in  favor  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  : 


9.709  — 6.334  = 3 375  ; and  = 34.76  per  cent. 

9.709 

Tests  made  at  the  Genesee  Mills,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  by  A.  Worthington,  with  coal  from 
British  Columbia,  from  Cardiff,  Wales,  and  from 
the  South  Prairie,  Washington  Territory.  This 
test  was  made  largely  to  determine  the  relative 
values  of  these  three  coals,  and  incidentally  the 
economy  of  the  boiler.  The  furnace  was  pro- 
vided with  an  arch  extending  over  about  half 
the  length  of  the  grate  bars,  and  produced  little 
or  no  smoke : 


Date 1883 

Feb.  20. 

Feb.  27, 

Feb.  28, 

Coal -J 

Welling'n 

Cardiff, 

So.  Prairie 

Br.  Col. 

Wales 

Wash.  T. 

Duration  of  test 

6 hr.  17  m. 

7 hr.  23  m. 

6 hr.  35  m. 

Average  steam  pressure 

119.2 

117.68 

117.87 

Average  temp  ture  of  feed  . . 

59 

61 .87 

61.97 

Water  evaporated lbs. 

28,329 

32.376 

30.345 

Coal  fired “ 

3*777 

4,032 

4*059 

Per  cent,  of  ash 

13.78 

19.07 

13.94 

Combustible lbs. 

3. >56. 5 

3.363 

3*493 

Grate-surface sq.  ft. 

21.25 

21 .25 

21.25 

Coal  consumed  per  hour  per 

sq.  ft.  grate,  lbs 

28.2 

25.6 

28.9 

Water  evaporated,  (in  lbs.) 

per  lb.  coal  — actual  con. 

7-5 

8.02 

7-47 

44  44  — from  and  at 

212° 

8.97 

9-95 

8.76 

44  combust,  act.  con. 

9-3 

9-54 

8.88 

44  from  and  at 

212° 

11.12 

11  84 

10.42 

Rated  horse-power 

136 

136 

I36 

H orse-power  developed  . . 

186  1 

T73-5 

182.3 

Perct.  above  rated  capacity 

36.8 

27.5 

34 

Test  made  at  Harrison,  Havemeyer  & Co. 
(now  Harrison,  Frazier  & Co.),  Franklin  Sugar 
Refinery,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  by  C.  A.  Brinley, 
Chief  Engineer,  being  the  result  of  four  separate 
runs  of  72  hours  each,  in  October,  1883,  and 


April  and  May,  1884,  on  regular  work,  with 
“Buckwheat”  anthracite  coal  from  different 
mines,  after  boilers  had  been  in  constant  use  for 


five  years  • 

Duration  of  test,  in  hours  . . . 288 

Average  steam  pressure,  in  pounds  . . 73  52 

Average  temperature  of  feed  water  in  tank  . 82.195 

Pounds  of  coal  burned, 216,987.8 

Pounds  of  combustible, 179,295.3 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 17.41 

Coal  burned  per  square  foot  grate,  per  hour,  14.685 

Total  water  evaporated  at  temp,  of  feed,  lbs.  1,765,926 
Water  evaporated,  in  pounds, 

per  lb.  coal  — actual  conditions,  . 8.124 

41  44  — from  and  at  2120  . . 9.49 

44  combustible,  actual  conditions,  9-833 

from  and  at  2120  . 11.485 

Quality  of  steam  — 13  tests,  moisture,  per  ct.  1.28 

Rated  horse-power, 187 

Horse-power  developed  from  feed,  at  2120  and 

70  lbs.  pressure,  .....  231.61 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  . . . 23.72 

Temperature  of  flue  gases,  ....  455. 


Test  made  at  Benedict  & Burnham  Manufac- 
turing Co.,  Waterbury,  Conn.,  March  17  and  18, 
1SS3,  by  Wm.  E.  Crane,  their  engineer  : 


Coal,  anthracite  egg, 

Duration  of  test,  hours, 22 

Average  steam  pressure,  pounds,  ...  60 

Average  temperature  of  feed  water,  . . 36° 

Pounds  of  coal  burned, 21,400 

Pounds  of  combustible, 18,626 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 12.9 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  ft.  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.  16.21 

Total  water  evaporated  at  temp,  of  feed,  “ *75*579 

Water  evap’d  per  lb.  coal — actual  conditions,  8.20 

44  44  “ — from  and  at  2120,  9.93 

44  44  combustible  actual  con.  9.42 

44  from  and  at  2120,  11.41 

Quality'  of  steam  (moisture),  per  cent.  . . 1.81 

Rated  horse-power, 250 

Horse-power  developed,  . . . . . 312  1 2 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  . . 24.8 


Test  made  at  Messrs.  Hepburn  & Co’s  Grant 
Mills,  Ramsbottom,  Scotland,  July  24th,  1884,  by 
Messrs.  Hepburn  & Co.  Babcock  & Wilcox 
Co’s  Boiler,  with  the  patent  regenerative  furnace, 
with  dross  “pick-up”  @ 4/9(1.  and  “Crosses” 
at  5/3d. , mixed  to  equal  parts.  Cost  to  evaporate 
1000  lbs.  water  into  steam  @ 70  lbs.  pressure. 
2.82  pence,  sterling  : 


Duration  of  test,  in  hours,  ....  8 

Average  steam  pressure,  by  gauge,  . . 50 

Average  temperature  of  feed  water,  . . 208° 

Pounds  of  coal  burned, 5*824 

Pounds  of  refuse, (3^ 

Pounds  of  combustible, 5,  91 

Per  cent,  of  ash 11 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.  24.26 

Total  of  water  evaporated  at  temp,  of  feed,  44  55,300 

Water  evaporated, 

per  lb.  coal  — actual  conditions,  lbs.  9-497 

44  4 4 — from  and  at  2120,  44  10.627 

44  combustible  actual  conditions,  44  9.826 

44  lrom  and  at  2120,  44  10.998 

Rated  horse-power, 136 

Horse-power  developed  from  feed  at  2120  and 

70  lbs.  pressure, 232.2 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity.  . . , 70.7 


► 


Comparative  Test, 

made  at  the  station  of  the  Brush  Electric  Light 
Co.,  Philadelphia,  between  the  Babcock  & Wil- 
cox and  Return  Tubular  boilers,  by  J.  C.  Hoad- 
ley,  on  the  part  of  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  Co., 
and  W.  Barnet  Le  Van,  on  the  part  of  the  Brush 
Electric  Light  Co.,  October,  1SS2,  the  conditions 
as  to  quality  of  coal  and  management  of  fires 
being  much  in  favor  of  the  return  tubular  boilers, 
as  was  certified  to  by  both  experts.  This  state- 
ment and  full  data  and  details  of  calculation  were 
published  in  Van  Nostrand's  Magazine , 1883, 
copy  of  which  will  be  furnished  on  application. 


1.  Test  by  Evaporation  of  Water. 


Points  Observed. 

Babcock 
& Wilcox. 

Return 

Tubular. 

Date  of  test 

Oct.  l8,  IQ,  20. 

Oct.  23,  24,  25. 

Duration  of  test 

21.5  hours 

16  hours. 

Quality  of  coal  (anthracite 
Chestnut) 

Wet  and  dirty 

Screened 
and  dry. 

Coal  thrown  on  grate 

lbs.  16,388.5 

13*171-5 

Surface  water  in  coal 

“ 1,207.8 

378 

Dry  coal  thrown  on  grate. . 

“ 15,180.7 

12,793-5 

Wood  used  for  kindling. . . 

“ 462 

319 

Cotton  waste,  to  start  tires. 

72.5 

34  5 

Ashes  and  residue 

“ 3,3°5 

2,697 

Combustible  (in  coal)  con- 
sumed   

“ 11.875-7 

io,oq6  5 

Combustible  = wood  xo.36. 

“ 166.3 

"5 

Combustible  = cotton  waste 

“ 72-5 

34-5 

Total  combustible  con- 
sumed   

“ 12,114.5 

10,246 

Heat  units  apparently  re- 
ceived by  boiler 

134, 410,01s 

106,300,397 

Heat  units  actually  received 
— water  allowed  for 

130,176,100 

104,110,609 

Heat  units  received  per  1 lb. 
of  combustible 

10,745.48 

10,161.1 

Water  evaporated  from  and 
at  2120  F.  per  1 lb.  com- 
bustible  lbs. 

11 . 127 

10.522 

Apparent  efficiency,  per  ct. 

74.18 

70.15 

Heat  units  required  to  dry 
the  coal 

1,497,793 

482,555 

Water  evaporated  from  and 
at  2120  F.  per  1 lb.  of  com- 
bustible expended  in  dry 
ing  the  coal, lbs. 

0. 128 

0.049 

Water  actually  evaporated 
from  and  at  212°  F.  per  1 
lb.  of  combustible 

n.255 

10.571 

Actual  efficiency,  per  cent, 
of  theoretical 

75.03 

70.47 

Comparative  Economy  by  the  Evaporative  Test : 


11.255  — ro-571 


.O.684  - 

0.684  ; and = 0.0647 

io-57 


6.47  per  cent. 


2,  Test  by  Power  Developed  Through  Engines. 


Points  Observed. 

Babcock 
& Wilcox 

Return 

Tubular. 

Mean  indicated  horse-power 

Duration  of  experiments  as 

130.41 

137-78 

above hours 

21-5 

16 

Combustible  consumed lbs. 

Combustible  consumed  per 

12,114.5 

10,246 

hour “ 

Combustible  consumed  per 

563-4*5 

640-375 

H.  P.  per  hour “ 

4.321 

4.648 

\\  ater  eva  porated “ 

I3O.I56 

104,562 

\\  ater  evaporated  per  hour . . . “ 
Water  evaporated  per  H.  P. 

6,054 

6,535 

per  hour “ 

46.57 

47-43 

Dry  steam  per  H.  P.  per  h r..  “ 

45- 1 

Leakage  per  H,  P.  her  hour..  “ 
Dry  steam  used  per  H.  P. 

IO-43 

12  -33 

per  hour “ 

34-67 

34-12 

Comparative  Economy  by  the  Engine  Test: 


4.648  — 4-321  0.327;  and  7 - 0.0757  - 7.57 percent 

4.32 1 


3.  Teff  by  Wa  te  Heat  in  Chimney. 


Character  of  Waste. 

Babcock 
& Wilcox. 
Parts  in  100. 

Return 
Tubular. 
Parts  in  100. 

Loss  of  heat  carried  off  by 
heated  gases  in  chimney. 

20.54 

25-47 

Loss  by  imperfect  combus- 
tion, and  radiation 

4-43 

4.06 

Aggregate  losses 

24.97 

29-53 

Actual  efficiency  by  evapor- 
ative test 

75-03 

70.47 

Total  heating  power  of 
combustible 

100.00 

100.00 

Loss  carried  off  by  hot  gases,  Ret.  Tub.  boilers.  .25.47  pr.  ct. 
Loss  carried  off  by  hot  gases,  B.  & W.  boilers. . .20.54  pr.  ct. 
Difference  ; greater  loss  by  Ret.  Tub.  boilers 4.93  pr.  ct. 

This  difference,  or  excess  of  heat  lost  by  the 
Return  Tubular  boilers,  divided  by  the  effi- 
ciency of  these  boilers  (70.47  per  cent.),  gives 
the  ratio  of  the  excess  of  loss  to  actual  efficiency  : 

LW  = 0.06996  = 7.00  per  cent. 

7°-47 


4.  Te.t  by  Light. 


Points  Observed. 

Babcock 
& Wilcox. 

Return 

Tubular. 

1.  Indicated  horse-power, 
mean  of  all  tests 

130.41 

137-78 

2.  Hours  run 

21.5 

16 

3.  No.  of  arc  lights  run. . . 

T2I 

128.75 

4.  Average  H.  P.  per  light. 

I . O7O3 

1 .0701 

5.  Pounds  of  combustible 
per  light  per  hour 

4.6567 

4.9738 

Comparative  Economy  by  the  Light  Test: 

0.3171 

4.9738  — 4.6567  = 0.3171  ; and = 0.0681  = 6. 81  per  cent. 

4.6567 


4.  Summary  of  Results  by  the  Four  Method  . 


Tests. 

Babcock 
& Wilcox. 

Return 

Tubular. 

Difference  in 
favor  of  B.  & 
W.  Boilers. 

Difference 

per 

centum. 

Evaporative  test 

11.254 

10.570 

.684 

6.47 

Power,  engine  test 

4.321 

4 . 648 

•327 

7-57 

Light  test 

4.6567 

4.9738 

• 3I7I 

6.81 

I est  by  loss  at  chimney. . 

20.54 

25.44 

4.9 

7.00 

6.96 

Explanation  of  Table. — The  Babcock  & Wil- 
cox boilers  evaporated  more  water  for  each 
pound  of  combustible  consumed ; consumed 
less  combustible  per  hour  for  each  indicated  H.  P. 
produced , consumed  less  combustible  per  hour 
for  each  arc  light  in  use ; and  lost  less  heat  by 
hot  gases  escaping  to  the  chimney,  than  the  Re- 
turn Tubular  boilers. 

While  doing  this,  they  were  evaporating  6054 
pounds  of  water  per  hour,  into  steam,  containing 


101 


only  3.15  per  cent,  of  entrained  water,  leaving 
5863  pounds  of  dr}'  steam  per  hour,  enough  at 
the  rate  of  30  pounds  of  dry  steam  per  hour  for 
each  horse-power  to  supply  195  horse-power, 
which  is  30  per  cent,  above  their  rated  power. 

The  general  result  is  a difference  of  about  7 per 


different  engineers,  have  been  condensed  for  the 
purpose  of  a more  ready  comparison. 

Test  made  at  Harrison  & Havemeyer’s  Sugar 
Refiner}',  Philadelphia,  January,  1879,  by  their 
engineer  and  usual  fireman,  under  general  work- 
ing conditions,  for  five  days  of  24  hours  each  : 


The  Brooklyn  Sugar  Refining  Co.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  5 orders,  1876  to  1888,  3952  H.  P.  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers 


cent  in  favor  of  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers, 
arrived  at  by  four  independent  methods  of  com- 
parison, all  free  from  objection,  and,  together, 
mutually  confirmatory  in  the  highest  degree. 

This  comparison  leaves  out  of  view  all  disparity 
of  coal  save  the  ascertained  difference  in  surface 
water  ; this,  if  allowed  for,  would  greatly  increase 
the  difference. 


Other  Tests 

The  following  tests,  showing  the  evaporative 
efficiency  of  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 
actual  and  comparative,  with  different  kinds  of 
fuel,  which  have  been  made  at  various  times,  by 


Coal,  anthracite,  egg  size,  not  screened. 
Duration  of  test,  hours, 

Average  steam  pressure,  in  pounds 
Average  temperature  of  feed, 

Water  evaporated, 

Coal  fired,  . 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 

Combustible, 

Grate  surface,  . 

Coal  consumed  per  sq.  foot  of  grate  per  hour, 
Water  evaporated,  in  pounds  : 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions, 

“ combustible,  44  “ 

44  coal  from  and  at  2120, 

44  combustible  “ • • 

Rated  horse-power,  . . • • 

Horse-power  developed,  . • • • 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  • • • 


lbs.  733, 
“ 79, 


lbs. 

sq.  ft. 


163. Sq 
,660 
,147 
*3*7 
1,297.5 
5°*7S 

M.99 

9*1 

10.74 

9.71 

11.6 

190 

sac 

>3.63 


■4« 


Test  of  a Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler, 

made  at 

the  Laboratory  of  Thos.  A.  Edison,  Menlo  Park, 

N.  J.,  Jan.,  iSSi,  by  Chas.  L Clarke,  M 

E. 

Anthracite  coal,  egg  size. 

Duration  of  test  in  hours,  ... 

12 

Average  steam  pressure,  .... 

85 

Average  temperature  of  feed,  .... 

195 

Water  evaporated  in  pounds, 

28,l8l 

Coal  fired,  “ “ .... 

2,998 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 

12.8 

Combustible  in  pounds, 

2,614 

Grate-surface,  square  feet,  .... 

26.83 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs., 

9-3 

Water  evaporated : 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions,  lbs., 

9.4 

**  combustible  “ 

10.78 

“ coal  from  and  at  2120, 

9.9 

“ combustible  “ 

11.36 

Rated  horse-power, 

75 

Horse-power  developed, 

83 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity, 

10.6 

Test  of  a Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler, 

made  at 

the  Electric  Lighting  Station  of  the  Edison  Co., 

57  Holborn  Viaduct,  London,  October, 

1SS2,  by 

T.  A.  Fleming,  R S.  E , actual  work 
ditions  with  light  load. 

Welsh  coal. 

ng  con- 

Duration  of  test  in  hours, 

x3-5 

Average  steam  pressure,  .... 

66.66 

Average  temperature  of  feed,  .... 

130 

Water  evaporated  in  pounds, 

34,800 

Coal  fired,  “ “ 

3.3^> 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 

7-5 

Combustible  in  pounds, 

3,108 

Grate-surface  square  feet,  .... 

39-75 

Coal  burned  persq.  foot  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs., 
Water  evaporated  : 

6.261 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions,  lbs., 

iQ-357 

“ combustible  “ 

1 1. 196 

“ coal  from  and  at  2120, 

11.527 

“ combustible  “ 

12.46 

Rated  horse-power 

I46 

Horse-power  developed,  .... 

I 19.9 

Per  cent,  below  rated  capacity. 

23-3 

Test  of  a Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler, 

made  at 

the  Sugar  Refinery  of  McEachran,  Adam  & Co., 
Greenock,  Scotland,  November,  1SS2. 

Scotch  coal. 

Duration  of  test  in  hours, 

4 

Average  steam  pressure,  .... 

36 

Average  temperature  of  feed,  .... 

156 

Water  evaporated  in  pounds, 

14. 426 

Coal  fired,  “ “ .... 

xi344 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 

7 

Combustible  in  pounds, 

1,250 

Grate-surface,  square  feet 

25 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs., 
Water  evaporated  : 

*3-44 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions,  lbs., 

io-73 

“ combustible  “ “ “ 

1X*53 

“ coal  from  and  at  2120, 

ii. 52 

“ combustible  44  4 

12  38 

Rated  horse-power,  . . ... 

122 

Hox-se-power  developed,  .... 

I29 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity, 

5-7 

V 


Test  made  at  the  Singer  Mfg.  Co.’s  shops  at 
Kilbowie,  Scotland,  May  26,  1S84,  by  Frederic 


Leeders,  superintending  engineer. 

Coal  used  Anchinraith,  bituminous. 

Duration  of  test  in  hours, 7 

Average  steam  pressure,  ....  65 

Average  temperature  of  feed 1 4 1 

Pounds  of  coal  burned, 2,072 

Pounds  of  refuse, 375 

Pounds  of  combustible, 1,697 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 18. 1 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs. , 18.2 

Total  water  evaporated,  in  pounds,  . . i7i5°° 

Water  evaporated  : 

Per  lb.  coal— actual  conditions,  lbs.,  . 8,445 

“ “ from  and  at  2120,  lbs.,  . 9-34° 

“ combustible,  actual  conditions,  lbs.,  10.312 

“ combustible  from  and  at  2120,  . 11.404 

Rated  horse-power, 51 

Horse-power  developed, 89.9 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity.  ...  76 


Test  of  two  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers,  made 
at  Lehman  Abraham  & Co.’s  New  Orleans,  La., 


June,  1884,  by  Frederic  Cook,  M.  E. 

Coal  used,  Pittsburgh  bituminous. 

Duration  of  test  in  hours,  ....  n 

Average  steam  pressure,  ....  98 

Average  temperature  of  feed,  deg.  Fah.,  . 135 

Pounds  of  coal  burned, 12,162 

Pounds  of  refuse, 664 

Pounds  of  combustible, 11,498 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 5-4 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.,  18.02 

Water  evaporated  : 

Per  sq.  ft.  heating  surface,  per  hour,  . 4.35 

“ lb.  coal — actual  conditions,  . 9,507 

“ “ “ from  and  at  2120,  . . 10.628 

“ 11  combustible,  actual  conditions,  lbs.,  11.056 
“ “ combustible  from  and  at  2120,  11.243 

Rated  horse-power, 208 

Horse-power  developed, 379-2 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  . . 82.3 

Temperature  in  flue  gases 520 


Test  of  two  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers,  made 
at  Rockland  Paper  Mills,  Wilmington,  Del.,  May 


14  and  15,  1884,  by  Wm.  Kent,  M.  E. 

Coal,  Wm.  Penn,  Schuylkill,  anthracite. 

Duration  of  test,  hours, 24 

Average  steam  pressure  by  gauge,  . . 75.8 

Average  temperature  of  feed  water,  deg.  Fah.,  153.4 

Pounds  of  coal  burned, 15,197 

Pounds  of  refuse,  2,101 

Pounds  of  combustible, 13,096 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 13-20 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.,  10.23 

Total  water  evaporated,.  .....  139,059 

Water  evaporated : 

Per  lb.  coal— actual  conditions,  lbs.,  . 8 737 

“ “ from  and  at  2120,  lbs.,  . 9-576 

41  combustible,  actual  condition,  lbs.,  10.066 

“ combustible,  from  and  at  2120,  . 11.626 

Quality  of  steam,  per  cent,  moisture,  . . 0.61 

Draft  in  inches  of  water,  ....  0.16 

Rated  horse-power, 240 

Horse-power  developed,  ....  204.9 

Per  cent,  below  rated  capacity,  . . . 14.6 

Temperature  of  flue  gases,  degrees  Fah.  . 336 


103 


' r 


Test  of  four  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  at  the 
Arlington  Mills  Mfg.  Co.’s,  Wilmington,  Del., 
May  9,  1SS3,  by  Geo.  H.  Barrus,  M.  E. 

Coal,  anthracite  pea.  Sterling  Mine,  Shamokin  region,  Pa. 


Duration  of  test,  in  hours,  ....  n 

Average  steam  pressure,  ....  106.2 

Average  temperature  cf  feed,  . . . 145.3 

Water  evaporated  in  pounds,  . . . 161,656 

Coal  fired  in  pounds,  .....  19,043 

Percent,  of  ash, 17.4 

Combustible  in  pounds, 15,726 

Grate-surface,  square  feet,  . . . . 141.68 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  ft.  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.,  12.22 

Water  evaporated  : 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions,  lbs.,  8.49 

“ combustible  “ 4i  “ 10.28 

“ coal  from  and  at  2120,  “ 9.13 

combustible,  “ 11.44 

Rated  horse-power,  488 

Horse-power  developed,  ....  526 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  ...  7.7 


Test  of  three  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  at 
the  Arlington  Mills  Mfg.  Co.’s,  Wilmington,  Del., 
May  10,  1SS3,  by  Geo.  H.  Barrus,  M.  E. 

Coal,  anthracite  pea,  Sterling  Mine,  Shamokin,  Pa. 


Duration  cf  test,  in  hours,  ....  n 

Average  steam  pressure,  ....  *05-4 

Average  temperature  of  feed 156.7 

Water  evaporated,  in  pounds,  . . . 155,  767 

Coal  fired,  in  pounds, 18,371 

Percent,  of  ash 15.8 

Combustible, 15,47° 

Grate-surface,  square  feet,  ....  106.26 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  ft.  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.,  15-72 

Water  evaporated  : 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions,  lbs.,  8.48 

“ combustible  “ “ “ 10.07 

“ coal  from  and  at  212°,  “ 9.01 

“ combustible  “ “ 11.08 

Rated  horse-power, 366 

Horse-power  developed,  ....  502.1 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  ...  37.1 


Test  made  at  the  Am.  Grape  Sugar  Co.,  Buf- 
falo, Jan.  20,  1SS5,  on  a Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler 
erected  July,  1S7S,  by  Edwin  Roat,  Chief  Eng. 


Bituminous  coal,  Pittsburgh. 

Duration  cf  test  in  hours,  ....  id 

Average  steam  pressure  by  gauge,  . . 68.97 

Average  temperature  of  feed  water,  . . 121.42 

Pounds  of  coal  burned,  ....  15,065 

Pounds  of  combustible,  ....  13,700 

Per  cent,  of  ash,  .....  9.06 

Coal  burned  per  square  ft.  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.,  15 

Total  water  evaporated  at  temp,  of  feed,  “ 143,683 

Water  evaporated  : 

Per  sq.  ft.  heating  surface,  per  hour,  lbs.,  4.11 

“ lb.  coal — actual  conditions,  “ 9.53 

“ “ “ — from  and  at  2120,  “ 10.88 

“ combustible  actual  conditions,  lbs.,  10.48 

“ combustible  from  and  at  2120,  lbs.,  11.97 

Rated  horse-power, 300 

Horse-power  developed, 529.4 

Percent,  above  rated  capacity,  . . 76.4 


Test  of  two  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers,  made 
at  the  Peacedale  Mfg.  Co  , Peacednle,  R I.,  Dec., 
1SS2,  by  Geo.  H.  Barrus,  M.  E. 

Coal,  % Powelton  bituminous,  Y\  anthracite  screenings. 


Duration  of  test,  in  hours,  ....  10.25 

Average  steam  pressure,  ....  77-5° 

Average  temperature  of  feed,  ....  38 

Water  evaporated,  in  pounds,  . . . 133,096 

Coal  fired,  in  pounds,  14,287 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 8.8 

Combustible,  in  pounds, *3,025 

Grate-surface,  square  feet,  ....  70 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.,  20 

Water  evaporated  : 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions,  lbs.,  9.32 

“ combustible  “ “ “ 10.22 

“ coal  from  and  at  2120,  “ 11.32 

“ combustible  “ 12.42 

Rated  horse-power, 284 

Horse-power  developed,  .....  447  70 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  ...  57 


Test  of  two  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers,  made 
at  Miami  Soap  and  Oil  Works,  Cincinnati,  O., 
August.  1SS2,  by  J.  W.  Hill,  M.  E. 

Coal,  Pittsburgh  slack , burned  with  force  blast. 


Duration  of  test, 8 

Average  steam  pressure,  ....  51-72 

Average  temperature  of  feed,  ....  74.016 

Water  evaporated,  lbs., 51,220.79 

Coal  fired,  “ 7,365 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 12.31 

Combustible,  lbs.. 6,460 

Grate-surface, 49-833 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.,  *4-77 

Water  evaporated : 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions,  . 6.954 

“ combustible,  “ “ . 7,928 

“ coal  from  and  at  2120,  . . 8.136 

“ combustible  “ 9.236 

Rated  horse-power, 146 

Horse-power  developed, 249.69 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  ...  71 


Test  of  two  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers,  made 
at  the  Mill  Creek  Distillery,  Cincinnati,  O.,  by 
J.  W.  Hill,  M.  E.,  September,  1SS2. 


Coal,  Pittsburgh  lump,  3d  pool. 

Duration  cf  test  in  hours, 10 

Average  steam  pressure,  ....  63.975 

Average  temperature  of  feed 132 

Water  evaporated,  in  pounds,  . . **2,663.455 

Coal  fired,  in  pounds,  .....  12,000 

Per  cent,  of  ash, 4.81 

Combustible,  in  pounds, 11,421.75 

Grate-surface,  square  feet,  ....  43.5 

Coal  burned  per  sq.  foot  of  grate,  per  hour,  lbs.,  27.5 

Water  evaporated  : 

Per  lb.  coal  under  actual  conditions,  lbs.,  9.388 

“ combustible,  “ “ “ 9.863 

“ coal  from  and  at  2120,  “ xo.467 

“ combustible  “ 10.997 

Rated  horse-power, 240 

Horse-power  developed,  ....  4*8.7 

Per  cent,  above  rated  capacity,  . . . 74.4 


104 


tne  highest  j-ercentage  of  nioisture  reported  from  any  test  of  these  boilers.  The  same  engineer  using  same  apparatui  reported  6.33  per  cent,  of  moisture  in  steam  from  two-flue  boilers  v.  jlle  evaporating 

only  1.96  lbs.  water  per  hour  per  square  foot  of  beating  surface. 


* 


◄ 


r.  £ 2. 


3 5' 3 =' 

.nit'? 


C ° . 

3 : 

n. 


M n M M 

M **  0 O 

00^4 

ys-xn 

> V> 

p p 3 

— O 

crq  q 3 

■3  2*? 

r?  ~ 

2§  p' 

c 2 

P V) 

no 

n<  = 

C C 

?»n 

O O 

3 0 

P P 

0 . 

5'  Pr5- 

FF 

O O CO  -J  ON  Co  i 


1 -U  yT  JT1  ^ 


o' 


3 g 


?3  t;  ^ 

C n;P  r-  o 

•PC  1-0  ^3.^0 

p < o % Oa  2--.  — ^ 

vE  EE  P’S  w 

••  c/)3  c/iE  □ K-l/ir- 

<«  o - n g - j“  o j° 

. o o - o u 

• ^.CTcl  — ^CT:ctCTp 


o — 2 d; 

PJ « S — a g 
,p  § ffO?.1  i 

g'wHSg,->: 

ogg^-s  a=s 

?3  CrTci-lsI 

1 5L  = !! 

DD; 


i o n 

.DO 

2-  a 


c-  rt  - — 

P P 


H 2.  5 o £ 


CLP  Li.  — r 
o a.  , d o 

DO  - 


^ 0*5  ^ 
O p D*v. 

P D-  - 

.v:?? 

'2-p-  3 


^1o  : 

: -i  cl<c 
P P O o S'  — 
p r*  n ?T  CT  £ p 
r.  P 7T  - -T*  D*  — -l  /U 
w’  - </>d  3’  *“■ 

8 ;0'2,.m 


D CL  - 


■-'-r-o;r2;£a>22IS2S2S:S'T)’T)"IIOZ3200;4,i"jr“'jr: 

spi-j3sB9PEt.  JJ.»;oon  £.2  _ 3 o 3 . 

^ -i  <'-<'<;•-<  -t  -i  -i  ^ . u . • 

icoooMooccoooococwa  oocooooooooocncocooocooocococowroaj 
) cc  mcc  wcoxcooooococooo  ooooco  co  oo  oo  co  co  co  co  co  co  oo^i 


0^3 


: CL  i'.  CL 

i ?TP  7T 

'2  >2. 
° o ° 


o 3 > 3 3 3 r 8 « 3 3 

n ■ o ■ • f]fj 

5h2^  Wo 
o?-  3 -SP  n 
*<  o • 


;>o^r 

• o & 

<-o  • 

<•  M 


O'-'-  - 

3 >p  -- 

N-  -c 


o-  g ° • 

- 3'Fs  ^|!  c? 

■5j3S|-*.3  c 

o c D 73. 


:owc  ■ 

:rs  3 ; 

fTqp, 


Number  of  Tests. 


5 On  0^4  O 004*  Ul  h O ODK 
Ui  On-u  S3  M ui  ui 


On  M On  CO  '. 

O 


Duration  of  Test  in  hours. 


Total  combustible  consumed. 


- m « O'  -t*  “ “ COM  *-<  *-<m  -••vj 

on  On  -<  Ui  -■  to  on  to  -•  4*  cn  ^4  ^4  Cn  On  h W U)  UJ  OnUi  - Oj  4-  M Ui  to  COO  U> 

On  - 4*  M O O M Ui  -4  COmO  COCn  tO  4*  ON  CO  « -ji  Ln  CO  O 4-  O O 4>  W CO 

O O ^3  O W w 00  H i.  i On4*  004*  -i)  0 4.  00^4  4*  4*  "00^4  Ul  £>  On  W On4* 

U1  Oj  M to  141  COO  U)  0 0 4*0  to  Ui  0^4*  - j\  s)  Oj  vj  uud  4-  too  O M On 

U M o U>  U)  4*  Ul  - 0 p Jj  U\  (41  03  vl  S - 4*  « M M 141(41  4-  O UJ  '41  4*  O O 

tO  tO  ' 4.  4*  M i-  -t-’tO  4*  tO  « CO  tO  «Cn 

O Oi ON O 

M U>  On  4*  4*  4*  M tOU)  M M'jJ  M W Ul  W W a)  M4*  M M «U4*4*  MU)  M M 
oo  M « ►HCoOO-tJ  OnOU)  CO  - U)  o M4-  COO  to  s)  Ui  Oi  ->  COO  U ONCn 

M M O U\  4*  m COM  M On  O -**■  O On  on  M to  On  0 O' ^4  4*  Cn  CO  4-  4*  O ON 

ON  >J  "o  - 4*  ^0  00  M Ul  >H  h W 0 00  h 4t  w 4 0 co  CO  M (41  M Oi  On  OO  M - OO 

U)  O OnO  M OOMU)  -h  On  M Ou)^1  M Ul  O M -<  004*  COM-M-03MO3 

U)  04*  M-vl  M M Ul  U)  o U)  O CO  to  (41  CO  o (41(41  M M O ui  M « M " CO 

U) Ul 

M-.O0~'-'~-'00MMM~0i-'00t-iM0MM«0O««-*M 
On  COO  O 4*  M OnO  O CO  On  O 4*  004*^44*04*  OOU>  4*  OnO  •*  U)  M Cn  •* 
MMMOOUlMCOO  COO  004*  OOU)OM  — M>4  OOO  •*■  O U)  On  M MU) 

O 04*  ~4*^j  QnMvj4*  O O O OO  O OnO  O O C O >4i  S S OnO  m O ~ 

23 o ^ 7 ^ ^ :2:  rw  ^ w ^ Xto 

C rt  o • ^10  • O M O • O MO  M o • 

. ^ ^ „ CN  - „ cc  „ * *r-°°  - -r-t  Q o ^ On 

3 -C^  ON  03  8 ii  5 ^ 

M U3  m MM*-  mMU34*OJ4*M*-immMM*-'m-iMm  U)  - « 

Ul  Q Ul  U)  Ul  C 4*  OOO  CO^J  OnOO«  « Ui  U)  U>  Uj  00  Vi  M 4*  4*  4*  4*  "*4  On  OOUl 

0 0 -I  On~  CO  j V)  41  V)  M ON  00  M OnO  On  On  On  0 O M OnOnO  OnUi  O 0 

-4*-M  U)«M*-*-M4*4*M4*M>-i-<-.4*«m  mOJM  4*  - « 

On  ON  0 - 004*  OO  M ►*  OO  M Ui  OO  On ^3  CCUl  OnUi  OnO  -<  OOO  ~4  M ^3  OnO  U) 

M O Ul  M N S M CO  h (41(41  O « Ul  OOUl  0 4*  *-  Ul  00  004*  U)  O « Ut  4*  4*  Ul 

0 0 Ul  Ul  M o Ul  O HMUiW  OO  ONU)  Ul  OlUwO  OnUi  OOMOOMOQON_n 
OOOOOnOOO^JOOOOO^JOuiuiQ**  004*  u)  0 4*  ^10  o oo 

o coo  ooooo  ooooo  OOO  O O OOO  0 00  0 O O O OOO  OOO 
O M 4*  OnOO  MO  MO  **4*4*0  Men  CO  CO  OO'J  M^IO  On  M 4*  4*  Ul  O 

*-■  OOO  CO**^J004*^1  O O COU)  4*  O U)  CO  CO  - 4*  On«4*  On^I  4*  O Ul  M 

8 0000000  00  OOO  O O OO  OOO  00  coo  o OOO  000^100  oo 
OOO  M Ui  Ui  *>  OnOO  OnO  O *-*^4  CO  to  s)  Iri  Ui  U)  Ui  COO  Ui  M CO  — ►*  M On 

MU)OMO'*-'OMCO'4  OnU)  Ul  O 'J  M'sJ  — U CO  t*  CO  O U)  M^U)  - 4*  U) 

CT  ^CT>>CT>£>  ^ ^ >" 

S . .osS.rSg  u S S 

(/;  3-a*-3  3 [/)  — D (/i  di  3C J — - CT  r;  — X -j* 

cr  g.2.0-3  ■ * •■  T'  ;3  jo-?-  — -3  3-  ; - 

o c 2 ^ c p ‘ o ' p*  o cp~‘  ^3p:t_p  ;d  ^p 

-i-o  -i  n r- x — — • “ n ^ i - r ^ 'CT o -i  — o 

^ ^ IT?  ^ r 7 r • P'  K Pn  n <-t-  :L.^'  ^ r' P' 

“o  c ^ri  ^ - d*  o 3 n IT  rp  d-  ^ n> 

^ ^ ^ ' p'  7-  ' — o r ‘ w‘  ^ ?r‘ 

Sg  *§  sg  I’SlS-  3 ^ p 5- 

— ^ - sos  ? ro-o-9wg-  "Sr  g 

O f>  Q r+  P r*'3  P'  D c/3  O 

P ' 3 • O O wT  r r* ^ 


( Total  water  evaporated  from 
and  at  2120  F. 


Pounds  of  combustible  burned 
per  hour  per  sq.  ft.  of  surface. 


Pounds  of  combustible  burned 
per  hour  per  sq.  ft.  of  grate. 


Water  evaporated  per  pound 
of  combustible  from  and  at 


Per  cent,  of  moisture  in  steam. 


Horse-power  of  boilers  as 
rated. 


| Actual  Horse-power  “ 30  lbs. 
water  evaporated  per  hour 
from  100?  at  70  lbs.  pressure. 


Per  cent,  of  Rankine’s  “stan- 
dard.” 


Per  cent,  theoretical  evapora- 
tion practical  with  anth.  coal. 


105 


TABLE  OF  THIRTY  TESTS  OF  BABCOCK  & WILCOX  WATER-TUBE  BOILERS. 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  at  American  Glucose  Co„  Peoria,  III.  2,500  H,  P,  Erected  1880- '.888.  Fitted  with  Roney’s  Mechanical  Stokers  and  Coa'  Handling  Apparatus 


AVERAGE  COST  OF  REPAIRS 

OF  BABCOCK  & WILCOX  BOILERS  IN  THE  PAST  SEVENTEEN  YEARS. 

The  following  fads  are  gathered  front  a large  number  of  answers  to  a circular  of  inquiry  sent  to  all  our  older 
customers.  Sufficient  reflics  were  received  to  include  over  100 ,000  Jiorse-j>ower , the  repairs  to  the  heating 
surface  of  which , due  to  all  causes , have  averaged  less  than  5 cents  per  horse-flower  fler  year , of  300 
days  at  12  hours  fler  day;  boilers  which  have  run  night  and  day  being  credited  with,  the  extra 


running  time . The  list  would  have  been  n 
ing  but  for  the  fact  that  a number 
facts  flertaining  to  their 

Decastro  & Donner  Sugar  Refining  Co., 
28S0  H.  P.  Average  time,  13.6  years,  night 
and  day.  Total  repairs,  6c.  yearly  per  PI.  P. 

Singer  Manufacturing  Co.  (Case  Factory), 
South  Bend,  Ind.,  900  H.  P.  Average  time, 

12J-  years.  Total  repairs,  T4ffc.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ Very  bad  feed-water carry  heavy  fires  and  force 

them  beyond  their  rated  capacity in  one  instance  we 

had  to  replace  two  heads  and  four  tubes  that  were  broken 
and  blistered  by  a careless  fireman  heating  an  empty 
boiler  red  hot,  and  then  turning  on  the  feed  water!  I 
Instead  of  a disastrous  explosion  that  would  have  fol- 
lowed with  other  boilers,  we  lost  the  above  parts  and  two 
days’  time.”  Leighton  Pine,  Manager. 

American  Glucose  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  3050 
H.  P.  Average  time,  9.8  years.  Total  re- 
pairs, 4c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

New  York  Steam  Co.  13900  H.  P.  Average 
time,  3.92  years,  night  and  day.  Total  repairs, 
yearly  per  FI.  P. 

Rosamond  Woolen  Co.,  Almonte,  Ont.  360 
H.  P.  Average  time,  8}  years.  Total  repairs, 
IToc-  yearly  per  H.  P. 

Bound  Brook  Woolen  Mills.  600  II.  P. 
Average  time,  8.1  years.  Total  repairs  2c. 
yearly  per  Id.  P. 

Raritan  Woolen  Mills.  1060  FI.  P.  Aver- 
age time,  6.7  years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

E.  C.  Knight  & Co.,  Philadelphia.  2000 
H.  P.  Average  time,  s'i  years.  Total  re- 
pairs, ic.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

Conglomerate  Mining  Co.  1S00H.P.  Aver- 
age time,  3 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“The  boilers  in  every  way  come  up  to  our  highest 
expectations.”  Henry  C.  Davis,  Pres’t. 

Boston  Sugar  Refining  Co.  1250  H.  P. 
Average  time,  8 y2  years.  Total  repairs,  41^0. 
yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ Were  put  in  early  in  1880 ; have  been  in  constant  use 
night  and  day  ever  since.” 

C.  Gilbert,  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  4SS  H.  P. 
Average  time,  5 years.  Total  repairs,  3I3lyc. 
yearly  per  H.  P. 

Brooklyn  Sugar  Refining  Co.  3464  H.  P. 
Average  time,  7 Jj  years,  running  night  and 
day.  Total  repairs,  1J4C.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

John  Crossley  & Sons,  Limited,  Plantation, 
Louisiana.  1260  H.  P.  Average  time,  3 
years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 


lore  complete , and  made  a still  better  show- 
of  our  lest  customers  declined  to  give 

business  for  publication. 

Portage  Straw  Board  Co.,  Circleville,  O. 
1472  H.  P.  Average  time,  3}  years.  Total 
reparis,  Sruc-  yearly  per  FI.  P. 

“ These  boilers  have  been  worked  hard  a great  portion 
of  time  and  have  given  good  satisfaction.” 

Jno.  L.  Taflin,  Manager. 

Bay  State  Sugar  Refining  Co.,  Boston. 
798  FI.  P.  Average  time,  7.3  years.  Total 
repairs,  -jJjC.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ These  boilers  have  been  constantly  driven  at  their 
highest  capacity  ever  since  their  installation,  until  the 
present  winter,  and  the  cost  of  repairs  to  heating  surfaces 
in  that  time  has  been  $82.53.”  J.  F.  Stillman,  Supt. 

Wheeler,  Madden  & Clemsen  M’f’g.  Co. 
Middletown,  N.  Y.  244  FI.  P.  Average  time, 
5 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“We  think  this  a very  good  record,  and  are  very 
much  pleased  with  the  boilers.” 

Joel  II.  Gates,  Burlington,  Vt.  244  H.  P. 
Average  time,  5 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

Rumford  Chemical  Works.  279  FI.  P.  Aver- 
age time,  5 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“ No  expense  on  account  of  repairs  to  heating  sur- 
faces for  either  of  them,  since  they  were  put  in.” 

N.  D.  Arnold,  Treas. 

Tytus  Paper  Co.,  Middletown,  O.  650  FI.  P. 
Average  time,  6 years,  night  and  day.  Total 
repairs,  6J2C.  yearly  per  H.  P0 

Solvay  Process  Co.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  3456 
FI.  P.,  from  6 to  years.  Average  time, 
2.6  years,  night  and  day.  Total  repairs, 
yearly  per  FI.  P. 

“ The  only  repairs  we  have  had  to  make  are  for  new 
tubes  when  they  have  been  burnt  out.  As  you  are  well 
aware  the  water  which  we  use  at  Syracuse  is  very  hard 
upon  boiler  tubes,  and  we  suppose  we  have  burnt  out 
more  on  this  account  than  if  the  water  had  been  good.” 

F.  R.  Hazard,  Treas. 

“ I believe  our  repairs  would  have  been  greater  had 
we  used  the  tubular  type  of  ordinary  design.” 

W.  B.  Cogswell,  Manager. 

The  Wardlow  Thomas  Paper  Co.,  Middle- 
town,  O.  600  FI.  P.  Average  time,  6 years. 
Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“Easily  managed,  economical  in  coal,  attendance 
and  repairs ; and  the  element  of  safety  under  our  hard 
firing  is  a source  of  much  satisfaction  to  us.” 

O.  II.  Wardlow,  Pres’t. 

W.  A.  Wood,  M.  &.  R.  M.  Co.  360  II.  P. 
Average  time,  4I6tr  years.  Total  repairs,  it2„c. 
yearly  per  IF.  P. 

* We  consider  them  as  good  as  new  to-day,  and  can 
recommend  them  as  economical  both  in  repairs  and  fuel.” 

J.  M.  Rosebrooks,  Sup’t. 


107 


STAZIOXE  CENTRAL E D' ILLUMIN’ AZIONE  ELETTRICA 

A MILANO  (SANTA  RADEGONDA) 


SEZIONE  TRASVERSALE. 


SC  ALA  01  6.  25  MM.  PER  METRO, 


MAGAZZINI  ED  UFFICI 


CALOAJE 


CALDAIE 


QUAORO  LAM  PA  OE 


SALA  DELLE 
DINAMO 


MACCHiNE  EDISON 


MACCHtNE  ZIPERNOWSKI 


SCARICO  ACQUA 
; CONOENSAZIONE 


m 

& 

r 

i 

! 

• 

• 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  the  Societa  Generale  Italiana  di  Elettricita,  Sistima  Edison,  Milan,  Italy,  9 orders, 
from  August,  1882,  to  July,  1889.  Total,  2,547  H.  P. 


Marcus  Moxham  & Co.,  Swansea,  Wales. 
104  H.  P.  Average  time,  3!^  years. 

“ It  has  not  cost  us  a penny  for  repairs.” 

Laing,  Wharton  & Down,  Electricians, 
London  S5  H.  P.  Average  time,  2.3  years. 

“ As  regards  repairs  they  have  got  to  come,  as  they 
hav  e not  yet  cost  anything.” 

Carnegie  Brothers  & Co.,  Pittsburgh, 
900  H.  P.  Average  time,  5 years.  Total 
repairs,  i^c.  yearly  per  H P. 

“The  total  repairs  to  heating  surfaces  in  that  time 

has  been  $50.”  Carnegie  Bros.  & Co. 

Ransomes,  Sims  & Jefferies,  L’d.,  Ipswich, 
England.  35  H.  P.  Average  time,  years, 
Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“ The  repairs  appear  to  have  been  about  £-j  for  brick- 
work.” Ransomes,  Sims  & Jefferies,  L’d. 

Crocxer  Chair  Co.,  Sheboygan,  Wis.  225 
H.  P.  Average  time,  7 years.  Total  repairs, 
ic.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“The  total  cost  of  repairs  to  heating  surfaces  in 
that  time  has  been  not  to  exceed  $15.  We  do  not  hesitate 
to  say  that  it  is  the  best  boiler  we  have  ever  used.” 

Eagle  Paper  Co.,  Franklin,  O.  250  H.  P. 
Average  time,  4 \ years.  Total  repairs,  22c. 
yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ We  are  well  pleased  with  them.” 

D.  B.  Anderson,  Manager. 

Fieldhouse  & Dutcher  Manufacturing  Co. 
Chicago,  75  H.  P.  Average  time,  6 years. 
Total  repairs,  iitVc.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ Consider  your  boiler  to  be  the  most  economical  and 
best  made.” 

Louisiana  Sugar  Refining  Co.  960  H.  P. 
Average  time,  5^  years. 

“ The  cost  of  repairs  is  very  moderate.” 

John  S.  Wallis,  Pres’t. 

North  Bend  Plantation,  Louisiana.  400 
H.  P.  Average  time,  10  years.  Total  re- 
pairs, nbje.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

Francis  Axe  Co.  136  H.  P.  Average  time, 
5 Lff  years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

Welham  Estate,  Louisiana.  240  H.P.  Aver- 
age time,  2 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

" I have  used  the  boiler  with  perfect  satisfaction.1* 
Wm.  E.  Brickell,  Agent. 

Joseph  Schofield  & Co.  Littleborough, 
Manchester.  156  H.  P.  Average  time,  2J4 
years.  Total  repairs,  ij£c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

Seth  Thomas  Clock  Co.  125  H.  P.  Aver- 
age time,  7 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

11  The  only  cost  has  been  the  amount  spent  on  account 
of  burning  up  of  fire-box  furnace  brick.” 

Wallace  & Sons.  400  H.  P.  Average  time, 
7 years.  Total  repairs,  yearly  per  H.  P. 

"They  are  apparently  in  perfect  condition  now." 

Foos  & Barnett.  125  H.  P.  Average  time, 
7 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

1 Have  not  cost  one  dollar  for  repairs — simply  new 
grate  bars.  Think  they  are  good  economical  boilers." 


Cortland  Wagon  Co.  82  H.  P.  Average 
time,  6 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“ No  outlay  for  repairs.  We  consider  this  remarkable 
because  we  have  forced  the  boiler  from  the  beginning." 

Eagle  Square  Manufacturing  Co.,  South 
Shaftsbury,  Yt.  200  FI.  P.  Average  time, 
5L2  years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“ Have  purchased  a few  fire  brick  to  go  between 
tubes.  We  have  found  no  other  repairs  necessary . " 

F.  L.  Mattison,  Treas. 

Paine  Lumber  Co.,  Oskosh,  Wis.  416  II.  P. 
Average  time,  4 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

" Have  been  using  the  ordinary  boilers  with  both 
large  and  small  tubes  for  thirty  years  past,  and  regard 
your  boilers  as  more  economical.” 

Paine  Lumber  Co.  — A.  B.  Ideson. 

P.  P.  Mast  & Co.,  Springfield,  O.  85  H.  P. 
Average  time,  8}£  years,  night  and  day. 
Total  repairs,  3T4jjC.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ We  regard  it  as  the  best  boiler  c rcr  used  by  our 
Company,  and  think  it  has  no  equal  in  the  market.  After 
all  this  hard  usage  equal  to  14  years,  we  find  it  still  in 
good  condition.”  P.  P.  Mast  & Co. 

Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Co.  of  Piqua. 

O.  ioo  H.  P.  Average  time,  5J-  years. 
Total  repairs,  4x7nc.  yearly  per  FI.  P. 

Hallet  & Davis  Co.,  Boston.  104  H.  P 
Average  time,  6 years.  Total  repairs,  5c. 
yearly  per  FI.  P. 

“ Our  repairs  to  boiler  have  been  for  new  nipples  in 
mud-drum  in  Aug.,  1887,  which  is  certainly  a very 
creditable  showing.”  Hallet  & Davis  Co. 

H.  D.  Smith  & Co.,Plantsville,  Conn.  75  H. 

P.  Average  time,  8 years.  Total  repairs, 
nothing. 

“ We  know  of  no  other  boiler  that  would  do  the  work 
that  this  is  doing.”  H.  D.  Smith  & Co. 

F.  A.  Poth  Brewing  Co.,  Philadelphia.  400 
H.  P.  Average  time,  4 years.  Total  repairs, 
ixVc-  yearly  per  H.  P. 

J.  L.  Clark,  Oshkosh,  Wis.  107  II.  P.  Aver- 
age time,  6)2  years.  Total  repairs,  fjyC.  yearly 
per  H.  P. 

“ Develop  at  least  one-third  more  work  than  rated. 

We  cannot  speak  too  highly  of  your  boilers.  They  are 

simply  perfect.”  J.  L.  Clark. 

Societa  Generale  Italiana  di  Elettricita, 
Sistema  Edison,  Milan,  Italy.  1476  H.  P. 
Average  time,  3^  years. 

“ The  repairs  have  consisted  in  the  changing  of  4 
tubes  and  about  220  rivets  (not  counting  the  last  accident 
due  to  carelessness  of  the  firemen  ”). 

L’Amministratore  Delegato — J.  Columba. 

Union  Iron  Works,  Johnstone,  Scotland. 
104  H.  P.  Average  time,  5 years.  Total  re- 
pairs, 3c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

P.  & P.  Campbell,  Perth,  Scotland.  146  H.  P. 
Average  time,  2 years. 

“ The  boilers  have  cost  nothing  for  repairs  them- 
selves, but  the  doors  and  furnace  have  cost  about  ,£4.  10s. 
per  annum  ” P.  & P.  Campbell. 


Cheney  Bros  , So.  Manchester,  Conn.  350 
H.  P.  Average  time,  7 years. 

“ Running  steadily  for  seven  years,  and  during  that 
time  they  have  not  cost  us  anything  for  repairs  to  the 
heating  surfaces.”  Cheney  Bros. 

Toledo  & Ohio  Central  R.  R.  120  H.  P. 
Average  time,  7%  years.  Total  repairs,  12^0. 
yearly  per  H.  P. 

44  The  boilers  have  given  entire  satisfaction  in  every 
respect.”  J.  B.  Morgan,  Master  Mechanic. 

McAvoy  Brewing  Co.,  Ciiicago.  S32  H.  P. 
Average  time,  6 years.  Total  repairs,  10c. 
yearly  per  H . P. 

44  Our  experience  with  them  has  been  to  our  entire 
satisfaction”  Geo.  Dickinson.  Sec’y. 

(Note. — One-half  of  total  expense  was  due  to  broken 

headers  caused  by  low  water,  because  of  water  combina- 
tion becoming  shut  off.; 

Cornwall  Bros.,  Louisville,  Ky.  227 - H.  P. 
Average  time,  8J4  years.  Repairs,  nothing. 

Maginnis  Cotton  Mill,  New  Orleans.  624 
H.  P.  Average  time,  6 years.  Total  repairs, 
i/jjC.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

Pioneer  Mills.  150  H.P.  Average  time,  9J/J 
years.  Total  repairs,  “slight.” 

“ Cost  of  repairs  comparatively  nothing.  No  leaking 
of  flues  or  boiler  at  any  time.” 

J.  A.  M.  Johnston,  Agent. 

Lawrence  Rope  Works,  Brooklyn.  250  H. 
P.  Average  time,  7 years.  Total  repairs, 
4c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

James  Martin  & Co.,  Philadelphia.  208  H.  P. 
Average  time,  7/5  years.  Total  repairs,  16c. 
yearly  per  H.  P. 

44  There  has  been  but  little  cost  for  repairs  to  them  : 
those  we  have  made  being  for  a few  new  tubes  that  be- 
came clogged  or  coated  with  scale  on  account  of  the  very 
hard  (well)  water  we  are  using.  We  cannot  speak  too 
highly  of  them.  1 Jas.  Martin  & Co. 

Fairmount  Worsted  Mills,  Philadelphia. 
400  H.  P.  Average  time,  7.5  years.  Total 
repairs,  6^0.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

Wm.  Whitaker  & Sons,  Philadelphia.  480  H. 
P.  Average  time,  7 years.  Total  repairs, 
nothing. 

Vanderbilt  University,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
200  H.  P.  Average  time,  6 years.  Total  re- 
pairs, 4c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

44  Cost  of  repairs  to  heating  surface  on  all  the  above 
during  that  time  has  been  $48.25.  The  boilers  during 
that  time  have  given  entire  satisfaction.” 

Olin  H.  Landreth,  Dean  of  Engineering  Dep’t. 

Arlington  Mills  Manufacturing  Co.  500 
H.  P.  Average  time,  8 years.  Total  re- 
pairs, nothing. 

Somerset  Manufacturing  Co.,  Raritan,  N.  J. 
720  H.  P.  Average  time,  7.5  years.  Total 
repairs,  nothing. 

New  York  & Brooklyn  Bridge.  600  H.  P. 
Average,  years.  Total  repairs,  nothing, 

" The  boilers  have  done  excellent  service  and  have 

given  entire  satisfaction.”  C.  C.  Martin,  Ch.  Eng.  & Sup't. 


Church  & Co.,  Brooklyn,  E.  D.  584  H.  P. 
Average  time,  4.2  years.  Repairs,  nothing. 

Economist  Plow  Co.,  South  Bend,  Ind.  150 
H.  P.  Average  time,  5 years.  Total  repairs, 
nothing. 

“ We  believe  it  to  be  the  most  durable  boiler  made." 

Leighton  Pine,  Pres  t. 

Union  Metallic  Cartridge  Co.,  Bridgeport, 
Conn.  276  H.  P.  Average  time,  4I/3  years. 
Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“ The  cost  of  repairs  to  heating  surfaces  of  said 
boilers  in  that  time  has  been  nothing.  We  carry  from  75 
to  80  lbs.  all  the  time.”  A.  C.  Hobbs,  Sup't. 

Warder,  Bushnell  & Glessner  Co.  650 
H.  P.  Average  time,  3J4  years.  Total  re- 
pairs, 4t60c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ The  boilers  are  giving  us  the  best  satisfaction.” 

Chas.  A.  Bauer,  Gen'l  Manager. 

Chicago  City  Railway  Co.  1000  H.  P. 
Average  Lime,  7 years,  night  and  day.  Total 
repairs,  4T*ffc.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

The  boilers  have  worked  well  and  proved  very 
satisfactory.”  C.  B.  Holmes,  Sup’t. 

Sheboygan  Manufacturing  Co.  333  H.  P. 
Average  time,  8 years.  Total  repairs,  4c. 
yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ We  have  found  them  economical,  easily  kept  in 
running  order,  and  in  all  ways  entirely  satisfactory,  and 
should  we  need  additional  power  would  use  no  other 
boilers."  G.  L.  Holmes,  Pres’t  and  Gen’l  Manager. 

Jackson  & Sharp  Co.,  Wilmington,  Del.  467 
H.  P.  Average  time,  5A  years.  Total  re- 
pairs, ittsc.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

44  Have  cost  nothing  for  repairs  to  heating  surfaces, 
except  through  the  carelessness  of  our  fireman,  who,  soon 
after  starting  the  first  boilers,  allowed  the  water  to  get 
too  low  and  burst  three  or  four  headers,  but  doing  no 
other  damage.  We  consider  them  safe  and  economical 
steam  generators.” 

The  Jackson  & Sharp  Co.,  by  Chas.  S.  Robb. 

South  Bend  Toy  Manufacturing  Co.  61 
H P.  Average  time,  4 years.  Total  repairs, 
2p2c-  yearly  per  H.  P. 

44  We  consider  these  boilers  the  safest  and  most 
economical  in  the  market.”  F.  H.  Badet,  Sec.  &Treas. 

Columbus  Buggy  Co.,  Columbus,  O.  800  H. 
P.  Average  time,  7 years.  Total  repairs, 
i^c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

44  We  consider  them  the  best  boiler  in  the  market 
and  we  are  now  evaporating  9 lbs.  of  water  to  one  pound 
of  poor  slack  coal.”  Fred.  Weadon,  Sup't. 

Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Co.  of  N.  Y. 
900  H.  P.  Average  time,  7 years.  Total  re- 
pairs, nothing. 

“ They  give  plenty  of  dry  steam  and  have  been 
absolutely  tight  at  all  times.  The  boilers  have  shown 
unusual  ability  to  carry  a constant  pressure  under  the 
extreme  and  sudden  fluctuations,  which  are  unavoidable 
in  an  electric  light  station.”  C.  E.  Chinnock,  V.  Pres. 

Kennesaw  Mills  Co.,  Marietta,  Ga.  200  H. 
P.  Average  time,  7 years.  Total  repairs, 
2Ac-  yearly  per  H.  P. 

44  You  will  see  that  the  repairs  on  our  boilers  have  not 
cost  very  much  for  the  last  7 years.”  J R.  Buchanan. 


E.  Greenfield’s  Son  & Co.,  Brooklyn.  160 
H.  P.  Average  time,  4 years. 

“They  show  no  signs  of  wear,  therefore  probably 
will  not  need  repairing  f >r  some  time  to  come.  We  con- 
sider them  the  best  boilers  we  have  ever  used.'1 

Black  & Germer,  Erie,  Pa.  92  H.  P.  Aver- 
age time,  4 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“ Is  easily  cared  for  and  economical  in  the  consump- 
tion of  fuel.” 

Planters  Sugar  Refining  Co.,  New  Orleans. 
292  II.  P.  Average  time,  6 years.  Total  re- 
pairs, nothing. 

“ The  only  expense  attached  to  them  has  been  new 
prate  bars  and  fire  brick  work.”  John  Barkley,  Pres't. 

S.  S.  Hepwortli,  Yonkers,  N.  Y.  104  H.  P. 
Average  time,  4-fj  years. 

4 During  all  this  time  it  gave  no  trouble  whatever, 
and  did  not  cost  one  penny  for  repairs.” 

Wilson  & McCallay  Tobacco  Co.  300 
H.  P.  Average  time,  5 years.  Total  repairs, 
4;,c.  yearly  per  II.  P. 

John  Collins,  Denny,  North  Britain.  425 
H.  P.  Average  time,  3xV  years. 

“The  repairs  to  heating  surfaces  have  been  slight, 
and  caused  by  an  unfortunate  admission  of  grease  to  feed 
water  in  the  case  of  my  140  H.  P.  boiler.  With  this  ex- 
ception, which  of  course  arose  from  no  fault  of  yours, 
the  boilers  have  done  good  and  heavy  work  and  given 
me  satisfaction.”  John  Collins. 

Singer  Manufacturing  Co.  ICilbowie,  Scot- 
land. 2106  II.  P.  Average  time,  41t  years. 
Total  repairs,  -J-c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ We  have  much  pleasure  in  sending  you  particulars 

of  boilers  as  requested Total  repairs,  ^3.19.3,  which 

we  consider  highly  satisfactory.” 

Nova  Scotia  Sugar  Refinery,  Halifax,  N.  S. 
800  H.  P.  Average  time,  7%  years,  night 
and  day.  600  H.  P.  since  1SS0;  200  in  1SS5. 
Total  repairs,  ij^c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“ We  have  pleasure  in  saying  we  consider  them  first- 
class  boilers  in  every  respect.”  J.  A.  Turnbull,  Man. 

Kennedy's  Patent  Water  Meter  Co.  L’n., 
Kilmarnock,  Scotland.  51  H.  P.  Average 
time,  6 years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“ Repairs  confined  to  re-expanding  one  tube.  The 
cost  was  trifling.”  Thos.  Kennedy. 

Bent  Colliery  Co.  L’d.  Botlnvell,  Scotland. 
4S0  H.  P.  Average  time,  445  years. 

“The  cost  of  repairs  during  that  time  has  been 
trifling.  I think  two  short  tubes  were  renewed.  The 
boilers  have  been  constantly  at  work.”  Jas.  S.  Dixon. 

Corporation  of  Aberdeen  Gas  Works, 
Scotland.  93  H.  P.  Average  time,  3 years, 
night  and  day.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“ The  boiler  continues  to  give  great  satisfaction.” 

Alex.  Smith. 

The  Square  Works,  Ramsbottom,  England. 
136  H.  P.  Average  time,  4 years,  night  and 
day.  Total  repairs,  9yjjC.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“Since  Feb.  5th,  1884,  night  and  day  work,  16/6  ex- 
cept the  breakdown  through  being  short  of  water,  which 
cost  .£21.17.4  to  repair.”  Hepburn  & Co. 


Whitmore  & Sons,  Edenbridge,  Kent,  Eng- 
land. 100  H.  P.  Average  time,  3 years. 

“ Have  not  spent  one  penny  on  the  boiler.” 

Miller  & Co.,  Foundry,  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 
240  H.  P.  Average  time,  3 years.  Total  re- 
pairs, nothing, 

“Only  expense  has  been  some  repairs  to  the  Brick- 
work in  connection  with  the  Stoker.”  Miller  & Co. 

Carthness  Steam  Saw  Mill,  Wick,  Glasgow. 
146  H.  P Average  time,  2}^  years.  Total 
repairs,  nothing. 

“We  are  well  pleased  with  your  boilers,  and  can 
with  confidence  recommend  them  to  any  firm  wishing  to 
economize  their  working  expenses.”  Alex.  McEwen. 

Georgie  Mills,  Edinburgh,  Scotland.  146 
H.  P.  Average  time,  3%  years,  night  and 
day.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

" Neither  boiler  has  required  any  repairs  to  heating 
surfaces.’1  J.  & G.  Cox. 

J.  & T.  Boyd,  Iron  Works,  Glasgow.  208 
H.  P.  Average  time,  2 fa  years. 

“ One  of  these  has  worked  nearly  5 years  and  the 
other  about  half  that  time  without  any  repairs  what- 
ever.” 

Dubois  & Ciiarvet-Colombier,  Armentieres, 
France.  476  H.  P.  Average  time,  3 years. 

“ These  boilers  have  worked  to  our  entire  satisfac- 
tion since  2d  November,  1885,  without  as  yet  any  repairs 
whatever.” 

Arrol  Brothers,  Bridge  Builders,  Glasgow. 
146  H.  P.  Average  time,  5J3  years. 

“ Cost  of  repairs  to  heating  surface  is  as  yet  nothing. 
It  gives  us  pleasure  to  hand  you  this  information,  which 
is  entirely  at  your  own  disposal.”  Arrol  Bros. 

James  Eadie  & Sons,  Tube  Works,  Glasgow. 
64  H.  P.  Average  time,  5 years. 

“ Repairs  to  heating  surfaces,  none.” 

Hughes  & Son.  Meole  Brace,  Shrewsbury. 
England.  61  H.  P.  Average  time,  4 years. 

“ Has  up  to  now  cost  us  nothing  whatever  for  re 
pairs.  We  can  only  repeat  that  we  are  very  much 
pleased  in  every  respect  with  your  boiler.” 

Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Co.,  Pittsburgh. 
92  H.  P.  Average  time,  4}^  years.  Total 
repairs,  4c.  yearly  per  H.  P. 

“The  repairs  have  been  merely  nominal,  being  con- 
fined to  the  re-expanding  of  a few  tubes  and  the  re- 
placing of  two  or  three  hand  hole  covers,  at  a total  cost 
probably  not  exceeding  $15.  The  boiler  has  given  entire 
satisfaction.”  H.  H.  Westinghouse,  General  Manager. 

Carthage  Water  Works.  122  H.  P.  Aver- 
age time,  6J4  years.  Total  repairs,  nothing. 

“They  are  practically  as  good  as  when  we  put  them 
in;  there  is  not  a blister  or  scale  on  the  tubes.  The 
fire  has  not  been  out  since  we  first  started  up  in  January, 
1882.”  C.  S.  Bartlett,  Manager. 

J.  Pongs,  Jr.,  Newerk,  Germany.  120  H.  P. 
Average  time,  3 years. 

“ Has  been  running  3 years  without  needing  any  re- 
pairs up  to  this  time.”  J.  Pongs,  Jr. 

Carron  Co.,  Carron,  Stirlingshire,  N.  B.  416 
H.  P.  Average  time,  4 years.  Total  repairs, 
noth  big. 


Ill 


li 


■'  'I  «rf 
v II  r I £1 
r p • fi 

j *•  ii  /,  f- 


•t  #,<•» 

eiji,  c 


'ifitflr -IH 


( ii  Iv  ii«)t ' 


Chicago  Branch, 

910  Masonic  Temple. 


Boston  Branch 


8 Oliver  Street, 


Main  Office, 

29  Corllandt  Street, 

Corner  of  Church  Street, 

New  York, 


The  Babcock  & Wilcox  Co 


Pittsburgh  Branch,  408  Lewis  Block, 


Philadelphia  Branch,  32  North  Fifth  Street. 


•4 


The  following  parties  are  among  those  to  whom  we  have  sold  boilers  in  the  past  twenty-two  years.  We 
would  call  particular  attention  to  the  numerous  instances  in  which  repeated  orders  have  been 
given  after  years  of  use.  This  single  fact  tells  more  than  volumes  of  certificates. 


STEAM  HEATING  AND  POWER. 


Boilers 


NEW  YORK  STEAM  COMPANY,  New  York, 16  orders,  1880-1S90,  70 

“ VAN  CORLEAR  ' ’ (Apartment  House),  New  York, 3 orders,  1878-1S85,  4 

“ DAKOTA  ” (Apartment  House),  New  York 3 orders,  1SS2-1S93,  8 

THE  ALBANY  APARTMENT  HOTEL  COMPANY,  New  York,  2 orders,  1879-189.,  2 

THE  EDWARD  CLARK  ESTATE,  Office  Building,  New  York Jan.,  3891,  2 

THE  LEXINGTON  IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK,  . Jan.,  1891,  1 

“MADRID”  (Apartment  House),  New  York,  May,  1883,  2 

“ BARCELONA”  (Apartment  House),  New  York,  ...  May,  18S3,  2 

COLUMBIA  COLLEGE,  School  of  Mines,  New  York, 2 orders,  1879-1882,  5 

COLLEGE  OF  THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK ...  Dec.,  1884,  1 

NEW  YORK  PRODUCE  EXCHANGE,  New  York 2 orders,  1884-1890,  4 

CONSOLIDATED  STOCK  AND  PETROLEUM  EXCHANGE,  New  York, Oct.,  1887,  2 

MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  New  York 2 orders,  18S4-1892,  6 

AMERICAN  INSTITUTE,  New  York, June,  1SS2,  2 

F.  W.  STILLMAN,  New  York, 2 orders,  1S81-18S2,  2 

CORPORATION  OF  TRINITY  CHURCH,  New  York, 2 orders,  1879-1882,  3 

NURSERY  AND  CHILD'S  HOSPITAL,  New  York April,  1879,  1 

DEPARTMENT  OF  DOCKS,  Pier  A,  N.  R.,  New  York, 2 orders,  1SS5-18S6,  2 

CRIMINAL  COURT  BUILDING,  New  York . . Feb.,  1891,  4 

NEW  YORK  ORTHOPAEDIC  DISPENSARY,  New  York, Jan.,  1891,  2 

IMMIGRANT  STATION,  Ellis  Island,  New  York  Harbor, 2 orders,  .891-1892,  6 

HARLEM  COURT  HOUSE,  New  York July,  1891,  2 

RENWICK  HALL,  New  York 2 orders,  1883-1885,  2 

TELEPHONE  BLHLDING,  38th  Street,  New  York,  ...  June,  1SS9,  2 

BAKER,  SMITH  X CO.,  New  York,  . . to  orders,  1882-1892,  28 

PLAZA  HOTEL,  New  York, June,  1889,  4 

HOLLAND  HOTEL,  New  York April,  1890,  2 

WALDORF  HOTEL,  New  York,  . Aug.,  1891,  4 

NEW  NETHERLANDS  HOTEL,  New  York,  . Sept.,  1S91,  4 

UNITED  CHARITIES'  BUILDING,  New  York, June,  1892,  3 

MENDELSSOHN  BUILDING,  New  York April,  1892,  2 

BRADLEY  BUILDING,  New  York Dec.,  1891,  2 

BROKAW  BUILDING,  New  York, May,  1892,  2 

HEMENWAY  ESTATE,  New  York June,  1892,  2 

NEW  YORK  COLLEGE  FOR  TRAINING  TEACHERS,  New  York 2 orders,  1892-1893,  3 

GILL  IS  & GEOGHEGAN,  New  York, 4 orders,  1S8S-1892,  14 

POSTAL  TELEGRAPH  CABLE  COMPANY,  New  York Nov.,  1892,  3 

JOHN  O’NEIL,  Restaurant,  New  York July,  1890,  1 

W.  F.  CHRYSTI E,  New  York Aug.,  1890,  2 

LEAKE  & WATTS  ORPHAN  ASYLUM,  Mount  St.  Vincent,  New  York,  Oct.,  1S90,  2 

MUTUAL  RESERVE  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO.,  New  York, June,  1893,  2 

NEW  YORK  STOCK  EXCHANGE,  New  York,  Julv,  1S93,  1 

CORN  EXCHANGE  BANK,  New  York Vug.,  1893,  2 

CONTINENTAL  INSURANCE  CO.,  New  York,  . Sept.,  1893,  2 

HOME  LIFE  INSURANCE  CO.,  New  York Oct.,  1893,  2 

RICHARD  K.  FOX,  Police  Gazette  Building,  New  York,  Dec.,  1S93,  1 

LAWYERS  TITLE  INSURANCE  CO.,  New  York Jail.,  1894,  2 

RIDING  AND  DRIVING  CLUB,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y , . Oct.,  1890,  1 

UNION  LEAGUE  CLUB,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. Aug.,  1891,  1 

METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  HOSPITAL,  Brooklyn,  N V . . . Jan.,  1893,  2 

WILLIAM  ROCKEFELLER,  Residence,  near  Tarrvtown,  N.  Y Aug.,  1889,  1 

ST.  PAUL’S  SCHOOL  OF  THE  CATHEDRAL,  Garden  City,  N.  Y.,  Nov.,  1SS4,  1 

CORNELL  UNIVERSITY,  Ithaca,  N.  Y., 2 orders,  1S85-1SSS,  3 

CROUSE  MEMORIAL  COLLEGE,  Syracuse,  X.  Y , July,  iSSS.  2 

C.  J.  HAMLIN,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  . . ’ June,  1SS8,  2 

IROQUOIS  HOTEL,  Buffalo,  N.  Y . . 2 orders,  1SSS-1S91,  4 

G.  W.  FRANCIS,  Buffalo,  N.  Y April,  1892,  2 

C.  W.  MILLER.  Buffalo,  N.  Y Sept..  1893,  2 

EDMUND  M.  WOOD  & CO..  Nurserv,  Boston,  Mass..  Vug.,  1882,  1 

MASSACHUSETTS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY,  Boston,  Mass., 2 orders,  1SSS-1S90,  2 


. H.r. 

17.584 

268 

I ,176 
l82 
60 
60 
122 
122 
400 
35 
864 
146 
987 
250 

150 

160 
50 
35 
544 
60 
816 
100 
50 
146 
3 470 
628 
448 
832 
640 
363 
■37 

102 

190 

136 

432 

1,630 

725 

45 

102 

146 

310 

j56 

244 

304 

368 

107 

208 

50 

104 

200 

104 

104 

561 

208 

208 

328 

100 

102 

50 

416 


United  States  Capitol,  Washington,  D,C.  Senate  End  Heated  and  Lighted  by  832  H.  P,  of  Babcock  Si  Wilcox  Boilers.  Erected  1889-1891 


QUINCY  HOUSE,  Boston,  Mass. 

MASSACHUSETTS  STATE  HOUSE,  Boston,  Mass., 

JOHN  HANCOCK  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  Boston,  Mass., 

WALKER  BUILDING,  Boston,  Mass., 

BIJOU  THEATRE,  Boston,  Mass., 

MARSTON’S  EATING  HOUSE,  Boston,  Mass., 

CARTER  BUILDING,  Boston,  Mass., 

BOSTON  HERALD  CO.,  Boston,  Mass 

GEO.  WESTI NGHOUSE,  Jr.,  Dwelling,  Lee  Station,  Mass., 

WORCESTER  POLYTECHNIC  INSTITUTE,  Worcester,  Mass  , 

FORBES  & WALLACE,  Springfield,  Mass. 

UNITED  STATES  NAVAL  TRAINING  STATION,  Newport,  R.  I . 

NARRAGANSETT  HOTEL,  Providence,  R.  I 

RHODE  ISLAND  HOSPITAL,  Providence,  R.  I 

CENTRAL  RAILROAD  OF  NEW  JERSEY  STATION,  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 

TAYLOR’S  HOTEL,  Jersey  City,  N.  J 

HAMBURG-AMERICAN  PACKET  COMPANY,  Hoboken,  N J , 

DR.  ABRAM  COLES’  BUILDING,  Newark,  N.  J 

COUNTY  OF  UNION  COURT  HOUSE,  Elizabeth,  N.  J 

COLLEGE  OF  NEW  JERSEY,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  

BOARD  OF  EDUCATION,  Franklin  School,  Plainfield,  N,  J 


Boilers. 

. . Oct.,  1S90,  I 

Aug.,  1891,  4 

July,  1S91,  2 

July,  1892,  2 

Oct.,  1892,  2 

. . March,  1S93,  1 

July,  1893,  1 

July,  1893,  2 

May,  1890,  2 

July,  18S8,  1 

. . April,  1893,  2 

2 orders,  1884-1893,  4 

May,  1890,  1 

June,  1892,  2 

. . Oct.,  1888,  4 

Oct.,  1881,  1 

. . July,  1882,  2 

. . July,  1885,  1 

2 orders,  1874-1890,  2 

2 orders,  1879-1889,  2 

May,  1883,  1 


H.P. 

125 

832 

150 

200 

320 

100 

100 

500 

208 

5i 

200 

244 

150 

200 

368 

50 

208 

107 

100 

91 


The  Babcock  & Wilcox  Co.,  Cleveland  Branch,  Perry  Payne  Building. 


Pa. 


THEODORE  HAVEMEYER,  Mountain  Side  Farm,  N.  J , 

WILLIAM  WEIGHTMAN,  Stores,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

R.  D.  WOOD  & SONS,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  

PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  General  Offices,  Philadelphia 

GEO.  S.  HARRIS,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

ATHLETIC  CLUB  OF  THE  SCHUYLKILL  NAVY,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  . 

UNION  LEAGUE  CLUB,  Philadelphia,  Pa., . 

G.  W.  CHILDS  (Public  Ledger  Building),  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

HOTEL  LAFAYETTE,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

GIRARD  ESTATE,  Various  stores,  etc.,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

BINGHAM  HOUSE,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

FIDELITY  INSURANCE, TRUST  AND  SAFE  DEPOSIT  COMPANY,  Philadelphia, P; 

WILLS’  EYE  HOSPITAL,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

D.  B.  FULLER,  Stores,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

GRACE  BAPTIST  CHURCH,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

WOMEN’S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION,  Philadelphia,  Pi 

GIRLS’  NORMAL  SCHOOL,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

SISTERS  OF  THE  GOOD  SHEPHERD,  Philadelphia,  Pi 

GIRARD  COLLEGE,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

BANK  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

C.  C.  HARRISON’S  STORES,  Philadelphia,  Pa.. 

BRYN  MAWR  HOTEL,  Bryn  Mawr,  Pa., 


1S93, 

I 

53 

7 orders,  1872- 

'S93, 

13 

962 

• ■ Aug., 

1 88 1, 

2 

100 

2 orders,  1883- 

18S7, 

3 

312 

2 orders,  1886- 

1SS7, 

2 

120 

hme, 

1SS9, 

2 

122 

1892, 

2 

400 

2 orders,  1873- 

1SS2, 

3 

15° 

2 orders,  1S72- 

1881, 

3 

230 

6 orders,  1S76- 

1S90, 

9 

718 

3 orders,  iSS5~ 

■S93, 

5 

5S4 

2 orders,  1SS6- 

1S94, 

2 

184 

1892, 

2 

122 

Sept., 

1 S9 1 

2 

102 

July, 

1S90, 

2 

102 

. March, 

1893, 

2 

2CS 

April, 

1393, 

4 

3=0 

June, 

1S93, 

1 

6l 

Nov., 

1 ^93 

2 

400 

Feb., 

.894, 

2 

124 

Feb., 

I<:94. 

3 

240 

. . April, 

189O, 

2 

300 

► 


115 


•4 


Boi/t't 


GF.ORGF.  WK.sriNGHOUSK,  Jr.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

WESTINGHOUSE  HU  1 1.DI NO,  Pittsburgh.  Pa., 

VANDERGRI  FT  BUILDING.  Pittsburgh,  Pa 

I M & W.  FERGUSON,  Office  Buildings,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

SEVENTH  AVENUE  HOTEL,  Pittsburgh,  Pa 

JOSEPH  HORNE  & CO.,  Store,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

HEEREN  BROS.  S:  CO.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa..  

WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA  HOSPITAL  FOR  INSANE.  Dixmoat,  Pa  . 

JOHNSTOWN  LIBRARY,  Johnstown,  Pa 

LA  NORMANDIE  HOTEL,  Washington,  D.  C. 

UNITED  s I'A  rES  CAPITOL,  SENATE  WING,  Washington,  D.  C 

DEPARTMENT  OF  Pill  INTERIOR,  Washington,  D.  C.,  . . 

SHOREHAM  HOTEL,  Washington,  D.  C.,  

ARLINGTON  HOTEL,  Washington.  D.  C., 

WESTERN  LUNATIC  ASYLUM,  Staunton,  Va 

LURAY  CAVE  AND  HOTEL  COMPANY,  Luray,  Va 

HAMPTON  NORMAL  AND  AGRICULTURAL  INSTITUTE,  Hampton,  Va. 

R I M HALL  HOUSE,  Atlanta,  Ga., 

1)E  GIVE’S  OPERA  HOUSE,  Atlanta,  Ga 

STATE  LUNATIC  ASYLUM,  near  Milledgevillc,  Ga.,  . . 

HOTEL  PONCE  DE  LEON,  St.  Augustine,  Fla., 

TAMPA  BAY  HOTEL.  Tampa,  Fla  

CENTRAL  KENTUCKY  LUNATIC  ASYLUM,  Anchorage,  K;  . 

STATE  COLLEGE  OF  KENTUCKY,  Lexiagtoa,  Kv 

THE  VANDERBILT  UNIVERSITY,  Nashville,  Ten  a 

JERE  BAXTER,  Baxter  Court,  Nashville,  Tean., 

THE  FISK  UNIVERSITY,  Nashville,  Ten  i 

OHIO  STATE  UNIVERSITY,  Columbus,  O 

CHITTENDEN  HOTEL,  Columbus,  O 

CHITTENDEN  BUILDING,  Columbus,  ().. 

SANITARY  PLUMBING  COMPANY,  C ilumbus,  O 

OHIO  INSTITUTE  FOR  FEEBLE-MINDED  YOUTH,  Columbus,  O 

OHIO  HOSPITAL  FOR  EPILEPTICS,  Gallipolis,  O 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NOTRE  DAME,  South  Bend,  l id 

INDIANA  SOLDIERS’ AND  SAILORS’  ORPHANS’  HOME,  Knightstown,  Inch, 

INDIANA  REFORM  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS,  PlaiifUld,  lad., 

NORTHERN  INDIANA  HOSPI  PAL  FOR  INS  V X 1- , L igansport,  Ind. 

EASTERN  INDIANA  HOSPITAL  FOR  INSANE,  Richmond,  Ind.,  . . 

SOUTHERN  INDIANA  HOSPITAL,  FOR  INSANE,  Evansville,  Ind.,  . . . 

PURDUE  UNIVERSITY,  Lafaveile,  Ind 

NORTHERN  HOSPITAL  FOR  INSANE,  Elgin,  111., 

WORLD’S  COLUMBIAN  EXHIBITION,  Chicago,  111 

GAFF  BUILDING,  Chicago,  111 

CHICAGO  BURLINGTON  & QUINCY  RAILROAD,  Chicago,  111 

A.  J.  STONE,  Chicago,  111 

CITY  OF  SANDWICH,  Sandwich,  111 

TELEPHONE  BUILDING,  Detroit,  Mich 

STATE  COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE  AND  MECHANIC  ARTS,  Ames,  Iowa, 

GEORGE  FULLER,  St.  Paul,  Mint., 

METROPOLITAN  OPERA  HOUSE,  St.  Paul.  Mini 

ARCADE  BUILDING,  St.  Paul,  Minn., 

GEORGE  C.  HOWE,  Duluth,  Minn 

CORN  EXCHANGE,  Minneapolis,  Minn 

STATION,  DULUTH,  MESABIC  & NORTHERN  RAILWAY,  Biwabik,  Minn. 
NEW  YORK  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  Minn 

Kansas  City,  Mo.,  Omaha,  Neb..  Montreal,  Canada, 

BOARD  OF  EDUCATION  OF  THE  CITY  OF  DULUTH,  MINN.,  . 

F.  W.  SMITH,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 

P.  LEPROHON,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 

HOTEL  PLEASANTON,  San  Francisco,  Cal.. 

PACIFIC  TELEPHONE  AND  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY,  Sat  Francisco,  Cal  . 

B.  & S.  DOE  BLIILDING,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 

DANIEL  MEYER,  San  Francisco,  Cal 

ADOLPH  SUTRO’S  BATHS,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 

MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  BUILDING,  San  Francisco,  Cal..  . 

CRYSTAL  BATHS,  San  Francisco,  Cal . 

PACIFIC  POWER  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  . . 

SAN  FRANCISCO  SAVINGS  UNION,  San  Francisco,  Cal.. 

COOPER  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  San  Francisco,  Cal 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  Berkeley,  Cal 

CALIFORNIA  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  DEAF  AND  BLIND,  Berkeley,  Cal., 

LELAND  STANFORD,  JR.,  UNIVERSITY.  Palo  Alto,  Cal 

CORONADO  BEACH  HOTEL,  Coronado,  Cal., 

BRADBURY  BUILDING.  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

STATE  ASYLUM  FOR  THE  INSANE,  San  Bernardino,  Cal 

FRESNO  COUNTY  COURT  HOUSE,  Fresno,  Cal., 

UNIVERSITY  OF  WYOMING,  Laramie,  Wy.,  . . 

CITY  HALL,  Tacoma,  Wash 


June, 
Mar., 
Aug., 
Jan., 
Oct., 
Aug., 
Mar., 
Mar., 
Nov., 
Sept., 
2 orders,  18S7- 
2 orders,  1SS8- 
J uly, 
Aug., 
Sept., 
May, 
July, 
Oct., 

Sept  , 
rders,  iSS;- 
. April, 
Aug., 
orders,  1S83- 
Ocr., 
rders,  18S0- 
April, 
2 orders,  1890- 
2 orders,  tS9o- 
Oct., 
June, 
Nov., 
Oct., 
Feb., 

. Sept., 

. Sept., 
July, 
July, 
July, 
July, 
May, 

. Sept., 
>rclers,  1891- 
Aug., 


Aug. 

Nov. 

Aug. 


J une, 
May, 
Oct., 
July, 
An". . 


Aug., 

July, 

. . Oct., 

5 orders,  1SS8- 
. . 2 orders, 

. . May, 

. . . Feb., 

June, 
Nov., 
Nov., 
Nov., 
Dec., 
Oct., 
Oct., 


orders,  1885- 
Aug. , 
. . Dec., 

April, 
April, 
April, 
May, 
Oct., 
March, 
July, 
Sept, 
Feb., 


1887, 
1SS8, 
iS  jo, 
1891 , 

1891, 

1892, 

1893, 
1890, 
1890, 
1 890, 

1892, 

1890, 
189^, 

1883, 
1S87, 
1SS8, 

1884, 
1892, 
■iS39, 

l8  87, 

1 8)0, 

1891, 
1891, 

1888, 

1889, 

1 89 1 , 
,892, 

1890, 
iSye, 

1892, 

I 89O, 
*893, 
I8S5, 

I 887, 
IS89, 

*SS5, 

1885, 
18S5, 

1891, 
1885, 

1892, 
1881, 

1887, 

1 S9  - , 

1888, 
1892, 
t»92, 
1 892, 

1890, 
1 89O, 
I89I  , 

l892, 

1892, 

-l8S9, 

1893, 
l893, 

1889, 

1891, 
l89l, 

>891, 

lS9l  , 

1891, 

1892, 
1 892, 

-lS89, 

■*93. 

1893 , 
1885, 

'893. 

1 89 1 , 

1892, 

1892, 

1893, 
1893, 
1892, 
1892, 


170 

152 

184 

240 

100 

312 

150 

468 

54 

164 

832 

204 

285 

164 

122 

45 

120 

120 

128 

292 

416 

321 

600 

5i 

284 

102 

118 

500 

150 

300 
75 
250 
360 
40 
240 
400 
400 
400 
400 
104 
75 
4 500 
104 
136 
66 
61 

125 

51 

100 

294 

208 

60 

408 

100 

1 993 
260 
104 
35 
156 

122 

122 

60 

150 

122 

61 
312 

90 

122 

15 

45 

416 

416 

184 

146 

73 

5i 

90 


► ◄- 


117 


■* 


► 


4 


McGILL  UNIVERSITY',  Montreal,  Canada,  . . 

NOTRE  DAME  CATHEDRAL,  Montreal,  Canada, 

SCHOOL  OF  PRACTICAL  SCIENCE,  Toronto,  Ontario,  Canada, 

PUBLIC  BATHS,  City  of  Mexico,  Mex 

COMPANIA  DE  ALMACENES  DE  DEPOSITO  DE  LA  HABANA,  Cuba, 
GREENOCK  PRISON,  Greenock,  Scotland,  ............ 

CALTON  PRISON,  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 

DRUMSHEN GH  BATHS,  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 

CITY  EPIDEMIC  HOSPITAL,  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 

ROYAL  INFIRMARY,  Aberdeen,  Scotland 

EDINBURGH  UNIVERSITY,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  . 

EASTMAN’S  LTD.,  Cheapside  st.,  Glasgow,  Scotland, 

A.  D.  DUNN,  Laundry,  London,  England 

LONDON  & TILBURY  LAUNDRY  COMPANY,  Tilbury,  England, 

NATIONAL  LIBERAL  CLUB,  London,  Eng 

DUKE  OF  MARLBOROUGH,  Carlton  House  Terrace,  London,  England, 

PUTNEY  SWIMMING  BATHS,  London,  England, 

BATTERSEA  SWIMMING  BATHS,  London,  England, 


Bo 

lers. 

I/.P. 

Dec.,  1889, 

4 

244 

June, 1889, 

2 

122 

July,  1890, 

1 

52 

Feb.,  1884, 

1 

>5 

Sept.,  1884, 

1 

104 

2 

20 

2 orders,  18S5-1886, 

3 

124 

2 orders,  1S84-1S85, 

2 

28 

. . Feb.,  188S, 

1 

20 

2 orders,  1S90-1891, 

3 

200 

1 

IO9 

Jan.,  1894, 

1 

58 

1 

84 

March,  18S6, 

2 

2l6 

. . Aug.,  1S86, 

2 

I94 

Dec.,  188S, 

1 

20 

Oct.,  1885, 

1 

20 

Jan.,  1889, 

1 

IO 

The  Babcock  & Wilcox  Co.,  Minneapolis  Branch,  Corn  Exchange  Building. 


CAMBERWELL  GREEN  BATHS,  London,  England,  

CALEDONIA^  ROAD  BATHS,  London,  England, 

ISLINGTON  BATHS,  London,  England,  . 

HERNSEY  ROAD  BATHS,  London,  England 

A.  & S.  GATTI,  Restaurateurs,  London,  England,  . . .. 

HOTEL  “ BELGRAVIA,”  LTD.,  London,  England, 

GREAT  NORTHERN  HOSPITAL,  Halloway,  London,  England, 

GIRLS’  SCHOOL,  Blackburn,  England, 

MONTROSE  ROYAL  LUNATIC  ASYLUM,  Montrose,  England, 

THE  UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  Nottingham,  England, 

MONT  DORIs  HOTEL,  Bournemouth,  England, 

TODDINGTON  ESTATE,  Gloucester,  England, 

DL’KE  OF  NORTHUMBERLAND,  Alnwick  Castle,  Northumberland,  England, 
HUDDERSFIELD  INDUSTRIAL  SOCIETY,  LTD.,  Huddersfield,  England, 
LA  COMPAGNIE  PARISIENNE  DE  L’AIR  COMPRIME,  Paris,  France, 

HOTEL  DE  LILLE  ET  D’ALBION,  Paris,  France 

L’HOPITAL  INTERNATIONAL— PIAN,  Paris,  France,  . . . 

BAINS  DE  MADAME  DEBBLES,  Paris,  France, 

IsCOLE  MUNCIPALE,  BOULLE,  Paris,  France,  

L.  & J.  CHAMBON  FR12RES  ET  CIE,  Motive  Power,  Marseilles,  France. 

COLLEGE  OF  GRENOBLE,  Grenoble,  France, 

M.  LE  COMTE  A WERLE,  CHATEAU  DE  PARGNY,  Rheims,  France,  . 

LA  SOCI£t£  DE  DAX  SALINS  THERMAL,  DAX,  France,  . . . 

ST.  SAUVEUR  BATHS,  Brussels,  Belgium 

BANQUE  NATIONALE  DE  BELGIUM,  Brussels,  Belgium,  . 


. . . . Oct., 

1891, 

1 

40 

Oct., 

1891 , 

1 

22 

Dec., 

1891 , 

1 

40 

May, 

1892, 

1 

33 

Sept., 

1891, 

1 

20 

. . . . March, 

1893, 

1 

54 

March, 

1893, 

1 

33 

July, 

1891 , 

1 

■5 

Aug., 

1891 , 

2 

172 

. . Oct., 

1 89 1 , 

1 

5° 

May, 

18S8, 

1 

65 

June, 

1S88, 

6 

U4 

• 2 orders,  1890- 

■1S91, 

2 

140 

...  Dec., 

>S93. 

I 

86 

2 orders,  1890- 

-«892, 

24 

5 088 

May, 

lS86, 

I 

20 

Aug., 

1892, 

I 

'5 

Sept., 

1891 , 

I 

20 

. . . Nov., 

*§92, 

I 

62 

2 orders,  18S9-1892, 

2 

I90 

. . May, 

1S86, 

3 

120 

. . July, 

'893, 

1 

20 

Jan., 

1S93. 

1 

46 

Aug. , 

1S90, 

1 

35 

June, 

1891 , 

2 

130 

119 


E.  DEBROUX,  Brussels,  Belgium 

A.  MADOUX,  Brussels,  Belgium, 

SPANISH  GOVERNMENT,  PARC  D’ARTI LLERI E,  Madrid,  Spain, 

GERMAN  EMBASSY,  Madrid,  Spain 

LIMBURG  AGRICULTURAL  EXHIBITION,  Limburg,  Germany,  . . 

THE  MOORBAD,  Hydropathic  Baths,  Carlsbad,  Germany, 

DR.  WTNTERXITZ,  Hydropathic  Establishment,  Kaltenlentgeben,  Austria, 

VESTERFA  ELLED  PRISON,  Municipality  of  Copenhagen,  Denmark, 

HENRY  ERNST,  Architect,  Zurich,  Switzerland, ... 

POST  OFFICE,  Christiania,  Norway,  ... 

POST  OFFICE,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil, 

A.  I.  ALEXJEFF,  Passage,  Moscow,  Russia,  . . ....  

J.  BLOCK,  Moscow,  Russia,  . 

TECHNOLOGICAL  INSTITUTE,  Charkoff.  Russia, 

THEATRE,  City  of  Cordova,  La  Plata 

CORPORATION  OL  MELBOURNE,  Fish,  Meat  and  Produce  Market,  Melbourne,  Aus., 


Boilers. 

HP. 

June,  1892, 

1 

6 

July,  1893, 

1 

19 

Oct.,  1891, 

1 

20 

July,  1893, 

1 

20 

Jail.,  1894, 

1 

123 

Oct.,  1S93, 

2 

I92 

Feb.,  1893, 

1 

30 

Jan.,  1S94, 

3 

240 

3 

192 

July,  1891, 

3 

108 

1 

IOO 

:rs,  1883-1884, 

2 

124 

1 

40 

April,  1891, 

1 

3° 

Nov.,  1889, 

1 

no 

Sept.,  1891, 

3 

456 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING,  Etc. 


lioilers. 


CONSOLIDATED  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY  OF  MAINE,  Portland,  Me., May,  1892,  2 

THOMSON-HOUS  TON  INTERNATIONAL  ELECTRIC  CO.,  Boston,  Mass..  4 orders,  1891-1892,  7 

BOSTON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  CO.,  Boston,  Mass. March,  1893,  4 

W \l  1 II  \M  GAS  I 1GH  I < OMPANY,  1 ectric  Plant,  Waltham,  Mass. ■ Dec.,  1886,  1 

SOMERVILLE  ELE(  IKK  L I G HI  COMPANY,  Somerville,  Mass 2 orders,  1890-1891,  2 

NEW  BEDFORD  GAS  \ND  EDISON  LIGHT  COMPANY,  New  Bedford,  Mass fune,  1892,  1 

AMI  R I < \ N I LECTRICAL  WORKS,  Providence,  R.  I Vug  1889,  1 

THE  NARRAGANSET1  1 I I’RIt  LIGHTING  COMPANY,  Pi  tridenc  R I July ,1890,  4 

THE  NARRAGANSETT  ELE(  I KK  LIGHTING  COMPANY,  Moore  “National”  boilers,  built  over,  2 

NEW  HAVEN  ELEI  TRK  COMPANY,  New  Haven,  Conn 2 ord  88-1890,  4 

BRIDGEPORT  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Bridgeport,  Conn. t,  1 89-1892,  4 

< )N  EC(  I MAM  I At  TURING  C<  >M  PANV  . New  Lo  tdon,  1 2 

EDISON  GENERAL  ELECTRIC  COMIJAN\ , New  York, 5 orders,  1890-1892,  11 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  New  York 15  orders,  1881-1893,  38 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  I LLUM l N ATI NG  COMPANY',  Boston,  Mass 1 orders  189  8 , 14 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Lawrence,  Mass 3 orders,  1882-1884,  3 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMIN  ATING  COMPANY,  Brockton,  Mass., June,  1883,  2 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Fall  River,  Mass Oct.,  1 883,  2 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY.  Newburgh,  X Y Nov.,  1883,  2 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Paterson,  X.  J.,  4 orders,  1888-1892,  5 

I DTSON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa. Mar.,  1893,  7 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  I I.I.U.M I N ATING  COMPANY,  Sunbury,  Pa May,  1883,  1 

EDISON  ELE<  IKIc‘  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY  Shamokin  Pa 3 orders  1 83-1892,  4 

I DI-OX  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Hazleton,  Pa Nov,,  1883,  1 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Bellefonte.  Pa 2 orders,  1883-1885,  2 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Mt.  Carmel,  Pa.,  Nov.,  1883,  1 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 2 orders,  1889-1890,  8 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY",  Tiffin,  Ohio Nov.,  1883,  1 

EDISON  ELECTRIt  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Ohio, 2 orders,  1883-1884,  2 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMIN  ATING  COMPANY',  Piqua,  Ohio,  Mar.,  1884,  1 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Columbus,  Ohio Feb.,  1891,  1 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Detroit,  Mich 3 orders,  1891-1893,  3 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  New  Orleans,  La.,  June,  1888,  2 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Seattle,  Wash June,  1890,  1 

1 I I CTRIC  CLUB,  New  York June,  1887,  1 

CONSOLIDATED  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY*,  New  Y'ork, 2 orders,  1888,  3 

HARLEM  LIGHTING  COMPANY',  New  York, Sept.,  1887,  1 

UNITED  STATES  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY  . New  Y ork  and  Newark, N.  J.,  . 6 orders,  18S0-1887,  8 

EXCELSIOR  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  X.  Y Sept.,  1888,  1 

WESTINGHOUSE  ILLUMINATING  COMPANY,  Schenectady,  X.  Y Oct.,  1887,  2 

ALBION  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY',  Albion,  N.  Y.,  2 orders,  1889-1890,  2 

BUFFALO  GENERAL  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Buffalo,  N.  Y„ Mar.,  1893,  2 

EDISON  LAMP  COMPANY',  Harrison,  N.  J.,  3 orders,  1881-1891,  4 

THOS.  A.  EDISON,  Fort  Mver,  Fla.,  and  ( trange.  X J 2 orders,  1885-1887,  4 

BRUSH  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY.  Philadelphia,  Pa July,  1881,  4 

WESTINGHOUSE  ELECTRIC  COMPANY  , Pittsburgh,  Pa Nov.,  1888,  2 

ALLEGHENY'  COUNTY'  LIGHT  COMPANY',  Pittsburgh,  Pa. . . 4 orders,  1888-1892,  14 

EAST  END  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY',  Pittsburgh,  Pa 2 orders,  1S88-1892,  4 

HUGUS  & HACKE,  Pittsburgh,  Pa..  1891,  1 

LY’COMING  ELECTRIC  COM PANY",  YVilHamsport,  Pa 2 orders,  1889-1892,  5 

MONONCAHELA  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Monongahela  City,  Pa  , . July,  1890,  1 

BUTLER  LIGHT.  HEAT  AND  MOTOR  COMPANY,  Butler,  Pa July.  1893.  1 

UNITED  STATES  CAPITOL,  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES,  Washington,  D!  < Ypril,  1888,  1 

UNITED  STATES  INTERIOR  DEPART.YI ENT  (Patent  Office),  YVashington,  D.  C July,  1888,  2 

UNITED  STATES  CAPITOL,  SENATE  WING,  YVashington,  D.  C , 2 orders,  1887-1891,  5 

BALTIMORE  ELECTRIC  REFINING  COMPANY,  Baltimore,  Md., 3 orders,  1891-1892,  6 


//./’ 

500 
976 
1 000 

>56 

500 
416 
146 
1.120 
560 
624 
778 
208 
2.444 
8 344 
4 095 
286 
I46 
I46 
I46 
1.240 
1.729 

51 

354 

92 

184 

5i 

1.920 

92 

144 

92 

240 

949 

312 

240 

74 

750 

300 

622 

50 
292 
204 
500 
521 

264 
300 
328 
3 949 
960 

51 
750 

61 

136 

82 

122 

832 

1.248 


120 


Boilers , //./\ 


RICHMOND  RAILWAY  AND  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Riclimu.ul,  Yu 

THfc  F.  B MORGAN  POWER  COMPANY,  Cincinnati.  Ohio 

BUCYRUS  ELEC  TRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  P.ucvrus,  Ohio, 

CIRCLEYII.LE  I.IGII  T AND  POWER  COMPANY,  Circleville,  Ohio,  . . 
i VN  TON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  \ND  POWER  COMPANY,  Canton,  Ohio, 

COLT  MBUS  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  \ND  POWER  COMPANY,  Columbus,  < >hio, 
WYOMING  LIGHT,  WATER.  HEAT  AND  POWER  COMPANY,  Wyoming,  Ohi. 
LOUISVILLE  GAS  COMPANV  (ELECTRIC  LIGHTING),  Louisville,  Ky„ 
CITIZENS’  ELE(  r U D LIGHT  AND  POWER  COMPANY,  Louisville,  Ky.,  . . 
THE  COVINGTON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Covington,  Ky., 

EVANSTON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Evanston,  111.,  . 

WESTERN  EDISON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111 

WESTERN  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111.,  and  New  York 

BADENOCH  BROS.  ENGLEWOOD  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  PLANT,  Chicago,  111. 

DIXON  POWER  AND  LIGHTING  COMPANY,  Dixon,  111 . 

I)E  KALB  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Dv  Kalb,  III 

WABASH  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Wabash,  Incl., 

CITY  OF  CRAWFORDSVILLE,  Crawfordsville,  Ind 

OWATONNA  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Owatonna,  Minn 
WAUSAU  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Wausau,  Wis.,  . . . . . 


July,  1S90, 

1 

208 

Mar.,  1891, 

1 

120 

June,  1SS7, 

1 

85 

2 orders,  1884-1892, 

2 

212 

July,  1892, 

1 

350 

. . Oct.,  1892, 

2 

640 

Oct.,  1892, 

1 

150 

8 

2,100 

Mar.,  1S92, 

I 

25O 

2 orders,  1890-1891, 

2 

450 

June,  1890, 

1 

104 

July,  18S2, 

I 

40 

3 orders,  1SS8-1890, 

5 

830 

Mar.,  1893, 

2 

416 

2 

40C 

Dec.,  1892, 

2 

360 

May,  1893, 

1 

155 

Jan.,  1892, 

I 

208 

Oct.,  1892, 

2 

184 

Sept.,  1892, 

I 

200 

}L 


1-  i 


* ,,ji, 


The  Babcock  & Wilcox  Co.,  Cincinnati  Branch,  405  Neave  Building. 


EDISON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 

KANSAS  CITY  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  . . 

MISSOURI  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  COMPANY,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
TERMINAL  RAILROAD  ASSOCIATION  OF  ST.  LOUIS,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 

PEOPLE’S  STREET  RAILWAY  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  CO.,  St.  Jos  :ph 
DENVER  CONSOLIDATED  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Denver,  Col.,  . . 

THE  EL  PASO  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Colorado  Springs,  Col 

THE  WATER  AND  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY.  Miles  Ci  v,  Montana. 

A.  HAYWARD,  San  Mateo,  Cal., 

SANTA  BARBARA  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY.  Santa  Barbara,  Cal., 

THE  MARACAIBO  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Maracaibo,  Venezuela 
CARACAS  GAS  AND  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Caracas,  Venezuela, 

THE  HALIFAX  ILLUMINATING  AND  MOTOR  COMPANY,  Halifax,  X 

ROYAL  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Montreal.  Canada 

TORONTO  INCANDESCENT  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Toronto,  Out 
Cl EN FUF.GOS  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY.  Cienfuegos,  Cuba. 

THE  BRUSH  ELECTRIC  ENGINEERING  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Lambeth,  Londc 

F'or  LYCEUM  THEATRE,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  

For  BOSWORTH  HALL,  Leicestershire,  England, 


s.,  . Sept.,  1S90, 

3 

624 

Wis.,  Nov.,  1S92, 

1 

150 

2 orders,  1886-1888, 

8 

1 476 

4 orders,  1888-1890, 

8 

1.353 

7 orders,  1 889-1 S93, 

l6 

3- 39= 

. . . April,  1S93, 

4 

I OOO 

, Mo.,  May,  1889, 

4 

832 

5 orders,  1886-1890, 

7 

1.464 

2 

39° 

. . . Oct.,  1892, 

I 

120 

July,  1887, 

I 

51 

Jan.,  1893, 

I 

122 

Sept.,  1890, 

2 

250 

Jan.,  1S94, 

2 

208 

Jan.,  1891, 

2 

500 

5 orders,  1889-1S92, 

14 

3-350 

a,  July,  1893, 

2 

423 

I 

150 

on,  England. 

I 

=5 

Aug.,  1S87,  1 


121 


◄ 


1 ' 


Metrooolitan  Electric  Supply  Corporation  Limited!  London,  Eng,  Plan  of  Manchester  Square  Station,  1,872  Horse  Power  of  Babcock  Sl  Wilcox  Boilers. 


► 


MEjHraMSpl 


J 


* 

■JOOOOOOO'X 
J000000033 
yuq.5  j i ooo 
''j'opcoLOOol 


I 


Metropolitan  Electric  Supply  Corporation,  Manchester  Square  Station,  London,  England.  Partial  Vertical  Section, 


THE  BRUSH  ELECTRIC  ENGINEERING  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Lambeth,  London,  England. 
For  ROYALTY  THEATRE,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Dec., 


For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING,  Madrid,  Spain,  . . . 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING,  Bournemouth,  England, 
For  OWN  WORKS,  Hammersmith,  London,  England, 
For  OWN  WORKS,  Loughborough,  England, 

For  MEREDITH’S  WHARF,  London,  England, 


1S87 


July, 

2 orders,  1888- 
. . Oct., 

2 orders,  1889-; 
2 orders,  Feb. -Dec,, 


For  CHELSEA  ELECTRICITY  SUPPLY  COMPANY,  L’T’D,  Chelsea,  Eugland,  3 orders,  188S-1889 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Leicester,  England,  Nov.,  1893 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Worcester,  England, Nov.,  1893 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Temesvar,  Hungary, 2 orders,  1888-1890 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Bangkok,  Siam,  Sept.,  1889 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Manchester,  England,  2 oiders,  1889-1890 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Melrose,  Scotland Nov.,  1889 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Huddersfield,  England, Aug.,  1891 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Letham  Grange,  Abroath,  Scotland,  . Feb.,  1892 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  London,  England Feb.,  1892 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  at  Spain, Oct.,  1891 

ROYAL  HOTEL,  Blackfriars,  London,  England Oct.,  1892 

HOUSE-TO-HOUSE  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  SUPPLY  COMPANY,  London,  Eng.,  . . 3 orders,  1888-1891 

INDIA  RUBBER,  GUTTA  PERCHA  AND  TELEGRAPH  WORKS  CO.,  London,  England,  May,  1889 
METROPOLITAN  ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  CORPORATION,  L’T’D,  London,  England,  4 orders,  1888-1890 
THE  GULCHER  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  CO.,  L’T’D,  London,  England,  2 orders,  1889-1890 
LONDON  ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  CORPORATION,  LIMITED,  Deptford,  London,  Eng.,  4 orders,  1888 

LONDON  ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  CORPORATION,  LIMITED,  Grosvenor  Gallery,  London,  Oct.,  1886 

EDISON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  London,  England 2 orders,  1881-1882 

EDISON-SWAN  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  London,  England, Jan.,  1S8S 


Boilers. 

f/.P. 

1 

25 

1 

30 

I, 

2 

168 

1 

62 

2 

276 

, 

3 

696 

1, 

4 

360 

4 

496 

4 

492 

>, 

2 

310 

), 

5 

700 

), 

2 

>55 

), 

1 

>5 

2 

492 

• > 

1 

>5 

3 

I 500 

i , 

2 

152 

!, 

3 

146 

6 

948 

), 

2 

190 

>, 

27 

4.704 

), 

4 

200 

5, 

25 

6.093 

>, 

4 

956 

2 

300 

5, 

3 

468 

Manchester  Square  Station, 
Metropolitan  Electric  Supply  Corporation, 
London,  England, 


123 


THE  ELECTRIC  CONSTRUCTION  CORPORATION,  London  and  Wolverhampton, 
KENSINGTON  AND  KNIOHTSBRIDGE  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  CO.,  London,  Eng., 

SHARP  & KENT,  Electrical  Engineers,  Westminster,  London,  England,  

For  D.  H.  EVANS,  Drapery  Establishment,  London,  England, 

For  BEALE  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Restaurant,  London,  England, 

For  WESTMINSTER  ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  CORPORATION,  London,  England, 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  STATION,  Holloway,  England, 

THE  NOTTING  HILL  ELECTRIC  EIGHT  STATION.  London,  England, 

S.  Z DE  FERRANTI,  Electrician,  London,  England,  

For  THE  RIVER  PLATE  ELECTRICITY  COMPANY,  La  Flatte,  S.  A.,  . . . 

HAMMOND  & COMPANY,  Electrical  Engineers,  London,  England, 

For  CENTRAL  STATION,  Madrid,  Spain,  

For  BILBAO,  Spain 

LAING  WHARTON  N DOWN,  C instruction  Syndicate,  London,  England, 

For  RESIDENCE  OF  ! C.  BRYANT,  Leatherheads,  Dorking,  England, 

For  READING  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  STATION,  Reading,  England 

For  WEYBRIDGE  ELECTRIC  EIGHT  STATION,  Surrey,  England, 

For  RESIDENCE  OF  LORD  ROTHSCHILD,  Tring  Park,  Herts,  England, 

For  WORLD’S  LABOR  EXHIBITION.  London,  England, 

For  WOOLWICH  QUAY,  London.  England 

For  CITY  OF  LONDON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  London,  England, 


England, 

Feb.,  1890, 

7 

1. 120 

6 orders 

, 1888-1892, 

7 

1 388 

July,  1891, 

1 

125 

Nov.,  1888, 

2 

105 

2 orders 

, 1888-1890, 

3 

250 

2 orders 

, 1 890- 1891, 

3 

500 

Nov.,  1891, 

1 

250 

Nov..  1890, 

2 

496 

Feb.,  1888, 

1 

85 

2 orders,  1889, 

6 

720 

2 orders 

. 1 889- 1 80 1 , 

7 

1.360 

Oct.,  1889, 

6 

960 

Jan.,  1890, 

1 

104 

Mar.,  1891, 

2 

496 

Sept.,  1885, 

1 

25 

2 ord.-rs 

.,  1888-1889, 

2 

>■5 

Oct.,  1889, 

1 

76 

. 2 orders 

.,  18S7-1890, 

2 

90 

April,  1891. 

3 

253 

Dec.,  1891, 

1 

124 

Dec.,  1892, 

3 

x 5 co 

Babcock  <L  Wiicox  Boilers  at  the  Chelsea-  Electricity  Supply  Company’s  Station,  Chelsea,  Eng.  360  H,  P.  Erected  1888-9. 
The  Brush  Electrical  Engineering  Co.,  Limited,  London,  Contractors. 


124 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  The  Royal  Electric  Company,  Montreal,  Canada,  3,350  H,  P.,  in  5 orders.  Erected  1889  to  1892. 


Boilers . 

J.  H.  HOLMES  & CO.,  Electrical  Engineers,  London,  England,  for  Port  Said,  Egypt,  . . . Oct.,  1889,  1 

For  THE  HOME  AND  COLONIAL  STORES,  Islington,  London 2 orders,  1889-1891,  2 

CADOGAN  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  L’T’D,  London,  S.  W.,  England,  . . 2 orders,  1887-1890,  3 

NICHOLSON  & JENNINGS,  London,  England,  for  Jamaica  Exhibition,  Jamaica,  W.  I.,  . . Oct.,  1890,  2 

SYDNEY  HARGRAVES,  Electrical  Engineer,  London,  England,  Jan.,  1890,  4 

WESTINGHOUSE  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  London,  England. 

For  SARDINIA  STREET  STATION,  Lincoln’s  Inn,  London,  2 orders,  1888-1890,  12 

For  HARROW  WESTINGHOUSE  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Harrow,  England,  . . . Sept.,  1890,  1 

THE  ELECTRICITY  SL’PPLY  CORPORATION,  L’T’D,  Strand,  London,  England,  3 orders,  1888-1890,  5 

W.  R.  RENSHAW,  For  Queen  Anne’s  Mansion,  London,  England, Aug.,  1890,  4 

SAINT  PANCRAS  VESTRY,  London,  England, 2 orders,  1890-1893,  8 

LONDON  SCHOOL  BOARD,  Victoria  Embankment,  London,  England Nov.,  1892,  2 

CITY  AND  GUILDS  OF  LONDON,  Central  Institution,  London,  England Mar.,  1892,  1 

THE  NOTTING  HILL  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  London,  England Mar.,  1890,  2 

THE  CITY  OF  LONDON  ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  COMPANY,  L’T’D,  London,  England,  . Mar.,  1893,  3 

R.  & E.  CROMPTON  & CO. , London  and  Chelmsford,  England 4 orders,  1888-1889,  4 

EXETER  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Rockfield  Works,  Exeter,  England,  . . 2 orders,  1889-1892,  3 

TAUNTON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Taunton,  England June,  1889,  2 

THE  HATH  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  WORKS,  Bath,  England Aug.,  1889,  2 

THE  CHATHAM,  ROCHESTER  & DISTRICT  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  CO.,  Rochester,  Eng.,  Jan.,  1888,  1 

THE  SCHMIDT-DOUGLASS  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  CO.,  L’T’D,  Hustlegate,  Bradford,  Eng.,  2 orders,  1887,  2 

ELWELL  PARKER,  LIMITED,  Wolverhampton",  England 2 orders,  1889,  14 

LEEDS  “MERCURY”  OFFICES,  Leeds,  England, Nov.,  18S9,  3 

DISTRICT  ELECTRICAL  SUPPLY  COMPANY,  L’T’D,  Bournemouth,  England,  . 3 orders,  1888-1891,  4 

BOURNEMOUTH  AND  DISTRICT  l LECTRIC  LIGHl  CO.,  L’T’D,  Bournemouth,  Eng.,  July,  1893,  2 

HASTINGS  & ST  LEONARD’S  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  CO.,  L’T’D,  Hastings,  England,  2 orders,  1891-1893,  2 

NORWICH  ELECTRICITY  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Norwich,  England April,  1892,  2 

NORWICH  ELECTRIC  SUPPLY  COMPANY,  Norwich,  England Nov.,  1893,  1 

WINDSOR  I I ECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Windsor,  England Aug.,  1 v.  • 

THE  SHEFFIELD  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  CO.,  L’T’D,  Sheffield,  England,  . Feb.,  1893,  5 

SHROPSHIRE  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  COMPANY.  Shrewsbury,  England,  . . Nov.,  1893,  2 

K. ELVI NSIDE  ELECTRICITY  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Glasgow,  Scotland May,  1892,  2 

GLASGOW  ATHENiEUM,  Glasgow , Scotland . . June,  1892,  1 

WILLIAM  HARVIE  & CO.,  Glasgow,  Scotland, July,  1891,  2 

McWHIRTER,  FERGUSON  & CO.,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  3 orders,  1887-1888,  2 

THE  CORPORATION  OF  ABERDEEN,  Aberdeen,  Scotland, May,  1893,  4 

CARLOW  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Carlow,  Ireland Aug.,  1892,  1 

1 \ ' OMPAGNIE  PARISIENNE  DI  L’AIR  COMPRIMfi,  Paris,  I ranee,  ...  2 orders,  1890-1892,  24 

LA  COMPAGNIE  NATION  ALE  D’fiLECTRlCITfi,  Paris,  France,  2 orders,  1889-1893,  4 

BANQUE  DE  PARIS  I I DES  PAYS  BAS,  Paris Mar.,  1886,  2 

LA  COMPAGNIE  D’ECLAIRACE  FlLECTRIQUE,  Station  Drowet,  Paris,  France,  . 2 orders,  1887-1888,  3 

EDISON’S  CONTINENTAL  COMPANY,  Paris,  France, 4 orders,  1882-1889,  4 

BEAl  .v  BERTRAND  rAILLET,  Pans  France Oct.,  1888,  2 

SOCILTIs  L’ECLAIRAGE  ELECTRIQUE,  Montagues  Russes,  Paris,  France, April,  1892,  3 

EDEN  Mil  \ I R I . Paris,  France July,  1892,  4 

NOTRE  DAME  I)E  LORETTE,  Paris,  France Oct.,  1892,  1 

ERNEST  LAMY,  PAUL  RIEN  ET  CIE,  Mende,  Lozere,  France, June,  1887,  2 

LOMBARD  GERIN  ET  COMPAGNIE,  Lyons,  France June,  1890,  2 

A.  GILL1BERT  & CO.,  Societe  Franyaise  d'Electricite  Appliquee  a l’Industrie,  Marseilles,  France,  Oct.,  1887,  2 

SOCIETE  NANCIENNE  D’ELECTRICITE,  Nancy,  France, 2 orders,  1887-1888,  3 

MONSIEUR  GIUTTON,  St.  Etienne,  for  Marennes,  France 2 orders,  1889-1890,  2 

USIXE  CENTRALE  D’ECLAIRAGE  ELECTRIQUE,  Perpignan,  France,  ...  2 orders,  1888-1890,  6 

SCHNEIDER  X:  CO.,  Creusdt,  for  Electric  Station  at  Monaco,  France, 3 orders,  1890,  4 

SOCIEtE  MONEGASQUE  D’ELECTRICITE,  Monaco,  France June,  1893,  1 

COMPAGNIE  D’ECLAIRAGE  ELECTRIQUE,  Cannes,  France, 2 orders,  1891-1S92,  3 

COMPAGNIE  D’ELECTRICITE  DE  MOULINS,  Moulins,  France,  Sept.,  18171,  i 

M.  DE  MONTRAVEL,  Villefranche,  France,  Dec.,  1891,  1 

THE  THOMSON-HOUSTON  INTERNATIONAL  ELECTRIC  CO.,  St.  Brieuc,  France,  . Jan.,  1892,  1 

THOMSON-HOUSTON  INTERNATIONAL  ELECTRIC  CO..  Bordeaux,  France June,  1S93,  2 

SOCIETE  DE  L’ECLAIRAGE  ELECTRIQUE,  Bordeaux,  France, June,  1892,  1 

COMPAGNIE  D’ELECTRICITE,  ET  DE  L’AIR  COMPRIME,  Montpellier,  France,  . . . Aug.,  1892,  1 

LA  COMPAGNIE  NATIONALE  D’ELECTRICITE,  Calvedos,  France Oct.,  18173,  1 

THOMSON-HOUSTON  INTERNATIONAL  ELECTRIC  CO.,  Hamburg,  Germany,  . 3 orders,  1891,  3 

For  FRITZ  WILEN,  Helsingfors,  Finland, 2 orders,  1889,  2 

For  the  “ ELECTRA,”  Bilbao,  Spain Aug.,  1889,  3 

For  ST.  PETERSBURG,  Russia, July,  1890,  1 

For  ODESSA  HARBOR,  Odessa,  Russia 2 orders,  1890-1891,  3 

For  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY,  ia  Germany July,  1891,  2 

For  LEEDS  TRAMWAY  COMPANY, July,  1891,  1 

AI. LEGEMEINE  ELECTRICITATS  GESELLSCHAFT.  Berlin,  Germany Nov.,  1891,  5 

ACTIEN  GESELLSCHAFT  FUR  ELECTRISCHE  GLUHLAMPEN,  Berlin,  Germany,  Jan  , 1S89,  2 

BEIDERMANN  & CZARNIKOW,  Electric  Lighting,  Berlin,  Jan.,  18S9,  1 

THE  MONOPOL  HOTEL,  Berlin,  Germany Mar.,  1888,  2 

F.  ZOPKE,  Electrician,  Berlin,  Germany 3 orders,  1890-1891,  3 

SIEMEX’S  & HALSKE,  Berlin,  Germany,  for  Station  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark, Nov.,  1890,  3 

ELECTRICITEITS  MATTSCHAPPY,  SYSTEM  DE  KHOTINSKY,  Berlin,  Germany,  2 orders,  1X87,  4 

ELECTRICITE1TS  MATTSCHAPPY,  SYSTEM  DE  KHOTINSKY,  Gelnhausen,  Germany,  Oct.,  1884,  2 

CAPT.  DE  KHOTINSKY,  Berlin,  Germany June.  "887,  2 


HI'. 

86 

80 

3"4 

172 

420 

2,520 

76 
974 
460 
958 
160 

65 

496 

1.500 

810 

316 

210 

210 

124 
235 

2.184 

192 

332 

224 

306 

280 

140 

30 

700 

152 

248 

75 

60 

9" 

392 

86 

5.088 

520 

240 

5"8 

824 

120 

324 

92 
20 

122 
68 

220 

5"8 

5° 

510 

344 

125 

420 

53 

93 
140 
248 

123 

77 
in 
438 
250 
480 

70 

"77 

246 

192 

400 

240 

60 

230 

426 

660 

170 

I64 

80 


126 


Boilers. 

SCHUCKERT  & CO.,  Nuremberg,  Germany,  for  Station  at  Canton,  China,  . . Jan.,  1890,  1 

SCHUCKERT  & CO.,  for  Electric  Lighting  Japanese  Imperial  Coast  Fortifications,  ...  2 orders,  1891-1892,  2 

SCHUCKERT  & CO.,  for  Shepheard’s  Hotel,  Cairo,  Egypt, June,  1891,  2 

ETTELBRUCK  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  STATION',  Ettelbruck,  Luxembourg,  Germany,  June,  1893,  1 

El).  DUBONNET,  GRAND  HOTEL,  Brussels,  Belgium, Aug.,  1892,  1 

LA  COMPAGNIE  INTERNATIONALE  D’ELECTRICITE,  Li^ge,  Belgium July,  1891,  1 

STATION  CENTRAL  D’ELECTRICITE  (Carels  Freres),  Brussels,  Belgium, Feb.,  1893,  3 

GRAND  PALACE,  Laeken,  Brussels,  Belgium, Sept.,  1893,  1 

LA  EMPRESA  GAS  V ELECTRICIDAD,  Valencia,  Spain, 3 orders,  1888-1892,  8 

FRANCISCO  DE  LA  NT  ESC  A,  Cadi/.,  Spain, . 2 orders,  1886  1887,  2 

PLANAR,  FLAQUER  V CIE,  Gerona,  for  Electric  Light  Station  at  Gijon,  Spain, Feb.,  1890,  2 

PLANAR,  FLAQUER  V CIE,  for  Electric  Light  Station  at  Gerona,  Spain, Oct.,  1890,  1 

PLANAR,  FLAQUER  V CIE,  for  Electric  Light  Station  at  Tangiers,  Morocco,  . . July,  1891,  1 

PLANAR,  FLAQUER  V CIE,  for  Electric  Light  Station  at  Granada,  Spain, Nov.,  1892,  1 

EMPRESA  ILLUMINAQAS  ELECTRICA  DE  BADAJOS,  Spain, July,  1891,  1 

SOCIEDAD  MATRITEUSE  DE  ELECTRICIDAD,  Madrid,  Spain, . Aug.,  1888,  3 

CASTRO  URDIALES  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  STATION,  Madrid,  Spain,  ...  Jan.,  1892,  1 

MADRID  PALACE,  Madrid,  Spain, . Dec.,  1892,  2 


//./’. 

20 

50 

92 

30 

87 

98 

636 

58 

832 

102 

164 

106 

40 

86 

66 

186 

96 

280 


The  Babcock  & Wilcox  Co.,  St.  Louis  Branch,  608  Security  Building. 


ELECTRICITY  SUPPLY  COMPANY,  Madrid,  Spain, Aug.,  1893,  3 

CORDOVA  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  STATION,  Cordova,  Spain,  Aug.,  1893,  2 

ANTEQUERA  ELF'.CTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Antequera,  Spain,  . May,  1S92,  3 

MAHON  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Mahon,  Spain, 2 orders,  1892,  2 

LA  SOCIEDAD  ESPANOLA  DE  ELE(  TRI(  IDAD,  Barcelona,  Spain, Oct.,  1892,  5 

LA  SOCIEDAD  ELECTRICIDADE  DO  NORTE  DE  PORTUGAL,  Oporto,  Portugal,  . 2 orders,  1893,  2 

CAMPANHIA  DE  LUZ  ELECTRICA,  Oporto,  Portugal, Dec.,  1893,  1 

SOCIETA  GEN’LE  ITALIANA  D’ELETTRICITA  SISTIMA  EDISON,  Milan,  Italy,  9 orders,  1SS2-1SS9,  16 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  STATION  at  Livorno,  Italy,  Sept.,  1887,  3 

For  ROYAL  ITALIAN  NAVY  ARSENAL,  Spezia,  Italy, May,  1888,  3 

For  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  STATION,  Syracuse,  Italy, May,  1889,  3 

SOCIETA  ANGLO-ROMANA  PER  L’lLLUMI  NAZI  ONE,  Rome,  Italy, 3 orders,  1SS5-18S9,  15 

SOCIETA  GENERALE  PER  L’lLLUMINAZIONE  PALAZZO  CHIGI,  Rome,  Italy,  . . Nov.,  1SS8,  2 

BARON  N.  LA  CAPRA  SABELLI,  STAZIONE  “BELLINI,”  Pontecorvo,  Italy,  ...  Mar.,  1892,  2 

SOCIETA  ANONYMA  DE  L’lLLUMINAZIONE  ELETTRICA,  Palermo,  Sicily,  . 2 orders,  18S6-1887,  3 

CAMELA  G.  LAGANA,  Palermo,  Sicily, 2 orders,  18S6-1887,  2 

IMPERIAL  CONTINENTAL  GAS  ASS’N  (Electric  Lighting),  Vienna,  Austria,  ...  3 orders,  1887-1889,  10 

KREMENEZKY,  MEYER  & CO.,  Vienna,  for  Hotel  Thonethof,  Graz,  Austria, July,  1889,  3 

ERSTE  BRUNNER  & CO.,  for  Gratz  Electric  Light  Station,  Austria, Aug.,  1893,  2 

KARLSBAD  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  STATION,  Karlsbad,  Austria, 2 orders,  1890-1891,  7 

GANZ  & CO.,  Buda-Pesth,  for  Station  at  Fiume,  Hungary, Nov..  1890,  3 

TROLLER  BROS.,  Electrical  Engineers,  Luzerne,  Switzerland, Aug.,  1889,  1 


480 

128 

156 

92 

700 

248 

140 

2,165 

438 

186 

360 

2.370 

328 

128 

246 

122 

1,116 

120 

280 

682 

420 

240 


127 


DANISH  ADMIRALTY,  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  for  Skagens  Nordstrands  Lighthouse, 
DANISH  ADMIRALTY,  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  for  Forness  Lighthouse, 

DAVY  ROBERTSON,  for  Haglund  s Hotel,  Gothenberg,  Sweden, 

AKTE  BOLAGET  ELECTRON,  Central  Station,  Gothenberg,  Sweden, 
NORWEGIAN  GOVERNMENT  (Fortress  of  Oscarsburg),  Oscarsburg,  Norway 
I 1 1 1 S 1 1 \ 1 1 OI  1 ’ I RSI  \ , reheran  Persia, 

AKTE  BOLAGET  SHAKO,  Jammerfort,  Finland, 

A.  IVANOWITSCH  ALEXEJEFF,  Moscow,  Russia, 

BARON  DERVISS,  Moscow,  Russia, 

MOSCOW  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  COMPANY,  Moscow,  Russia, 

MOSCOW  ELECTRICAL  EXHIBITION,  Moscow,  Russia 

WILNO  Mil  ITARY  I NGINI  I RING  DISTRK  1 . Will.  Russia 
J.  MARGULIS,  Od 

LA  COMPAGNIE  CONTI N ENTALE  EDISON,  Belgrade,  Suvia,  . 

SOCIEDAD  ANONIMA  LUZ  ELECTRI  \ EDISON,”  Bueno  \yi 

RIVER  PLATTE  ELECTRICITY  COMPANY,  Arg.  Rep 

ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC,  Buenos  Ayres,  Arg.  Rep., 

“ JARDIM  BOTANICO,”  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil, 


Arg 


British  Guiana,  S. 


Boilers. 

HP 

July,  1891, 

2 

80 

July,  1891, 

2 

80 

. . April,  1889, 

2 

60 

orders,  1888-1889, 

2 

248 

Mar.,  1893, 

1 

40 

2 orders,  1893, 

6 

428 

June,  1890, 

I 

123 

July,  1883, 

I 

51 

I 

40 

orders,  1888-1891, 

6 

908 

X 

140 

Sept.,  1890, 

I 

40 

April,  1801, 

I 

52 

Jan.,  1892, 

3 

369 

Jan.,  1889, 

6 

1,008 

orders.  July,  1889, 

2 

240 

. . Dec.,  1S93, 

3 

228 

2 

292 

orders,  1891-1894, 

3 

442 

EDISON  SPANISH  COLONIAI  T IGHT  COMPANY,  Porto  Rico, 

SANTA  ANA  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  STATION,  Santa  Ana,  San  Salvador,  C.  A . 
ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  POWER  COMPANY,  Melbourne,  Australia,  . 

MUNICIPAL  COLTNCIL,  Melbourne,  Victoria,  Australia, 

WESTCOTT,  MARSHALL  & ADAMS,  Sydney,  for  Newcastle,  N.  S.  W . 

WILLS  & < OMPANY  ELE<  1 RI<  I IGH1  S I \TION,  1'  »rt  S : i gypt 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT  CENTRAL  STATION,  Ceuta,  N.  Africa, 

VIDAL  COMPANY,  Tangier,  Africa,  

THE  JOHANNESBURG  LIGHTING  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Johannesburg,  Transvaal, 
JAPAN  IMPERIAL  GOVERNMENT,  Coast  Fortifications,  Japan, 3 


2 

146 

May,  1890, 

1 

240 

Aug.,  1888, 

2 

500 

May,  1892, 

4 

1,000 

2 orders,  1890, 

4 

344 

Mar.,  1891, 

I 

124 

Aug.,  1892, 

2 

192 

Feb.,  1892. 

I 

52 

April,  1892, 

I 

64 

>rders,  1891-1892, 

3 

100 

GAS  LIGHTING. 


WALTHAM  GAS  LIGHTING  COMPANY,  Waltham,  Mass.. 
BEVERLY  GAS  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Beverly,  Mass., 

LAWRENCE  GAS  COMPANY,  Lawrence,  Mass 

CHELSEA  GAS  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Chelsea,  Mass.,  . . - 
STANDARD  GAS  LIGHT  COMPANY,  New  York,  N.  Y. . 

BROOKLYN  GAS  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

FULTON  MUNICIPAL  GAS  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  . 

WILLIAMSBURG  GAS  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
EAST  RIVER  GAS  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Long  Island  City,  N.  Y . 


Boilers . 

HP. 

Dec.,  1886, 

1 

159 

Dec.,  1890, 

1 

104 

4 orders.  1882-1892, 

4 

436 

. . Sept.,  1892, 

I 

250 

2 orders,  1887-1890, 

3 

816 

. . July,  1889, 

2 

328 

. . Aug.,  1892, 

2 

436 

. 2 orders,  1884-1893, 

2 

328 

2 

102 

128 


SCRANTON  CAS  AND  WATKR  COMPANY,  Scranton,  Pa.. 

ALLEGHKNY  CAS  COMPANY,  Allegheny,  i>a., 

CINCINNATI  GAS  LIGHT  AND  COKE  COMPANY,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  - 

MIAMI  VALLEY  GAS  AND  FUEL  COMPANY,  Dayton,  Ohio 

( ITIZENS’  GAS  LIGHT  AND  HEATING  ( OMPANY,  Bloomington,  111., 

FREEPORT  GAS  LIGHT  AND  CORE  COMPANY.  Freeport,  ill-, 

INDIANA  GAS  COMPANY,  Coiinorsville,  Ind 

KANSAS  CITY  GAS  LIGHT  AND  CORE  COMPANY,  Ransas  City,  Mu., 

CAPITAL  GAS  ( OMPANY,  Sacramento,  Cal. 

CORPORATION  Oh'  GLASGOW,  DAWSHOLM  GAS  WORKS,  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
t ORPO RATION  ( 1 I GLASGOW,  TRADESTON  GAS  WORKS,  Glasgow,  Scotland, 

ABERDEEN  CORPORATION,  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  ....  

EDINBURGH  AND  LEITH  GAS  WORKS,  Leith,  Scotland, 

DOWSON  ECONOMIC  GAS  POWER  COMPANY,  Loudon,  S.  W.,  England, 

THE  GAS  LIGHT  AND  CORE  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  London,  England, 

THE  UNITED  GAS  IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY,  London,  England,  . . . 

THE  SOUTH  METROPOLITAN  GAS  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  London,  England, 

BIRMINGHAM  CORPORATION  GAS  WORKS,  Birmingham,  England, 41 

BIRMINGHAM  GAS  TRUST,  Saltley,  Birmingham,  England, 

LEICESTER  CORPORATION,  GAS  DEPARTMENT,  Leicester,  England, 

LIVERPOOL  UNITED  GAS  LIGHT  COMPANY,  Garston,  England 

COMPAGNIE  ANONYM E DU  GAZ  DE  ST.  JOSSE  TEN  NOODE,  Brussels,  Belgium, 

GAS  WORKS  AT  LA  HAGUE,  La  Hague,  Holland,  . 

SOC.  ANGLO-ROMAN  A PER  L’lLLUM  I NAZI  ONE  DI  ROMA,  Rome,  Italy,  3 , 

LA  SOCIETA  GINEVRINA  DEL  GAS  BOLONGO,  Venice,  Italy 

STOCKHOLM  GAS  WORKS,  Stockholm,  Sweden, 

SOC  I EDA  D CO-OPERATIVA  GADITANA,  DE  FABRICACION  DE  GAZ,  Cadi?.,  Spain,  2 < 


Boilers. 

//./’. 

■Vug., 

*891, 

1 

75 

May, 

1891, 

2 

250 

Mar. , 

1883, 

2 

184 

Sept., 

* 893 , 

3 

620 

rs,  1884- 

-i8$9, 

2 

>55 

Oct., 

1 892 , 

2 

200 

April, 

1892, 

I 

73 

. Jan., 

1890, 

3 

75° 

orders, 

1890, 

0 

624 

rs,  1SS8- 

■893, 

6 

660 

April, 

■893, 

I 

no 

Jan., 

1886, 

I 

93 

July, 

1SS7, 

2 

186 

orders, 

1888, 

6 

1 14 

•s,  1890- 

*891 , 

12 

i-432 

Oct., 

1890, 

2 

192 

Nov, , 

1S90, 

2 

■52 

s,  1889- 

i 891 , 

0 

675 

July, 

1 890, 

I 

97 

Nov., 

18S9, 

3 

288 

Sept., 

1893, 

3 

480 

May, 

1889, 

2 

60 

1890, 

2 

5° 

•s,  1 886- 

•1889, 

12 

042 

Mar., 

1892, 

1 

■3 

Jan., 

1 89 1 , 

2 

344 

s,  1891- 

■893, 

2 

3° 

ARTIFICIAL  ICE  AND  REFRIGERATION. 

Boilers.  H.P. 


NEW  YORK  STEAM  COMPANY,  for  making  Ice,  New  York,  Aug.,  1889,  4 1000 

MARYLAND  ICE  COMPANY,  Baltimore,  Mcl. , Dec.,  1892,  3 525 

THE  CORYVILLE  ICE  COMPANY,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  2 orders,  1890,  4 414 

CORNING  REFRIGERATOR  COMPANY,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Feb.,  1893,  2 250 

JOSEPH  L.  EBNER,  Ice,  Vincennes,  Ind., Dec,  1890,  1 150 

THE  WESTERN  REFRIGERATING  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111.,  Jan.,  1890,  2 240 

THE  UNITED  STATES  BREWING  COMPANY,  No.  3,  Chicago,  111 2 orders,  1881-18SS,  4 324 

DENVER  CONSOLIDATED  BREWING  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Denver,  Col.,  2 orders,  1884-1889,  3 650 

THE  ARMOUR  PACKING  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo . . . 2 orders,  1886,  2 500 

SOUTHERN  ICE  COMPANY,  New  Orleans,  La.,  Sept.,  1882,  2 272 

TEXARKANA  ICE  COMPANY,  Texarkana,  Tex. , . . ..  ...  Mar.,  18S4,  1 30 

THE  CONSUMERS’  ICE  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  . ...  2 orders,  1890-1891,  3 246 

BATH  PURE  ICE  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Bath,  England,  . . . . . Mar.,  1886,  1 30 

L.  STERNE  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  London,  England, 3 orders,  1887-1888,  3 205 

SOCHSTlS  FRIGORIFIol  l I’l  M<>.\TTEI  I.ll  k,  Montpellier,  I r.m<  c.  . ...  Dec.,  1892,  1 56 

SPIERS  & POND’S  REFRIGERATING  ARCH,  London,  England, 2 orders,  188S-1S90,  7 640 

LEADENHALL  MARKET  COLD  STORAGE  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  London,  England,  . Jan.,  1887,  1 65 

FOREIGN  ANIMALS  CATTLE  MARKET,  Deptford,  London,  England Mar.,  1889,  1 105 

T HE  LIVERPOOL  COLD  STORAGE  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Liverpool,  England,  Oct.,  1890,  2 284 

LIVERPOOL  COLD  STORAGE  \\I>  ICE  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Liverpool,  England,  Oct.,  1893,  2 280 

HASLAM  FOUNDRY  AND  ENGINEERING  CO.,  L’T’D,  Derby,  Eng. , for  the  Continent,  June,  1893,  1 172 

MANCHESTER  CORPORATION,  Manchester,  England,  Nov.,  1893,  3 420 

COMPAGNIE  INDUSTRIELLE  DES  PROCEDLs  RAOUL  PICTET,  Paris,  France,  Aug.,  1891,  1 32 

M.  PELLERIN,  Refrigerating,  Paris,  France,  April,  1892,  2 106 

ENRIQUE  LAPPE,  Ice  Making,  Malaga,  Spain,  . . May,  1892,  1 11 

M.  RODRIGUES  DE  CELLS  & CO.,  Madrid,  Spain, Dec.,  1893,  1 52 

\RNHEIMSCHE  KRISTAL-YS  FABRIC,  Ice,  Amheim,  Holland, Mar.,  1890,  1 13 

THE  AUSTRALIAN  CHILLING  AND  FREEZING  COMPANY,  London  and  Australia,  . Oct.,  1890,  4 384 

THE  QUEENSTOWN  MEAT  EXPORT  & AGENCY  CO.,  L’T’D,  Brisbane,  Queensland,  2 orders,  1891,  12  1,152 

NELSON  BROTHERS,  LIMITED,  London,  England,  and  Tomoana,  New  Zealand,  5 orders,  1888-1890,  10  1.318 

WELLINGTON  MEAT  EXPORT  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Wellington,  New  Zealand,  April,  1891,  1 104 

M.  MEIJER,  Ice  Manufacturing,  Batavia,  Java,  . ..  April,  1892,  1 52 

SOClETE  FRIGORIFIQUE  DE  JAFFA,  Palestine, Dec.,  1892,  1 96 

ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS. 

Boilers . //./’. 

WEST  END  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Boston,  Mass..  4 orders,  1SS0-1892,  38  9 500 

LYNN  AND  BOSTON  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Lynn,  Mass.,  . 2 orders,  1892,  8 2,000 

LYNN  AND  BOSTON  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Chelsea,  Mass 2 orders,  1.892.  8 2000 

GLOBE  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Fall  River,  Mass Feb.,  1892,  3 675 

HAVERHILL  AND  GROVELAND  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY.  Haverhill,  Mass.,  . Sept.,  1892,  3 630 

THE  MERRIMAC  VALLEY  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Lawrence,  Mass..  t orders.  189,-1893,  5 896 

THE  TAUNTON  STREET  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Taunton,  Mass Mar.,  1893,  2 368 

NEWTON  AND  BOSTON  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Newtonville,  Mass..  Mar.,  1S93,  2 244 

SPRINGFIELD  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Mass.,  . Jan.,  1S94,  3 750 

THE  PORTLAND  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Portland,  Me.,  April,  1S91,  2 250 


129 


Babcock  Sl  Wilcox  Boilers  at  the  Central  Station  of  the  West  End  Street  Railway  Company  '’Electric),  Boston,  Mass  6,000  H.  P. 

in  operation  and  in  process  of  erection. 


Central  Power  Station 
West  End  Street  Ry.  Co. 
Boston  Mass. 


r 

r 

A 

1 

TH  K INION  RAM. ROAD  COMPANV,  Providence,  R.  I 
UNION  RAILWAY  COMPANY.  New  York, 

THE  BROOKLYN  CITY  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

CONEY  ISLAND  AND  BROOKLYN  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Brooklyn.  N.  Y. , 
ATLANTIC  AYKNCE  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  NY, 

STEIN  WAY  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Long  Island  City,  N.  Y„ 

THE  ALBANY  RAILWAY,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  ~ 

TROY  AND  LANSINGBURO  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Troy,  N.  Y. , 

BUFFALO  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY.  Buffalo.  N Y., 

CROSSTOWN  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Buffalo,  N.  V., 

Bl  Ff  \ l.o,  |:l  LI  E VI  E AND  I ANCASTKR  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Buffalo,  N. 
ROCHESTER  RAILWAY  COMPANY.  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  . 

STATEN  ISLAND  POWER  COMPANY,  Staten  Island,  N Y , 

SEASHORE  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  C 'M  PAN  Y,  Asbury  Park,  N.  J 

CAMDEN,  GLOUCESTER  AND  WOODBURY  ELECTRIC  RAILROAD  COMP 

Gloucester,  N.  J., 

CONSOLIDATED  TRACTION  COMPAN  Y,  Jersey  City,  N.  J . 

PHILADELPHIA  TRACTION  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

PEOPLE'S  TRACTION  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  ... 

ELECTRIC  TRACTION  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  , 

PITTSBURGH  AND  BIRMINGHAM  TRACTION  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa..  . 

BRADDOCK  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Braddock,  Pa., 

EC  KINGTON  AND  SOLDIERS’  HOME  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Washington,  D. 
GLEN  ECHO  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Washington,  E>.  C. 

ROCK  CREEK  RAILWAY  COMPANY.  Washington,  D.  C 


Boilers. 

//./’. 

2 orders,  1892-1893, 

8 

2.0CO 

2 orders,  1891-1892, 

6 

1.500 

8 orders,  1891-1893, 

CO 

165OO 

Mar.,  1890, 

2 

500 

2 orders,  1892-1893, 

12 

3 coo 

Feb.,  1893, 

4 

I ,oco 

3 orders,  1889-1892, 

7 

990 

3 0 rd  e rs , 1 S89- 1891, 

5 

864 

2 orders,  1890-1893, 

8 

2,000 

June,  1893, 

IO 

2,500 

, . June,  1893, 

I 

i go 

2 orders,  1891-1892, 

2 

8c8 

Mar.,  1892, 

IO 

3.28° 

Mar.,  1892, 

\ \ 

2 

64O 

April,  1S93, 

3 

750 

Dec.,  1893, 

2 

500 

Mar.,  1893, 

I u 

6.  coo 

Oct.,  1893, 

12 

4,800 

Oct.,  1893, 

4 

X ,CCO 

July,  1890, 

4 

I.CCO 

June,  1S92, 

1 

164 

Jan.,  1889, 

1 

■36 

2 orders,  1890-1891, 

3 

312 

3 

375 

B.  & W.  Boilers  at  Albany  Railway  (Electric),  Albany,  N.  Y.  Erected  1889, 


THE  CINCINNATI,  NEWPORT  AND  COVINGTON  RAILWAY,  Newport,  Ky., 
THE  CINCINNATI  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY.  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  . . . 

THE  COLUMBUS  STREET  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Columbus,  Ohio, 

SANDUSKY,  MILAN  AND  HURON  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  COMPANY.  Sandusky 
INTRAMURAL  RAILWAY,  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION,  Chicago,  111  . 

AURORA  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Aurora,  111 

STREATOR  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Strcator,  111., 

URBANA  AND  CHAMPAIGN  ELECTRIC  STREET  RAILWAY  C< ).,  Champaign,  III., 

CITIZENS’  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Indianapolis,  Ind 

THE  DOUGLASS  COUNTY  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  West  Superior,  Wis„ 
MARINETTE  GAS,  ELECTRIC  LIGHT  AND  STREET  RAILWAY  CO.,  Marinette, 

PEOPLE’S  STREET  RAILWAY,  St.  Joseph,  Mo., 

THE  NORTHEAST  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 

UNION  DEPOT  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 

NEGAUNEE  AND  ISHPEMING  ST.  RY.  & ELECTRIC  CO.,  Negaunee,  Micli.,  . 

ST.  PAUL  CITY  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  St.  Paul,  Minn 

ST.  PAUL  AND  WHITE  BEAR  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  St.  Paul,  Minn., 

DULUTH  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Duluth,  Minn.,  . 

THE  AUGUSTA  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Augusta,  Ga 

SAVANNAH  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Savannah,  Ga.,  . . 

TAMPA  STREET  RAILWAY  AND  POWER  COMPANY,  Tampa,  Fla., 

NEW  ORLEANS  AND  CARROLLTON  RAILROAD,  New  Orleans,  La., 

HOUSTON  CITY  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Houston,  Texas. 

CITIZENS’  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Waco,  Texas, 

SAN  DIEGO  ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  San  Diego,  Cal., 

LEEDS  TRAMWAY  COMPANY,  Leeds,  England, 

COVENTRY  ELECTRIC  TRAMWAYS,  Coventry.  England, 

BRUSSELS  ELECTRIC  TRAMWAY,  Brussels,  Belgium, 

THOMSON-HOUSTON  INTERNATIONAL  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  for  German  Tr. 

Hamburg,  Germany, .... 

KiEW  ELECTRIC  TRAMWAY,  Kiew  Germany,  . 


Boilers. 

H.r. 

Nov.,  1S92, 

4 

544 

5 orders,  1890-1893, 

8 

3.300 

2 orders,  1890-1893, 

G 

1.039 

, Ohio,  April,  1893, 

2 

272 

June,  1892, 

10 

2.040 

2 orders,  1890-1892, 

4 

83? 

April,  1S90, 

2 

208 

2 orders,  1893-1894, 

3 

728 

Aug. , 1S91 , 

2 

600 

June,  1891. 

3 

445 

Wis.,  Nov.,  1892, 

1 

150 

2 orders,  1889-1893, 

5 

1 .040 

Sept.,  1S89, 

2 

250 

June,  1S93, 

4 

1. 000 

2 orders,  1891-1892, 

3 

344 

April,  1S90, 

8 

2,176 

Mar.,  1S92, 

2 

184 

Mar.,  1893, 

1 

240 

2 orders,  1S90-1892, 

3 

550 

Mar.,  1892, 

2 

500 

Feb.,  1893, 

1 

150 

May,  1892, 

4 

624 

Mar.,  1892, 

1 

164 

A.ug.,  1S90, 

2 

240 

2 orders,  1S92, 

3 

312 

July,  1891, 

1 

192 

May,  1893, 

2 

212 

2 oiders,  1892-1893, 

6 

950 

imways, 

2 orders,  1891, 

2 

246 

Aug.,  1893, 

3 

420 

Boilers. 

HP. 

CHRISTIANIA  ELECTRIC  TRAMWAYS,  Christiania,  Norway, 

May,  1893, 

2 

172 

BILBAO  ELECTRIC  TRAMWAYS,  Bilbao,  Spain, 

Feb.,  1889, 

2 

146 

MADRAS  ELECTRIC  TRAMWAY  COMPANY,  L’T’D,  Madras,  India,  . 

May,  1893, 

8 

848 

EAGLEHAWK  ELECTRIC  TRAMWAY  COMPANY',  Sandhurst,  Victoria,  > 

s.  w., 

April,  1889, 

3 

90 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  Pencoyd  Iron  Works,  in  process  of  erection.  Another  tier  to  go  above  those  shown. 

PIANO  AND  ORGAN  MANUFACTURERS. 


1ALLF.T  & DAVIS  COMPANY,  P.oston,  Mass., 

1ALLET  & DAVIS  COMPANY,  "National,"  or  Moore  Boile 
i.  SHONINGEK  COMPANY.  New  Haven,  Conn., 

V.  W.  KIMBALL  & COMPANY,  Chicago,  111.,  • 

C GASPARINI,  Paris,  France,  

tlAHILLON  ET  CIE,  Brussels,  Belgium, 
i.  GUTSCHOW,  Berlin,  Germany,  . . 


r it/  07 


2 orders,  18 


Be 

iters.  HP. 

, 1881-1888, 

2 218 

May,  1889, 

1 184 

Oct.,  1891, 

1 285 

Oct.,  1892, 

1 >5 

Sept.,  1892, 

1 35 

Mar.,  1887, 

1 35 

IRON  AND  STEEL  WORKS. 


TROY  IRON  AND  ST  KM.  COMPANY,  Troy,  N.  Y.. 

SWKKT’S  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.. 

NFAV  H A V 10  N ROM. INC  Mll.l.  COMPANY,  New  Haven,  Conn, , 

NKW  JKRSKY  STKKI.  AND  IRON  COMPANY,  Trenton,  V J ., 
DELAWARE  ROLLING  MII.I.,  Phillipsburg,  N.  J., 

PENCOYD  IRON  WORKS,  Pencoyd,  Pa 

PENNSYLVANIA  STEEL  COMPANY,  ISlast  Furnace,  Steehon,  Pa., 
PENNSYLVANIA  STEF  I . COMPANY,  Bessemer  Department,  Steehon,  Pa., 
MARYLAND  STEEL  COMPANY,  Blast  Furnace,  Sparrows  Point,  Md., 

MARYLAND  STEEL  COM  PAN \ , Rail  Mill,  Sparrows  Point,  Md 

MARYLAND  STEEL  COMPANY,  Ship  Yard,  Sparrows  Point,  Md., 
MARYLAND  STEEL  COMPANY,  Machine  Shop,  Sparrows  Point,  Md., 

Total, 


CAM  BRIA 
CAMBRIA 
CAMBRIA 
CAMBRIA 
CAMBRIA 
CAMBRIA 


IRON  COMPANY,  Johnstown,  Pa.,  Blast  Furnaces. 

IRON  COMPANY,  Billet  Mill, 

IRON  COMPANY,  Gautier  Steel  Department, 
IRON  COMPANY,  Waterworks  Station,  . 

IRON  COMPANY,  Coal  Mining,  ... 

IRON  COMPANY,  Incline  Cable  Railway, 


Total, 


If  oilers.  HP. 


3 orders,  1SS5-1888, 

12 

1 ,786 

4 orders,  1881-18S3, 

4 

344 

2 orders,  1889-1893, 

3 

404 

2 orders,  1885-1892, 

4 

416 

June,  1882, 

1 

82 

7 orders,  1881-1S93, 

21 

3,228 

7 

1.500 

4 

1 ,000 

32 

8.000 

28 

6,628 

3 

338 

3 

338 

2 orders,  1887-1892, 

77 

18.004 

12 

3,000 

10 

2,480 

12 

3.000 

2 

272 

4 

454 

3 

234 

\ orders,  1883-1890, 

36 

7730 

The  Babcock  & Wilcox  Co,,  San  Francisco  Branch,  San  Francisco  Tool  Company. 


THE  H AINSWORTH  STEEL  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa 

3 

orders,  1883-1891, 

7 

1 416 

CARNEGIE  STEEL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Lucy  Furnaces,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

4 

orders,  1883-1893, 

13 

3 457 

CARNEGIE  STEEL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Upper  Union  Mills, 

3 

orders,  1884-1894, 

6 

1 ,916 

CARNEGIE  STEEL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Beaver  Falls  Mills 

2 

orders,  1882-1883, 

4 

544 

CARNEGIE  STEEL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Homestead  Mills, 

9 

orders,  1892-1S93, 

42 

10,500 

CARNEGIE  STEEL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Duquesne  Mills,  

Oct.,  1892, 

4 

1,000 

CARNEGIE  STEEL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Edgar  Thompson  Steel  Works, 

3 

orders,  1S92-1S94, 

12 

3.250 

Total, 

22 

orders,  1882-1894, 

81 

20.667 

DUQUESNE  FORGE  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa 

July,  1889, 

2 

262 

JONES  & LAUGH  LI  NS,  LIMITED,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  . 

s 

orders,  1889-1892, 

27 

6,750 

OLIVER  IRON  AND  STEEL  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

6 orders,  1891-1892, 

13 

2.105 

BROWN  & COMPANY,  INCORPORATED,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.. 

Dec..  1892, 

4 

1. 000 

THE  CARRIE  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

orders,  1893-1894, 

4 

1,000 

THOMAS  IRON  COMPANY,  Easton,  Pa., 

June,  1893, 

1 

250 

JOHNSON  COMPANY,  Johnstown,  Pa 

3 orders,  1892. 

4 

800 

TACONY  IRON  AND  METAL  COMPANY,  Taconv,  Pa  , . . 

Oct.,  1892, 

1 

51 

CATASAUQUA  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Catasauqua,  Pa.. 

2 

orders,  1881-1883, 

2 

202 

CHICK I ES  IRON  COMPANY,  Chickies,  Pa 

2 

orders,  18S7-1S88, 

4 

512 

COLUM BI A ROLLI NG  MILL  COMPANY,  Vesta  Furnace, Watts,  Pa. (P.(  >. . Marietta, Pa 

orders,  18S7-1890, 

2 

272 

POTTSVI LI.E  IRON  AND  STEEL  COMPANY,  Pottsville,  Pa.. 

orders,  1884-1885, 

3 

35° 

MAHONING  ROLLING  MILL  COMPANY,  Danville,  Pa., 

2 

250 

Sardinia  Street  Electric  Light  Station,  Lincoln's  Inn,  London,  England.  2,520  H.  P.  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers.  Erected  1888-1890. 


Boilers, 

McCORMICK  & COMPANY,  Paxton  Furnaces,  Harrisburgh,  Pa ....  Oct.,  1884,  2 

R.  H.  COLEMAN,  Lochiel  Furnace,  Harrisburgh,  Pa., Oct.,  1884,  2 

BIRD  COLEMAN  FURNACES,  Cornwall,  Pa., 3 orders,  1886-1888,  8 

LEBANON  FURNACES,  Lebanon,  Pa., 2 orders,  1885-1886,  4 

J.  & R.  MEILY,  Lebanon,  Pa., . Feb.,  1887,  2 

PERKINS  & COMPANY,  Mabel  Furnace,  Sharpsville,  Pa.,  . . 2 orders,  1890,  3 

SPEARMAN  IRON  COMPANY,  Sharpsville,  Pa., June,  1892,  2 

SHARPSVILLE  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Sharpsville,  Pa. Oct.,  1892,  2 

MOORHEAD  BROTHERS  & COMPANY,  Sharpsburgh,  Pa., Dec.,  1890,  1 

POTTSTOWN  IRON  COMPANY,  Pottstovvn,  Pa., 2 orders,  1889,  4 

LICKDALE  IR<>\  COMPANY,  Lickdale,  Pa., ....  2 orders,  1887-1892,  4 

MARSHALL  BROTHERS  & COMPANY,  Newport,  Pa., June,  1888,  2 

NORTH  CORNWALL  FURNACE,  Cornwall,  Pa., 2 orders,  1889,  2 

LONGMEAD  IRON  WORKS,  Conshohocken,  Pa. 2 orders,  1882-1887,  4 

ROBESONIA  IRON  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Robesonia,  Pa.,  ....  2 orders,  1885-1889,  4 

ISABELLA  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Etna,  Pa., Mar.,  1890,  2 

LAI  ROBE  STEEL  WORKS,  Latrobe,  Pa., 3 orders,  1888-1889,  8 

W.  DEWEES  WOOD  COMPANY,  Sheet  Iron  and  Steel,  McKeesport,  Pa.,  . . . Feb.,  1892,  3 

MIDVALE  STEEL  COMPANY,  Nicetown,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 2 orders,  1881-1892,  4 

HUGHES  & PATTERSON,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  ...  Jan.,  1886,  2 

McDANIEL  & HARVEY  COMPANY,  Sheet  Iron,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  ...  June,  1882,  1 

McCULLOUGH  IRON  COMPANY,  Wilmington,  Del., 4 orders,  1874-1882,  14 

McCULLOUGH  IRON  COMPANY,  North  East,  Md., 5 orders,  1880-1890,  7 

McCULLOUCH  IRON  COMPANY,  Carbon  Station,  Md.,  April,  1884,  1 

OLD  DOMINION  IRON  AND  NAIL  WORKS  COMPANY,  Richmond,  Va.,  . . 2 orders,  1886-1888,  3 

D.  S.  COOK,  Princess  Furnace,  Glen  Wilton,  Va., 2 orders,  1887-1889,  3 

IVANHOE  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Ivanhoe  Furnace,  Va., Sept.,  1889,  1 

WHEELING  STEEL  AND  IRON  COMPANY,  Wheeling,  W.  Va., 2 orders,  1890-1893,  8 

FRANK  LYMAN,  Covington,  Va.,  Aug.,  1892,  4 

NORTON  IRON  WORKS,  Ashland,  Ky.,  Mar.,  1892,  2 

TENNESSEE  COAL,  IRON  AND  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  South  Pittsburgh,  Tenn.,  . May,  1887,  4 

NASHVILLE  IRON,  STEEL  AND  CHARCOAL  COMPANY,  West  Nashville,  Tenn.,  . . Mar.,  1887,  4 

CHEROKEE  IRON  COMPANY,  Cedartown,  Ga., Feb.,  1886,  2 

SHEFFIELD  AND  BIRMINGHAM  COAL,  IRON  AND  RAILROAD  CO.,  Sheffield,  Ala.,  Feb.,  1887,  12 

GADSDEN  ALABAMA  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Gadsden,  Ala.,  Mar.,  1887,  4 

DECATUR  LAND  IMPROVEMENT  AND  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Decatur,  Ala.,  . April,  1887,  4 

SLOSS  STEEL  AND  IRON  COMPANY,  North  Birmingham,  Ala., Mar.,  1887,  8 

SHELBY  IRON  COMPANY,  Shelby,  Ala. July,  1888,  4 

THOMAS  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Niles,  Ohio, May,  1891,  2 

WELLSTON  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Wellston,  Ohio,  . Mar.,  1892,  2 

UNION  ROLLING  MILLS,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  ....  . . Dec.,  1891,  6 

JEFFERSON  IRON  WORKS,  Steubenville,  Ohio,  .....  . . June,  1893,  2 

CLAIRE  FURNACE  COMPANY,  L’T’D,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  . Oct.,  1893,  1 

ILLINOIS  STEEL  COMPANY,  South  Chicago,  111.,  May,  1893,  4 

NEWBERRY  FURNACE  COMPANY,  Newberry,  Mich.,  Aug.,  1891,  1 

ASHLAND  IRON  AND  STEEL  COMPANY,  Ashland,  Wis.,  April,  1890,  1 

MINNESOTA  BLAST  FURNACE  COMPANY,  West  Duluth,  Minn.,  Jan.,  1893,  2 

AIKEN,  McNEIL  & COMPANY,  Colonial  Iron  Works,  Govan,  Scotland,  ....  2 orders,  1888-1889,  3 

DOWLAIS  IRON  COMPANY,  Dowlais,  Glamorganshire,  Scotland,  July,  1890,  1 

DAVID  COLVILLE  & SONS,  Motherwell,  Scotland,  4 orders,  1883-1893,  21 

STEEL  COMPANY  OF  SCOTLAND,  Blochaim  and  Newton,  Scotland,  8 orders,  1883-1891,  16 

WOODSIDE  STEEL  AND  IRON  COMPANY,  Coatbridge,  Scotland, 2 orders,  1883-1886,  2 

THE  SUMMERLEE  & MOSSEND  IRON  AND  s i l l I < OMPANY,  Mossend,  Scotland,  Sept.,  1888,  5 

A.  & J.  STEWART  AND  CLYDESDALE,  L’T’D,  Mossend,  Scotland, Sept.,  1893,  5 

ARROLS  BRIDGE  AND  ROOF  CO.,  L’T’D,  Germiston  Iron  Works,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Nov.,  1893,  1 

WM.  BEARDMORE  & COMPANY,  Parkhead,  Scotland,  Oct.,  1888,  1 

THE  KIRKSTALL  FORGE  COMPANY,  Kirkstall,  England,  5 orders,  1888-1892,  5 

EDGAR  ALLEN  & COMPANY,  Steel  Manufacturers,  Sheffield,  England, June,  1890,  1 

MATHEW  J.  HART  & SONS,  Tin  Plate,  Argyle  Works,  Birmingham,  England.  . Oct.,  1891,  1 

TAYLOR  & CH ALLEN,  Birmingham,  England, Dec.,  1893,  1 

NETTLEFOLDS,  L’T’D,  Castle  Works,  Newport  Iron,  England, Sept.,  1S93,  1 

RICHARD  THOMAS  & CO.,  L’T’D,  Iron  and  Tin  Plate,  Lydney,  Gloucestershire,  England,  June,  1891,  3 

THE  RHYMNEY  IRON  COMPANY,  Rhymnev,  England, 3 orders,  Mar.  and  Nov.,  1889,  17 

THE  GWENDRAETH  TIN  PI  \II  COMPANY,  Kidwelly,  Wales June,  1891,  2 

THE  BRYMBO  STEEL  COMPANY,  L’T’D,  Brymbo,  near  Wrexham,  Wales,  2 orders,  1889-1891,  4 

W.  GILBERTSON  & CO.,  L’T’D,  Steel  and  Tin  Plate,  Pontardame,  near  Swansea,  Wales,.  Dec.,  1882,  1 

ROBERT  WILLIAMS  & SONS,  LIMITED,  Hay,  Wales June,  1893,  1 

SOCILt£  ANONYME  DES  FERS  ET  ACIERS,  ROBERT,  Paris,  France,  April,  1891,  1 

ESCHGER,  GHESQUIERE  & COMPANY,  Rolling  Mill,  Biache  St.  Waast,  France,  Jan.,  1890,  1 

MARREL  FRERES,  Forge  Masters,  Etainge,  France,  . Feb.,  1890,  1 

GOUVY  ET  CIE,  Dieulouard,  France,  2 orders,  1S92-1S93,  2 

LA  SOCIETE  ANONYME  DES  USINES  DE  ROSIERES,  Rosieres,  France July,  1S93,  1 

LA  SOCIEDAD  MATERIAL  PARA  FERRO  CARRILES  Y CONSTRUCCIONES, 

Barcelona,  Spain Feb.,  1893,  1 

CIA.  ANONIMA.  “BASCONIA,”  Bilbao,  Spain Aug.,  1893,  2 

LA  SOCIETY  ANONYME  DE  LA  FABRIQUE  DE  FER  D’OUGREE,  Ougree,  Belgium,  Feb.,  iSqo,  i 

SOCl£T£  INDUSTRIALS  NAPOLETANA,  Naples,  Italy,  July,  1885,  1 

SOCIETA  METALLURGICA  ITALIAN  A,  Livorno,  Italy,' Nov.,  1892,  1 


//.  1\ 

416 

416 

1,260 

970 

208 

750 

500 

500 

146 

416 

658 

272 

480 

241 

960 

500 

1,664 

202 

772 

208 

100 

700 

758 

45 

408 

468 

184 

2.000 
846 
500 
624 
480 
480 

1.872 

624 

292 

1,248 

292 

250 

190 

354 

500 

250 

1 .000 
104 
no 
300 
318 

70 

2.556 

2,667 

186 

700 

620 

86 

140 

346 

30 

106 

76 

212 

528 

C734 

496 

252 

86 

86 

l6g 

106 

140 

IOO 

64 

I52 

320 

82 

140 

92 


135 


Spreckels  Sugar  Refinery,  Philadelphia.  9,000  H.  P.  of  Babcock  ii  Wilcox  Boilers  now  in  use|  to  have  15,000  H.  P.  when  completed, 


Boilers. 

C.  HAUPT.  Stendal,  Germany,  ...  . . . July,  1S89,  1 

BRJANSK  IRON  WORKS,  Bejitza,  Russia,  Feb. , 1 887 , 1 

YYKSOUNSKY  IRON  WORKS,  Mouram,  Russia, Mar.,  1890,  1 

W.  L.  FANSMITH,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, April,  1893,  3 

soch£t£  DES  FORGES  AND  ACIERIES  DE  DONETZ  A DROVJKOWKA, 

Ekaterinoslav,  Russia, June,  1893,  1 

LA  SOCltfTE  ANONVMA  DES  FORGES  ET  ACIERIES  DE  H UTA-BANKOWA, 

Dombrowa,  Poland,  Aug.,  1892,  1 

LA  COMPANHIA  NACIONAL  DE  FORJAS  E ESTALEIROS,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  Sept.,  1891,  3 


STEEL  AND  IRON  TUBING. 

Boilers. 

NATIONAL  TUBE  WORKS  COMPANY,  McKeesport,  Pa., 5 orders,  1887-1893,  13 

THE  TYLER  TUBE  AND  PIPE  COMPANY,  Washington,  Pa.,  2 orders,  1890-1893,  4 

AMERICAN  TUBE  AND  IRON  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Pa.,  Jan.,  1888,  1 

JAMES  EADIE  & SONS,  Tube  Makers,  Rutherglen,  Scotland,  May,  1883,  1 

JAMES  MENZIES  & COMPANY,  Tube  Makers,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  . . . ..  Oct.,  1883,  1 

A.  & J.  STEWART,  LIMITED,  Tube  Makers,  Coatbridge,  Scotland,  May,  1889,  1 

JAMES  ALLAN,  Tube  Maker,  Coatbridge,  Scotland,  2 orders,  1883-1884,  2 

J.  G.  STEWART,  Souterhouse,  West  Coatbridge,  Scotland,  ...  Jan.,  1889,  1 

JOHN  RUSSELL  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Tube  Works,  Wallsall,  England,  2 orders,  1889-1890,  4 

ALBERT  HAHN,  Tube  Maker,  Diisseldorf,  Germany, Feb.,  1890,  2 

SOClETE  RL^SSE  DE  FABRICATION  DE  TUBES,  Ekaterinoslav,  Russia, Feb.,  1893,  1 

SOCIEDAD  ANONIMA  “TUBOS  FORJADOS,”  Bilbao,  Spain,  June,  1893,  1 

SOCIEDAD  TUBOS  FORJADOS,  Bilbao,  Spain,  July,  1893,  1 


WIRE  WORKS. 

WASHBURN  & MOEN  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Worcester,  Mass. 

For  NEW  WORKS  at  Waukegan,  111 

TRENTON  IRON  COMPANY,  Trenton,  N.  J., 

OLIVER  & ROBERTS  WIRE  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
STANDARD  UNDERGROUND  CABLE  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  . . 

THE  PITTSBURGH  WIRE  COMPANY,  Braddock,  Pa. 

IOWA  BARB  WIRE  COMPANY,  Allentown,  Pa., 

BRADDOCK  WIRE  COMPANY,  Rankin,  Pa 

WALTER  GLOVER  & COMPANY,  Salford  Wire  Works,  Manchester,  England, 
W.  T.  GLOVER,  Salford,  England,  ... 

TH.  GIRARD  ET  CIE,  Hemixem,  Belgium, ... 


Boilers. 

2 orders,  1891,  16 

5 orders,  1880-1889,  7 

7 orders,  1882-1891,  16 

. . May,  1893,  2 

4 orders,  1890-1892,  10 

2 orders,  1886-1890,  5 

2 orders,  1890,  4 

Dec.,  1891,  1 

. . Dec.,  1893,  1 

April,  1893,  1 


FOUNDRIES. 


Boilers. 


TURNER  & SEYMOLTR  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Torrington,  Conn.,  . 2 orders,  1880-1881, 

THE  J.  L.  MOTT  IRON  WORKS,  New  York May,  1891, 

T.  SHRIVER  & COMPANY,  Fine  Castings,  and  Copying  Presses,  New  York. April,  1882, 

W.  AMES  & COMPANY,  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Nov.,  1884, 

A.  H.  McNEAL,  Pipe  Founder.  Burlington,  N.  J., Sept.,  1884, 

BLACK  & GERMER,  Stoves,  Erie,  Pa., Oct.,  1883, 

DANVILLE  STOVE  AND  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY.  Danville,  Pa., Oct.,  1887, 

McCONWAY  & TORLEY  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., June  1891, 

JAMES  E.  THOMAS,  Founder,  Newark,  Ohio, Aug.,  1882, 

UNION  FOUNDRY  AND  CAR  WHEEL  WORKS,  Pullman,  111 JuW.  1881, 

NATIONAL  MALLEABLE  CASTINGS  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111.. June,  1892, 

N.  E.  AYER  & COMPANY,  Iron  Founders,  Portland,  Oregon Feb.,  1892, 

THE  BRITISH  HYDRAULIC  FOUNDRY  COMPANY,  Whiteinch,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  . July,  1891, 

THE  PATENT  SAND-MOULDING  MACHINE  COMPANY,  Glasgow  and  Kilbowie,  Scotland,  Dec.,  1890, 

ARROLL  BROTHERS,  Glasgow,  Scotland, April,  1883, 

THE  CARRON  COMPANY,  Iron  Founders,  Falkirk,  Scotland.  Dec.,  1S83, 

J.  & J.  BOYDE.  Iron  Founders,  Shettleston,  Scotland,  2 orders,  1883-1887, 

HASLAM  FOUNDRY  COMPANY,  Derby,  England,  3 orders,  18S9-1SS1, 

BRADLEY  & CRAVEN,  Founders,  Wakefield,  England,  Dec.,  1887, 

F.  W.  FRIEDBERG,  Pipe  Founder,  Neustadt,  Eberswald,  Germany,  Mar.,  1890, 


3 

2 

2 


2 

2 

6 


NAILS,  SCREWS,  BOLTS,  Etc. 


Boilers. 

AMERICAN  SCREW  COMPANY,  Providence,  R.  I April,  1891,  2 

PHCENIX  HORSESHOE  COMPANY,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  June,  1888,  1 

PORTCHESTER  BOLT  AND  NUT  COMPANY,  Portchester,  N.  \ . July,  1882,  1 

W.  AMES  & COMPANY,  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  Nov.,  18S4,  1 

READING  BOLT  & NUT  WORKS,  J.  H.  Sternbergh  & Sons,  Reading,  Pa  . . Sept  1886,  1 

PENNSYLVANIA  BOLT  AND  NUT  COMPANY,  Lebanon,  Pa..  2 orders,  1892-1893,  6 

BELLAIRE  NAIL  WORKS,  Bellaire,  Ohio,  . . Nov.,  1892,  2 

DETROIT  MACHINE  SCREW  WORKS,  Detroit,  Mich Feb.,  1893,  1 

THE  CAPEWELL  HORSE-NAIL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  London,  England,  April,  1890,  1 

THE  BRITISH  SCREW  COMPANY,  Leeds,  England,  . . June,  1890,  2 

NETTLEFORDS,  LIMITED,  Screw  Makers,  Tydn,  Newport,  Monmouth,  Wales,  2 orders,  1891-1892,  3 

BAUER  & SCHAURTE,  Bolt  and  Nut  Works,  Neuss,  Germany,  . . . April,  1887,  1 


H.r. 

30 

35 

125 

744 

192 

155 

456 


H.r. 

3.156 

458 

51 

64 

104 

124 

268 

30 

480 

246 

86 

46 

76 


H. r. 

4,000 

481 

3.580 

150 

2,500 

780 

I, 000 

*5 

25 

76 


H.F. 

100 

312 

45 

240 

104 

92 

104 

300 

50 

60 

450 

240 

280 

100 

146 

416 

208 

425 

108 

60 


H.r. 

416 

146 

50 

240 

82 

698 

500 

132 

123 

320 

334 

136 


SUGAR  REFINERIES. 


BROOKLYN  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

DKCASTRO  & DONNER  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  V., 

HAVEMEYER  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

HAYERMEYERS  & ELDER  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y„  . 

MOLLENHAUER  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

MAI  I III  I "I  \ \ WIKI  HI  RS  s l GAR  Kll  1NING  < OMPANY,  Jersey  City,  N I 

FRANKLIN  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

E.  C.  KNIGHT  & COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  

PENNSYLVANIA  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

GROCERS’  SUGAR  HOUSE,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

SPRECKELS  SUGAR  REFINERY,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

BOSTON  SUGAR  REFINERY,  East  Boston,  Mass., 

BAY  STATE  SUGAR  REFINERY,  Boston,  Mass., 

STANDARD  SUGAR  REFINERY,  Boston,  Mass., 

FOREST  CITY  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Portland,  Me., 

AMERICAN  GLUCOSE  COMPANY,  Buffalo,  N.  Y , Works  A , 

AMERICAN  GLUCOSE  COMPANY,  Peoria,  111.,  Works  P., 

AMERICAN  GLUCOSE  COMPANY,  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  Works  L.,  


Boilers. 

H.P. 

6 orders, 

1876-1893, 

22 

4,928 

8 orders, 

1871-1888, 

21 

3.265 

7 orders, 

1871-1892, 

30 

6,260 

2 orders, 

1871-1872, 

8 

600 

3 orders, 

1891-1893, 

12 

2.880 

9 orders, 

1871-1889, 

25 

5 906 

9 orders, 

1871-1886, 

32 

6,218 

3 orders, 

1880-1887, 

8 

1 980 

Oct.,  1881, 

2 

250 

Oct.,  1881, 

2 

250 

2 orders, 

1888-1892, 

36 

9,000 

2 orders, 

l88o-l88l, 

5 

1,250 

2 orders, 

18S0-1887, 

5 

798 

4 orders, 

18SO-1893, 

13 

3.150 

2 orders, 

l88l-l887, 

5 

700 

6 orders, 

1879-18(^5, 

17 

3792 

2 orders, 

1880-1888, 

8 

1,960 

4 

500 

The  Babcock  &.  Wilcox  Co.,  Havana  Branch,  1161  Calle  de  la  Habana. 


THE  BALTIMORE  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Baltimore,  Md.,  . 

June,  1892, 

8 

1 .920 

CHICAGO  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111., 

5 

orders,  1880-1893, 

26 

5838 

ROCKFORD  GRAPE  SUGAR  COMPANY,  Rockford,  111  , 

2 

orders,  1882-1890, 

4 

900 

CHARLES  POPE  GLUCOSE  COMPANY,  Geneva,  111., 

July,  1890, 

2 

600 

BELCHER  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  St.  Louis,  Mo.. 

2 

orders,  1872-1881, 

9 

1.925 

ST.  JOSEPH  SUGAR  REFINERY,  St.  Joseph,  Mo 

2 

orders,  1880- 1881, 

4 

535 

FIRMINICH  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Marshalltown,  Iowa, 

2 

orders,  1880-1882, 

8 

I.25O 

LOUISIANA  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  New  Orleans,  La. 

5 

orders,  1883-1889, 

10 

2.4OO 

PLANTERS’  SUGAR  REFINERY,  New  Orleans,  La., 

4 

orders,  1882-1891, 

8 

1.732 

AMERICAN  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Block  X Refinery, 

3 

orders,  1891-1893, 

12 

2.880 

CHINO  VALLEY  BEET  SUGAR  COMPANY,  Chino,  Cal., 

. . Jan.,  1894, 

4 

960 

SAINT  LAWRENCE  SUGAR  REFINERY,  Montreal,  Canada, 

2 

orders,  1889-1890, 

3 

524 

NOVA  SCOTIA  SUGAR  REFINERY,  Halifax,  N.  S., 

3 

orders,  1882-1884, 

8 

808 

MONCTON  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Moncton.  N.  1!.. 

2 

orders,  1880-1885, 

3 

456 

REFINERIA  DE  AZUCAR  DE  CARDENAS,  Cardenas,  Cuba, 

ft 

orders,  1883—1886, 

■7 

2.177 

SAY  ET  CIE,  Paris,  France, 

Nov.,  1886, 

I 

■36 

BERNARD  NEVEUX,  Nantes,  France, 

May,  1887, 

I 

240 

SOClfiTE  ANOXYME  DES  SUCRERIES  ET  DISTILLERIES,  St.  Denis,  France, 

Mar.,  1889, 

2 

312 

A.  & B.  VAC.NIEZ,  Montieres  les  Amiens,  France,  

LA  SOCIIsTE  XOUVELLE  DES  RAFFIN' FRIES  DE  SUCRE  DE  ST.  LOUIS, 

July,  1889, 

3 

362 

Marseilles,  France, 

Feb.,  1893, 

2 

440 

LA  SUCRERIE  DE  LANDUN  L’ARDOISE,  Gard,  France, 

Mar.,  1893, 

I 

220 

BRUSSELS  REFINERY,  Brussels,  Belgium,  

Aug.,  1893, 

I 

140 

JULES  DE  COCK  & COMPANY,  Moerbeche,  Belgium, 

Oct.,  1889, 

2 

240 

- Boilers. 

SOC1KTE  ANOXVMA  SUCRERIF.  DE  BRUGLETTE,  Bruglette,  Belgium, May,  1892,  1 

NAAMLOOZE  VENNOOTSHAI*  DE  NEDERLANDSCHE  INDISCHE  INDUS- 
TRIE, Rotterdam,  Holland,  2 orders,  1893-1894,  2 

F/EDUC I A SUGAR  WORKS,  Copenhagen,  Denmark, June,  1892,  1 

DE  DANSKE  SUKKER  FABBRIKKER,  Copenhagen,  Denmark 2 orders,  1892-1893,  6 

ENGLISH-AUSTRIAN  SUGAR  REFINERIES,  LIMITED,  Aussig,  Bohemia,  Mar.,  1891,  20 

MIRET  & A.  M.  PLANAS,  Vich,  Spain, April,  1891,  4 

SALA  POU  V CIA.,  Barcelona,  Spain 3 orders,  1887-1888,  4 

PLANAS  ESCUBOS  HERMANOS,  Barcelona,  Spain . July,  18S8,  1 

RAFAEL  MORATO  Y CIA.,  Barcelona,  Spain,  ...  July,  18S9,  2 

SOCIETA  ANONIMA  RAFFINERIA  DI  ZUCCHERI,  Ancona,  Italy,  . 2 orders,  1S86-188S,  6 

KORJUKOFF  SUGAR  REFINERY,  Bogatoff,  Russia Aug.,  1889,  1 

PRINCE  WASSILTCHIKOFF,  Lisky,  Russia, July,  1890,  1 

THE  NOVO  TAVOLJANSKY  BEET  SUGAR  WORKS,  Bielgovod,  Gov’t  of  Karsk,  Russia,  Mar.,  1893,  2 

RAHEL  SACHS  SOHNE,  Kisilowka,  Russia,  May,  1893,  1 

PUGA  SUGAR  REFINERY,  Tepic,  Puebla,  Mexico, Nov.,  1883,  1 

ROSARIO  SUGAR  REFINERY,  Rosario,  Arg.  Rep 2 orders,  1888-1892,  4 

RECIPROCITY  SUGAR  COMPANY,  Hana,  Maui,  Hawaiian  Islands,  . Nov.,  1883,  1 

LEE  YEUN  SUGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  Hong  Kong,  China, Sept.,  1883,  1 


THE  AUSTRALASIA  SLTGAR  REFINING  COMPANY,  London,  and  Melbourne,  Australia,  Sept.,  1889,  5 


//.  P. 

96 


7. 


Yngenio  Central  Ysabel,  Media  Luna,  Manzanillo,  Cuba, 


SUGAR  PLANTATIONS. 


FLORIDA  SUGAR  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  St.  Cloud,  Florida.- 
NORTH  BEND  PLANTATION,  near  Centreville,  La., 

I >.  F.  KENNER,  Plantation,  Hermitage,  La., 

FOOS  & BARNETT,  Plantation,  Centreville,  La., 

R.  H.  VALE,  Ascension  Parish,  La., 

H.  C.  BOAS,  Alice  Plantation,  Bayou  Teche,  La., 

WILLIAM  H.  BALLARD,  Chatham  Plantation,  Ascension  Parish,  La., 

L.  A.  & C.  G.  ELLIS,  Southwood  Plantation,  Ascension  Parish,  La.,* 

L.  A.  & C.  G.  ELLIS,  Mt.  Houmas  Plantation,  Ascension  Parish,  La.,* 

J.  H.  PUTNAM,  Rose  Hill  Plantation,  Abbeville,  La., 

SCHMIDT  & ZIEGLER,  Willswood  Plantation,  New  Orleans,  La.,*  . . 

WELHAM  ESTATE,  St.  James  Parish,  La.,* 

EMILE  ROST,  New  Orleans,  La.,  ...  ... 

Yngenio  “PILAR,”  Artemisa,  Cuba,  . . 

Yngenio  “ TOLEDO,”  Marianao,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “ALCANCIA,”  Madau,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “ MONTANA,”  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba, 

Yugenio  “SAN  AGUSTIN,”  Bahia  Honda,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ROSARIO,”  Aguacate,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SAN  CLAUDIO,”  Cabanas,  Cuba,  

Yngenio  “ MERCEDITA,”  Cabanas,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ FORTUNA,”  Alquizar,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ASUNCION,”  Mariel,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ CONCH  ITA,”  Alfonso  NIL,  Cuba* 

Yngenio  “LAS  CANAS,”  Alfonso  XII.,  Cuba,* 


Boilers. 

2 orders,  18S7-1888,  5 

orders,  Mar.  and  Nov.,  1879,  4 

May,  1881,  2 

July,  1881,  1 

April,  1883,  2 

Mar.,  1S90,  1 

Mar.,  1883,  2 

4 orders,  1883-1886,  ) g 

. . . 2 orders,  1883-1886,  J 

April,  1S83,  1 

2 orders,  1886-1890,  3 

. . . 2 orders,  1886-1 888,  3 

May,  1893,  1 

Sept.,  1 888,  1 

4 orders,  18S8-1S92,  6 

April,  1891,  2 

Aug.,  1891,  1 

Aug.,  1892,  2 

2 orders,  1891-1892,  4 

July,  1SS1,  2 

. 2 orders,  1885-1891,  5 

July,  1883,  6 

July,  18S5,  2 

April,  1891,  4 

July,  1S91,  4 


Burning  green  bagasse  with  Cook's  Patent  Apparatus,  see  p.  59. 


g’Hsf'lb&i  ? I:  ■is  ! € 8 S 5 !&£  8 8 8 I S 5,1  £ 11  £ £ 8,5  3.  S’  8 8 


Yngenio  “COLISEO,”  Coliseo,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “ LA  VEGA,”  Guareira,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SAN  AGUSTIN,”  Matanzas,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “CENTRAL  DIANA,”  Matanzas,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SAN  MANUEL,”  Porto  Padre,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SAN  AGUSTIN,”  Quivican,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ MI  ROSA,”  Quivican.  Cuba,  

Yngenio  “ EMILIA,”  Giiines,  Cuba, . 

Yngenio  “JESUS  MARIA,”  Santa  Ana,  Cuba,* 

V g no  N l I STRA  SEftORA  DEL  ( \ R M I N , Union,  ( uba, 

Yngenio  “CARDENAS,”  Cardenas,  Cuba,  

Yngenio  “GRATITUD,”  Mauacas,  Cuba,  ...... 

Yngenio  “LIMONES,”  Limonar,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SAN  JOAQUIN,”  Pedroso,  Cuba, 

\ lgenio  1 SAN1  \ ( \ I \ I IN  \ " ( orral  Falso,  ( uba,* 

Yngenio  “SANTA  FILOMENA,”  Corral  Falso,  Cuba. 

Yngenio  “UNION,”  Cuevitas,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “SANTA  RITA,”  Baro,  Cuba,  

Yngenio  “SANTA  GERTRUDES,”  Bana guises,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SAN  LUCIANO,”  Macagua,  Cuba,  . . . 

Yngenio  “CENTRAL  MARIA,”  Calimeta,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “SOCORRO,”  Corralillo,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “SAN  JOSE,”  Melena,  Cuba,*  

Yngenio  “SANTA  TERESA,”  Sagua,  Cuba,*  

Yngenio  “SANTA  ISABEL,”  Sagua,  Cuba,  ... 

Yngenio  “ LUTGARDITA,”  Sagua,  Cuba,  

*(  EN  I R \ l \ S \ l • I I ,”  Media  I una,  Manzanillo,  ( uba,* 
Yngenio  “CEN  TEAL  TERESA,”  Ceiba  Hueca,  Manzanillo,  Cuba,1 

V - SAN  RAMON,”  Ma  tnillo,  Cuba, 

\ ngenio  “ CIENEGUITA,”  Abreus,  Cuba,* 

Yng  DOS  HERMANOS,”  Ci  1 >a,* 

Yngenio  “ ANDREITA,”  Cruces,  Cuba*, 

Yngenio  “TERESA,”  Cruces,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “CENTRAL  CARACAS,”  Cruces,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SANTA  CATALINA,”  Cruces,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ SAN  FRANCISCO,”  Cruces,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “ CONSTANCI A,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “ LEQUEITIO,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  CENTRA  I SAN  \GUSTI  N,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,* 
Yngenio  “SAN  LINO,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ SOLEDAD,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,  .... 

Yngenio  “ PORTUGALETE,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,*  

Yngenio  “CENTRAL  SAN  FERNANDO,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba, 
Yngenio  “CENTRAL  NATIVIDAD,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,  . 
Yngenio  “ MANUELITA,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,*  .... 

Yngenio  “SANTA  MARIA,”  Cienfuegos,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “ HORMIGUERO,”  Palmira,  Cuba, * 

Yngenio  “ PURIO,”  Calabazal,  Cuba,*  ... 

Yngenio  “ UNIDAD,”  Cifuenles,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SAN  JACINTO,”  Villa  Clara,  Cuba,  . 

Yngenio  “CANa.MABO,”  Trinidad,  Cuba 

Yngenio  “CENTRAL  NARCISA,”  Yagua jay,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “SAN  AUGUSTIN,”  Caibarien,  Cuba,*  . 

Yngenio  “SAN  FERNANDO,”  St.  Spiritus,  Cuba,  . 

Yngenio  “ NATIVIDAI),”  St.  Spiritus,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “CENTRAL  REDENCION,”  Nue vitas,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ LA  CAR  I DAD,”  Nuevitas,  Cuba 

Yngenio  “ EL  CONGRESO,”  Nuevitas,  Cuba,  . 

Yngenio  “SENADO.”  Nuevitas,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  ‘ CENTRAL  EL  LUGARENO,”  Nuevitas,  Cuba,* 

Yngenio  “ SAN  FERNANDO,”  Tunas,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ LUISA,”  Bemba,  Cuba 

Yngenio  “SANTA  LUCIA,”  Gibara,  Cuba.* 

Yngenio  “SAN  SEBASTIAN,”  Santiago,  Cuba.  . 

Yngenio  “ BELLEZA,”  Santiago,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “SABANILLA,”  Santiago,  Cuba,  . . 

Yngenio  “DOS  AMIGOS,”  Campechuela,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “SANTA  ROSA,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  . 

Yngenio  “SAN  ANTONIO,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba.* 

Yngenio  “ SOLEDAD,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ LOS  CAROS,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “SAN  JOSE,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ SAN  VINCENTE  ” Guantanamo.  Cuba. 

Yngenio  “ SANTA  MARIA,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  . 

Yngenio  “ SANTE  FE,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  . 

Yngenio  “ ISABEL,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba.*  . 


Boilers. 

nr. 

May,  1891, 

2 

69O 

June,  1890, 

2 

750 

Dec.,  1889, 

1 

150 

Mar.,  1892, 

6 

1,650 

July,  1892, 

2 

768 

2 orders,  1888-1889, 

3 

440 

2 orders,  1886-1892, 

3 

450 

2 orders,  1884-1885, 

3 

386 

2 orders,  1888-1890, 

3 

470 

Jan.,  1886, 

1 

I46 

Mar.,  1887, 

3 

233 

Aug.,  1883, 

2 

208 

April,  1890, 

4 

1,000 

2 orders,  1884-1891, 

6 

1 ,208 

4 orders,  1885-1888, 

7 

920 

. . . June,  1885, 

4 

416 

6 orders,  1879-1892, 

12 

2.040 

2 orders,  1886-1892, 

6 

1.484 

5 orders,  1885-1893, 

9 

2.450 

July,  1884, 

2 

208 

Jan.,  1886, 

2 

280 

May,  1885, 

2 

292 

June,  1892, 

2 

736 

4 orders,  188(7-1892, 

5 

I 560 

Sept.,  1885, 

I 

104 

. . Sept.,  1885, 

I 

104 

3 orders,  1886-1892, 

12 

>956 

2 orders,  1886-1889, 

5 

1. 168 

2 orders,  1882-1883, 

3 

3»2 

5 orders,  1882-1891, 

7 

I 058 

2 orders,  1887-1892, 

6 

1.548 

2 orders,  1880-1891, 

4 

1.500 

4 orders.  1884-1891, 

5 

780 

4 orders,  18(70-1891, 

7 

2.064 

April,  1891, 

2 

640 

July,  1891, 

2 

500 

10  orders,  1881-188(7, 

21 

3 012 

5 orders,  1887-1890, 

8 

1. 010 

3 orders,  1889-1890, 

8 

1,970 

Nov.,  1887, 

2 

292 

2 orders,  1888-1889, 

2 

312 

3 orders,  1888-1892, 

7 

1 324 

. . Oct.,  1889, 

I 

104 

. . Oct.,  188(7, 

I 

'5° 

Mar.,  1*92, 

4 

I 248 

2 orders,  1892-18(73, 

2 

490 

5 orders,  1881-1892, 

8 

1 424 

2 orders,  18(70-1891, 

2 

500 

5 orders,  1886-1892, 

5 

844 

. . Oct.,  1882, 

I 

104 

Sept.,  1885, 

2 

292 

5 orders,  18(70-1893, 

6 

I 651 

May,  1891, 

6 

1.500 

. . Oct.,  1886, 

1 

104 

Oct.,  1889, 

1 

104 

. . Jan.,  1883, 

2 

146 

2 orders,  1883-1889, 

3 

380 

7 orders,  1883-1885, 

7 

1.228 

3 orders,  1883-1886, 

4 

790 

4 

1,276 

July,  1890, 

I 

104 

Feb.,  1892, 

2 

480 

2 orders,  1887-1890, 

5 

1.335 

3 orders,  1884-18(70, 

3 

328 

May,  1881, 

2 

150 

I 

104 

2 orders,  1884-1886, 

4 

416 

July,  1881, 

I 

150 

4 orders,  1881-1894, 

6 

922 

3 orders,  1880-1888, 

4 

28: 

\ orders,  1883-1890, 

6 

68  3 

May,  1881, 

4 

300 

2 

I64 

5 orders,  1882-189 2, 

6 

750 

. . July,  1883, 

I 

146 

. . June,  1890, 

2 

64O 

Burning  green  bagasse  with  Cook’s  Patent  Apparatus,  see  p.  59. 


Yngenio  “SANTA  CECILIA,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba, 

\ ngenio  “ ROMELIE,”  (Iuantanamo,  Cuba,*  . 

Yngenio  “ CONKLUENTE,”  (Iuantanamo,  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ SAN  MIGUEL,”  Guantanamo,  Cuba,  . 

Yngenio  “ TERESA  ” (Marquis  tie  la  Gratitud),  Cuba, 

Yngenio  “ANGELINA,”  San  Domingo,  W.  I . 

Hacienda  “ FORTUNA,”  Porto  Rico, 

Hacienda  “ FLORIDA  YANCO,”  Porto  Rico, 

Hacienda  “ REPARADA,”  Porto  Rico, 

Hacienda  “ LOS  CANOS,”  Porto  Rico,  . 

Hacienda  “GUARACHA,”  Irapuato,  Mexico, 

Hacienda  “SAN  MARCOS,”  Jalisco,  Mexico, 

GARCIA  ICAZBALCETA  H ERMANOS,  City  of  Mexico, 

REMIGIO,  NORIEGA  Y HERMANOS,  Cuahuistla,  Mexico, 

SENOR  CARMONA,  Cuernavaca,  Mexico,  . . . . 

BE1STEGUI  AND  CARMONA,  Mexico,* 

T.  C.  GUERRA’S  SONS,  Hacienda  de  Santa  Ines,  Mexico, 

JOHN  DIAZ  RUBIN,  Yngenio  San  Felix  Rijo,  Puebla,  Mexico,* 

SERAPHIM  SALCEDOS,  Hacienda  de  Padernales,  Mexico, 

Y ngenio . Valence  de  Venezuela, 

Yngenio  “VICTORIA  EN  GRECIA,”  Costa  Rica, 

Yngenio  “ EL  SITIO,  ’ Costa  Rica, 

Y.  S.  CORNISH,  “HOPE  ” PLANTATION,  Dem.irara,  British  Guiana, 

H.  R.  DAVSON,  Berbice,  British  Guiana, 

TORROME  SONS  & COMPANY,  London,  for  Rosario,  Rio  de  la  Plata,  Arg.  Rep.,  . 
HAWAIIAN  AGRICULTURAL  COMPANY,  Pahala,  Hawaiian  Islands, 

PAUL  WITTOUCK  (Beet  Sugar  Manufacturer),  Breda,  Holland, 

UTRECHTSCHE  BEETWORTEL  SUIKER  FABRIC,  Utrecht,  Hollan  1 
M YRLESS-WATSON  & YARYAN  COMPANY,  for  Plantation  in  Java, 

W.  WALKER,  for  Plantation  at  Soerabaya,  Java, 

I)E  NEDERLANDS  INDISCHE  LANDBROUW  MAATSCHAPPY,  Soerabaya, 
GRUNDELL  & HELLERDOORN,  Poppoh  Sugar  Plantation,  Java, 

REYNOLDS  BROTHERS,  LIMITED,  Natal,  South  Africa,  . 


Boilers. 

//./’. 

Dec.,  1S85, 

2 

164 

2 orders,  1891-1892, 

2 

750 

May,  *892, 

1 

123 

Sept.,  1893, 

1 

208 

May,  1889, 

2 

300 

Aug.,  1870, 

1 

75 

Nov.,  1883, 

1 

104 

Jan.,  1884, 

1 

104 

Feb.,  1S85, 

1 

104 

Sept.,  1886, 

1 

104 

Aug.,  1884, 

1 

122 

2 orders,  1S84-1885, 

4 

244 

i orders,  Nov.,  1887, 

2 

184 

2 orders,  1891-1S92, 

2 

416 

Jan.,  1892, 

1 

5i 

Mar.,  1893, 

1 

164 

May,  1893, 

2 

416 

April,  1893, 

2 

416 

Dec.,  1893, 

2 

192 

Sept.,  1891, 

1 

46 

July,  1892, 

1 

5i 

July,  1892, 

1 

5i 

July,  1893, 

1 

io5 

Jan.,  1894, 

1 

140 

Oct.,  1893, 

2 

250 

2 orders,  1886, 

3 

490 

2 orders,  1890, 

2 

400 

April,  1890, 

1 

159 

July,  1S92, 

2 

304 

Nov.,  1892, 

1 

192 

2 orders,  1S91-1S92, 

2 

352 

Sept.,  1893, 

1 

212 

. . Feb.,  1892, 

1 

106 

•Burning  green  bagasse  with  Cook’s  Patent  Apparatus,  see  page  59. 


RAILROADS. 

CENTRAL  RAILROAD  OF  NEW  JERSEY,  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 

PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  CAR  SHOPS,  Hoboken,  N.  J , 

SEABOARD  & ROANOKE  RAILROAD,  Portsmouth,  Va.,  - 

LAKE  ERIE  & WESTERN  RAILROAD,  Lima,  Ohio 

TOLEDO  & OHIO  CENTRAL  RAILROAD,  Bucyrus,  Ohio, 

TOLEDO,  COLUMBUS  & CINCINNATI  RAILWAY,  Toledo,  Ohio, 

FLINT  & PERK  MARQUETTE  RAILROAD  CAR  SHOPS,  East  Saginaw,  Mich.,. 
CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  & QUINCY  RAILROAD,  Burlington  and  Ottumwa,  la.,  ) 

CHICAGO,  BURLINGTON  & QUINCY  RAILROAD,  Chicago,  111 1 

ST.  PAUL  & NORTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD,  Como  Shops,  Minn., 
MINNESOTA  & NORTHWESTERN  RAILROAD,  St.  Paul,  Minn  , . 

DULUTH  & IRON  RANGE  RAILROAD,  Duluth,  Minn.,  . 

NORTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD,  Tacoma  Shops,  Wash., 

NORTHERN  PACIFIC  TERMINAL  COMPANY,  Albina  Shops,  Oregon, 

KANSAS  CITY,  FORT  SCOTT  AND  MEMPHIS  RAILROAD,  Springfield,  Mo.,  . 
MANCHESTER,  SHEFFIELD  & LINCOLNSHIRE  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  LIM 

Grimsby,  England,  

GREAT  NORTHERN  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Farrington  Goods  Station,  England, 
NETHERLANDS’  STATE  RAILWAY,  Utrecht,  Holland,  . . . 

THE  PORTUGUESE  RAILWAYS,  Lisbon,  Portugal, 

MOSCOW  KURSK  RAILROAD,  Moscow,  Russia, 

MOSCOW-MCHNY  RAILWAY,  Moscow,  Russia, 

MOSCOW-RJASAN  RAILWAY  Moscow,  Russia, 

NICOLAI  RAILWAY,  Moscow,  Russia,  .... 

JAKATERINENSKY  RAILWAY,  Moscow,  Russia, 

SOUTHWESTERN  RAILWAY,  Kief,  Russia,  .... 

VLADICANCAS  RAILROAD,  Rostoff  a/Don,  Russia, 

EKATERINENSKY  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Ekaterinoslaf,  Russia. 

KURSK-KI JWSK  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Conotop,  Russia, 

COMPANHIA  ESTRADA  DE  FERRO  TIJUCA,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil. 

LIMA  & ORRYA  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Callao,  Peru,  S.  A., 

CHIMBOTE  RAILWAY'  COMPANY,  Chimbote,  Peru,  S.  A., 


Boilers. 

H.P. 

5 orders,  1S8S-1892, 

11 

1 014 

May,  1883, 

2 

102 

Jan.,  18S8, 

2 

146 

Sept.,  1880, 

2 

100 

Oct.,  1880, 

2 

100 

Oct.,  1890, 

1 

75 

April,  1881, 

2 

500 

3 orders,  18S1-18SS, 

6 

564 

2 orders,  1885-1887, 

6 

624 

2 orders,  1886-1887, 

4 

408 

Aug.,  1890, 

2 

240 

2 orders,  1890, 

6 

624 

Feb.,  1SS4, 

6 

720 

April,  18S9, 

2 

184 

ED, 

Feb.,  1893, 

3 

288 

Aug.,  1893, 

3 

762 

Nov.,  1891, 

2 

128 

Oct.,  1889, 

4 

240 

4 orders,  1886-1890, 

5 

268 

Mar.,  1890, 

1 

40 

Feb.,  1889, 

1 

82 

Sept.,  1SS9, 

1 

35 

Sept.,  1890, 

1 

25 

May,  1890, 

2 

70 

Dec.,  1890, 

1 

30 

Mar.,  1892, 

1 

22 

June,  1S92, 

1 

106 

April,  1891, 

3 

438 

July,  1S71, 

3 

”5 

April,  1872, 

2 

5° 

MACHINERY  AND  ENGINEERING. 


HOWE  SCALE  COMPANY,  Rutland,  Vermont,  . . 

THE  PETTEE  MACHINE  WORKS,  Newton  Upper  Falls,  Mass., 
PROVIDENCE  STEAM  AND  GAS-PIPE  COMPANY,  Providence,  R.  I , 
C.  B.  COTTRELL  & SONS,  Printing  Presses,  Westerly,  R.  I.,  . 


Boilers 

H.P. 

Dec., 

1 S92 , 2 

328 

Nov., 

1 892 , 1 

210 

. . Sept., 

188S,  1 

71 

orders,  1882- 

-1891,  4 

385 

141 


pfiUfa 


JAMES  BROWN,  Pawtucket,  R.  I., June,  1893, 

TURNER  & SEYMOUR  M ANUFACTURI  XG  COMPANY,  Torrington,  Conn., Aug.,  1893, 

STANDARD  MACHINERY  COMPANY,  Mystic  River,  Conn.,  . 2 orders,  1881-1890, 

ONEGO  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  New  London,  Conn.,  June,  1892, 

BROWN  COTTON  GIN  COMPANY,  New  London,  Conn.,  ...  Oct.,  1SS7, 

INTERIOR  CONDI  IT  \ND  INSl  I \TION  COMPANY,  New  York  2 ordei  . . - 1893 

N I k<  > I A TESI  New  Yorl Ja  1 . 1894, 

UNITED  STATES  NAYY,  Blacksmith  Shop,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July,  1893, 

E.  W.  BLISS  COMPANY,  Presses,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July,  1889, 

H ENRY  R.  WORTHINGTON,  Hydraulic  Works,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  . Nov. , 1889, 

S.  S.  HEPWORTH  & COMPANY*  Yonkers,  N.  Y June,  1882, 

CLARK  BROTHERS,  Machinists,  Belmont,  N.  Y. , May,  1879, 

UNION  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Orangeburgh,  N.  Y , . . ...  Jan.,  1893, 

SCHENECTAD\  LOCOMOTIV1  WORKS,  Schenectady,  N Y . 4 orders,  1 888- 1891, 

EDISON  MACHINE  WORKS,  Schenectady,  N.  \ , 8 orders,  1881-1891, 

EDISON  PHONOGRAPH  WORKS,  Orange,  N.  J.,  . ...  May,  1888, 

EDISON  LAMP  COMPANY,  Harrison,  N.  J.,  4 orders,  1881-1892, 

SPRAGUE  ELECTRIC  ELEVATOR  COMPANY,  Watsessing,  N.  J May,  1893, 

BALDWIN  LOCOMOTIVE  WORKS,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 2 orders,  1890-1893, 

H.  W.  BUTTERWORTH  & SONS,  Philadelphia,  Pa., June,  1881, 

GORDON,  STROBEL  & LAUREAU,  LIMITED,  Philadelphia,  Pa..  ...  8 orders,  1886-1888, 

WESTINGHOUSE  AIR  BRAKE  COMPANY,  Wilmerdi  lg,  Pa., 8 orders,  1SS3-1S93, 

WESTINGHOUSE  MACHINI  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa 2 orders,  1890, 

WESTINGHOUSE  ELECTRIC  AND  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  Jan.,  1893, 

H.  K.  PORTER  & COMPANY.  Locomotives,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., . Eeb.,  1892, 

PHE  ROBINSON  RI  \ MANI  FA(  I \ RING  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa \ug.,  1891, 

THE  INGERSOLL  SERGEANT  DRILL  COMPANY,  Easton,  Pa June,  1893, 

HARLAN  & HOLLINGSWORTH  COMPANY,  Iron  Ships,  Wilmington,  Del..  . Dec.,  1871, 

II  IK  JA(  KSON  & SHARP  COMPANY,  Wilmington,  Del 6 orders,  1881-1892, 

THE  J.  MORTON  POOLE  COMPANY,  Wilmington,  Del.,  ...  Oct.,  1873, 

UNITED  STATES  NAVY  YARD,  Washington,  D.  C 2 orders,  1885-1888, 

UNITED  STATES  NAVY  YARD,  Norfolk,  Va., ...  April,  1887, 

J.  A.  FAY  .8:  COMPANY,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, . . Oct.,  1881, 

CINCINNATI  CORRUGATING  COMPANY,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  ...  . Eeb.,  1884, 

BLACK  cK:  CLAWSON  COMPANY,  Hamilton,  Ohio,  Aug.,  1888, 

ISAAC  D.  SMEAD  & COMPANY,  Toledo,  Ohio, May,  1890, 

FLINT  & WALLING  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Wild  Engines,  Kendallville,  Ind  Feb.,  1884, 

SOUTH  BEND  PUMP  COMPANY,  South  Bend,  Ind.,  Oct.,  1886, 

DODGE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY  (Rope  Transmission,  etc.),  Mishawaka,  Ind.,  Aug.,  1891, 

FIELDHOUSE  & DUTCH ER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111 Feb.,  1882, 

M.  LASSIG,  Bridge  Builder,  Chicago,  111 3 orders,  18S3-1S87, 

MASON  & DAVIS  COMPANY,  Bridge  Builders,  Chicago,  111.,  May,  1881, 

CHICAGO  BRIDGE  AND  IRON  COMPANY,  Chicago,  III., April,  1886, 

WESTERN  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Electrical  Engineers,  Chicago,  111 Feb.,  1892, 

AMERICAN  BRAKE  COMPANY  (Westinghouse  Company,  Lessee),  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Nov.,  1888, 

HOLBROOK,  MERRILL  <8:  STETSON,  San  Francisco,  Cal., April,  1886, 

JUDSON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 3 orders,  1883-1887, 

SAN  FRANCISCO  TOOL  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 5 orders,  1889-1891, 

KENNEDY’S  PATENT  WATER  METER  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Kilmarnock,  Scotland,  Mar  , 1883, 

THE  GLENFIELI)  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Kilmarnock,  Scotland,  3 orders,  1883-1889, 

JAMES  KEITH,  Arbroath,  Scotland Dec.,  1885, 

CHARLES  McNEIL,  Jk.,  Maker  of  Manhole  Doors,  etc.,  Glasgow,  Scotland, Oct.,  1888, 

ALEXANDER  TURNBULL  & COMPANY  (Valve  Makers),  Glasgow,  Scotland, April,  1889, 

NAPIER,  SHANKS  & BELL  (Ship  Builders),  Yoker,  Glasgow,  Scotland, July,  1891, 

MILLER  & COMPANY,  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 3 orders,  1885-1890, 

SIDNEY  HARGRAVES,  Engineer,  London,  England, Jan.,  1890, 

J.  & H.  GWYNNE  & COMPANY,  Hydraulic  Engineers,  London,  England,  . . 3 orders,  1886-1888, 

E.  BURTON,  Nine  Elms  Lane,  London,  England, 2 orders,  1886-1887, 

JAMES  SIMPSON  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Fimlico,  London,  England,  ...  12  orders,  1887-1891, 

SHARP  & KENT,  Electrical  Engineers,  London,  England 5 orders,  1888-1893, 

JAMES  GIBB  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  ...  Jan.,  1889, 

THOMAS  MIDDLETON  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  2 orders,  1887-1889, 

H.  STOPES  & COMPANY,  Engineers,  London,  England, Sept.,  1889, 

HAMMOND  & COMPANY,  Electrical  Engineers,  London,  England, 4 orders,  1887-1891, 

THE  WESTINGHOUSE  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  Engineers,  London,  England,  2 orders,  1889-1890, 

JOHN  BIRCH  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  Aug.,  1891, 

A.  RANSOME  & COMPANY,  Chelsea,  London,  England July,  1891, 

NALDER  BROTHERS  & COMPANY,  Engineers.  Clerkenwell,  London.  England,  Sept.,  1890, 

STURTEVANT  BLOWER  COMPANY,  London,  England.  2 orders,  1891, 

WILSON  W.  PHIPSON,  London,  England, May,  1SS9, 

WHITMORE  & BUNYON,  Engineers,  London,  England,  Oct.,  1889, 

CAIRD  & RAYNOR,  London,  England, Mar.,  1S93, 

G.  J.  WORSSAM  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  Feb.,  1892, 

BELLS’  ASBESTOS  COMPANY,  LIMITED^ London,  England,  Mar.,  1892, 

DEWRANCE  & COMPANY,  Engineers,  London,  England,  . . Mar.,  1892, 

WILLANS  & ROBINSON,  LIMITED,  Ferry  Works,  Thames  Ditton,  Surrey,  England,  Nov.,  1891, 

WM.  PARKINSON  & COMPANY,  Gas  Motors,  City  Road,  London,  England,  ...  Dec.,  1891, 


Boilers. 


2 

2 


35 

18 


3 

4 
4 

2 
25 

7 

6 

3 

1 
14 
11 

2 


2 

2 


2 


//.  I\ 

92 

100 

121 

208 

104 

150 

25 

90 

136 

242 

104 

100 

272 

605 

1.950 

146 

971 

304 

2,080 

100 

4-39° 

2.149 

480 

250 

150 

150 

=85 

100 
977 
100 
1 ,248 

183 

150 

73 

95 

100 

164 

61 

500 

75 

530 

73 

92 

300 

125 

25 
352 

1,270 

SI 

464 

20 

126 

51 

96 
384 
430 
214 
80 

2.225 
1 ,112 
624 
220 
208 
2,424 
2.470 
492 
60 
30 
45 
109 
80 
90 

26 
210 

55 

100 

30 


143 


MARTINEAU  &.  SMITH,  Birmingham,  England  (for  testing  Valves,  250  lbs.  Pressure), 
IOHN  F(  >W  I I R & ( OMPANY,  Boiler  Makers,  I eeds,  I ngland 
GREENWOOD  & I '•  \ I I I \ I tgineers  Leeds,  England, 
rHOMAS  WILSON,  SONS  & COMPANY,  Hull,  H ngland  (for  - - “Nero” 
RANSOME,  SIMS  & JE F FRIES,  Ipswich,  England,. 

E.  R.  &.  F.  TURNER,  Ipswich,  England,  

GOOD  FELLOW  & MATTHEWS,  Hyde,  near  Manchester,  England, 

H V.  EDMUNDS,  formerly  Glover  & Co.,  Salford  Works,  Manchester,  England, 
BRADLEY  & CRAVEN,  W akefield,  Yorkshire,  England,  ... 

GODDARD,  MASSEY  & WARNER.  Nottingham,  England, 

S.  EDGE  & SONS,  Wire  Rope,  Chains,  etc.,  Shiffnal,  England, 

I ( 1 1 1 I III  \RD  & ( OMP AN\  Spinning  Machinery,  Preston,  I ngland 
L.  WHITAKER  & SONS,  Crane  Railroad  Mill,  Haslingden,  England, 

PLAYER  BROTHERS,  Birmingham,  England, 


Boilers. 

H.P. 

Oct.,  1892, 

1 

10 

Feb.,  1892, 

1 

188 

July,  1892, 

1 

52 

July,  1892, 

1 

200 

Mar.,  1884, 

1 

35 

May,  1887, 

1 

20 

Feb.,  1885, 

3 

360 

Sept.,  1893, 

1 

25 

Dec.,  1887, 

1 

108 

Mar.,  1889, 

1 

82 

May,  1890, 

1 

76 

April,  1887, 

2 

280 

May,  1887, 

1 

140 

June,  1888, 

2 

220 

Working  Model  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler  at  South  Kensington  Museum,  London,  at  request  of  British  Government 


C.  S.  SWAN  & HUNTER,  Newcastle  on  Tyne,  England, 

DAVIDSON  &.  COMPANY,  Sirocco  Works,  Belfast,  Ireland. 

CHAVANNE  BRUN  FRERES,  diamond,  France, 

LOUIS  FONTAINE,  La  Madelaine  les  Lille,  France  (Boiler  Maker), 

M.  GUITTON,  Electrical  Engineer,  St.  Etienne,  France. 

EDMOND  BARTISSOL,  Paris,  France. 

J.  GOUYER,  Paris,  France, 

ENRIQUE  GADEA,  Engineer,  Paris,  Prance, 

M.  M.  S.  GUICHARD  & A.  BISSON  & COMPANY,  Paris,  France, 

LA  CIE.  DP2S  POMPES  WORTHINGTON,  Paris,  France, 

G.  ABOILARD,  Societe  de  Materiel  Telephonique.  Paris,  France, 
SCHNEIDER  &.  COMPANY,  Constructeurs,  Crusot,  France, 

RAVERDI  YU,  \ I I \IN  I I < IE.,  Romilly,  France, 

LA  SOClETE  DE  CONSTRUCTIONS  MECANIQUES.  Rheims,  France, 

THOMAS  POWELL,  Rouen,  Prance,  

LOMBARD,  GERIN  ET  CIE.,  Lyons,  France, 

SULZER  F RE  RES,  Winterthur,  Switzerland,  . 


Boilers.  H.l\ 


June,  1893, 

1 

160 

P’eb.,  1893, 

1 

5° 

6 orders,  1888-1890, 

M 

1.748 

47  orders,  1883-1889, 

66 

9724 

Jan.,  1890, 

I 

25 

Jail.,  1889, 

3 

210 

2 orders,  Jan.  and  Aug  , 1885, 

2 

150 

Dec.,  1890, 

I 

35 

Oct.,  1893, 

I 

14 

Dec.,  1893, 

8 

776 

1 orders,  1890-1892, 

2 

176 

4 orders,  1890-1891, 

4 

504 

...  April,  1886, 

1 

51 

2 orders,  1889-1891, 

2 

90 

2 orders,  1888-1889, 

2 

82 

3 orders,  1891-1893, 

4 

384 

.Aug.,  1888, 

1 

140 

144 


(1.  DAVERIO,  Constructeur,  Zurich,  Switzerland, Sept.,  1890, 

PHELPS  & SCHROEDER,  Engineers,  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  April,  1892, 

BERLINER  MASCHINENBAU  ACTIEN-GESELLSCH  A FT,  Berlin,  Germany,  . 35  orders,  1888-1893, 

DIEDERMAN  & CZARNIKOW,  Telegraph  Apparatus  Manufacturers,  Berlin,  Germany,  . April,  1890, 

C.  L.  P.  FLACK  SONS,  Wood  Working  Machinery,  Berlin,  Germany May,  1892, 

G.  LUTHER,  Engineer,  Braunchsweig,  Germany, 5 orders,  1890-1892, 

F.  A.  HERBERTZ,  Colognc-Deutz,  Germany,  ........  Sept.,  1892, 

F.  DETRAUX,  A.  DELCORDE  & G.  BERGKS,  Nivelles,  Belgium, Jan.,  1889, 

PIERRE  BROUHON,  Pre  Binet,  Liege,  Belgium, 3 orders,  1889-1891, 

PLANAR,  FLAQUER  V CIA.,  Gerona,  Spain, 2 orders,  1890, 

LA  SOCIEDAD  “ VISCAVA,”  Bilbao,  Spain, Jan.,  1891, 

SOC.  MATERIAL  PARA  FERRO-CARR I LS  V CONSTRUCTION  ES,  Barcelona,  Spain,  Nov.,  1892, 

MODESTO  LAVIADA,  Oreida,  Spain, Jan.,  1884, 

W.  POLE  ROUTH,  Oporto,  Portugal, Mar.,  1889, 

RICHARD  OAKLEY  & COMPANY,  Engineers,  Lisbon,  Portugal, Oct.,  1889, 

ERSTE  BRUNNER  GESELLSCH AFT,  Vienna,  Austria,  . 3 orders,  1890, 

ALEXANDER  FRIEDMANN,  Vienna,  Austria, Mar.,  1889, 

TOSI  & COMPANY,  Legnano,  Italy, ....  Nov.,  1886, 

ENRICO  CANZIANI,  Milan,  Italy, Sept.,  1887, 

LA  SOC  I E IE  INDUSTRI ELLE  ET  COMMERCIAL!-;  DES  MFlTAUX,  Livorno,  Italy,  July,  1886, 

CARMELA  G.  LAGAN  A,  Palermo,  Italy, Aug.,  1887, 

GIROLAMA  TADDEI,  Engineer,  Aquila,  near  Rome.  Italy, Mar.,  1890, 

SOClETE  gEnERALE  D’ENTREPRISES  D’ATHENES,  Athens,  Greece,  3 orders,  1889-1891, 

CALVART  & COMPANY,  Gottenburg,  Sweden, Sept  1888, 

GOTEBORGES  MEKANISKA  VERKSTADS  AKTIE-BOLAG,  Gottenburg,  Sweden,  . June,  1890, 

AKTIE  BOLAGET  ATLAS,  Stockholm,  Sweden 3 orders,  1889-1891, 

JOHN  STERNBERG,  Engineer,  Helsingfors,  Finland,  Russia, 2 orders,  1889-1891, 

ST.  PETERSBURG  METALLIC  WORKS,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  . Jan.,  1891, 

WILLIAM  BARRY  & COMPANY,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, 2 orders,  1891, 

THE  ST.  PETERSBURG  METAL  FABRIK  COMPANY,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  ....  June,  1891, 
ZYRARDOWER  ACTI EN-GESELLSCHAFT  VON  HILTE  & DITTRICH,  Zyrardow,  Russia,  Aug.,  1889, 

W.  GRATCHEFF  & COMPANY,  Machinists,  Moscow,  Russia, April,  1889, 

FAIRBANKS-BLOCK  SCALE  WORKS,  Moscow,  Russia, Oct.,  1889, 

SOUTH  DNJEPROFSKY  IRON  WORKS,  Russia, Jan.,  1893, 

M.  IVANOFF,  Irkutsh,  Russia, May,  1892, 

ALBERT  BAUER,  Bucharest,  Roumania,  ....  . . Jan.,  1894, 

E.  EDWARDS  & CO.,  Bombay,  India, July,  1893, 

REUNERT  & LENZ,  Engineers,  Johannesburg,  South  Africa, 6 orders,  1890-1892, 

GOVERNMENT  MACHINE  WORKS,  Boyaca,  U.  S.  C 2 orders,  1880, 

COMPANHIA  EVONEAS  FLUMINENSE,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil Mar.,  1891, 

THE  AUSTRAL  OTIS  ELEVATOR  & ENGINEERING  CO.,  L’T’D,  Melbourne,  Australia,  Jan.,  1890, 


Boilers. 

1 

1 

45 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

3 

3 
1 
1 
1 
z 

4 
12 

1 

1 

1 

7 

1 

3 

4 
1 
1 

5 
3 


9 

6 

2 


//./’. 

40 

15 
3715 

24 

43 

908 

76 

40 

312 

270 

140 

152 

30 

30 

240 

1.378 

36 

51 
30 

644 

40 

389 

558 

124 

52 
527 
278 
io5 

99 

280 

16 
20 

40 

152 

5i 

80 

4® 

912 

220 

19c 

150 


HARDWARE  AND  TOOLS. 

Boilers. 

DALZELL  AXLE  COMPANY,  South  Egremont,  Mass.,  . Mar.,  1887,  1 

NICHOLSON  FILE  WORKS,  Providence,  R.  L,  2 orders,  1881-1890,  2 

E.  JENCKES  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Pawtucket,  R.  L,  3 orders,  1887-1891.  4 

EXCELSIOR  NEEDLE  COMPANY,  Torrington,  Conn.,  4 orders,  1886-1893,  4 

BILLINGS  & SPENCER  COMPANY,  Tools,  Hartford,  Conn.,  Nov.,  1892,  1 

PECK  BROTHERS  & COMPANY,  New  Haven,  Conn., . Mar.,  1893,  1 

KEARNEY  & FOOT  COMPANY,  Files,  Paterson.  N.  J. . Feb.,  1893,  2 

F2.  C.  STEARNS  & COMPANY,  Hardware,  Syracuse,  N.  \ .,  Mar.,  1S82,  1 

AMERICAN  AXE  AND  TOOL  COMPANY,  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 3 orders,  1882-1SS3,  3 

WHEELER,  MADDEN  & CLEMSEN  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Middletown,  N.  Y.,  May,  1883,  2 

NORTH N t \\  COM  PAX  Y,  Tinware,  Whitestone,  L.  I.,  N.  Y Sept.,  1882,  1 

W.  H.  & G.  W.  ALLEN,  Hardware,  Philadelphia,  Pa., April,  1882,  2 

FAYETTE  R.  PLUMB,  Cutlery,  Philadelphia,  Pa., . . ..  2 orders,  1881-1889,  3 

BINDLEY  HARDWARE  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., June,  1890,  1 

NILES  TOOL  WORKS,  Hamilton,  Ohio,  2 orders,  1888-1889,  3 

P.  HAYDEN  SADDLERY  HARDWARE  COMPANY,  Columbus,  Ohio,  ....  2 orders,  1886-1890,  4 

THE  LODGE  & DAVIS  MACHINE  TOOL  COMPANY,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, Oct.,  1891,  1 

M.  C.  HENLEY,  Skates,  Richmond,  Ind.,  April,  1884,  1 

PH  GEN  IX  HORSESHOE  COMPANY,  Joliet,  111., Feb.,  1893,  2 

NORTON  BROTHERS,  Tinware,  Maywood,  111., 2 orders,  1893-1894,  2 

BENJAMIN  BOHIN  FILS,  Needles,  St.  Sulpice  s/Rille,  Orne,  France, May,  1893,  1 

MUNKSTALL  MEKANISKE  VERKSTADS,  File  Makers,  Eskelstuna,  Sweden Sept.,  1893,  1 

A.  & F.  PARKER  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Forks,  Spades,  etc.,  Birmingham,  England,  June,  1888,  1 

GEORGE  RICHARD  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Broadheath,  near  Manchester,  England,  Oct  , 1887,  1 


//./’. 

122 
208 
.40 
329 

:oo 

150 

500 
50 
19  7 
244 
73 
100 
276 
30 
292 
800 
75 
73 

2C2 

368 

123 
96 
M 

122 


COPPER.  BRASS,  ZINC,  ALUMINIUM 

THE  SETH  THOMAS  CLOCK.  COMPANY,  Thomaston,  Conn. 

THE  SCOVILLE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Waterbury,  Conn 

BENEDICT  & BURNHAM  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Waterbury,  Conn., 

WALLACE  & SONS,  Ansonia,  Conn., 

ASHCROFT  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Bridgeport,  Conn 


Etc 


Boilers. 

H /’. 

1 

125 

3 orders,  1879-1892, 

5 

75° 

5 orders,  1882-1892. 

6 

1 396 

2 orders,  1878-1881, 

6 

520 

I 

73 

145 


" Double-deck"  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  Cleveland  City  Cable  Railway  Co.'s,  Cleveland,  0,  1,086  H.  P,  Erected  1890. 


-♦ 


2 orders, 
4 order 

3 order: 


2 orde 

3 orders 


gland 


orders 


6 orders 
4 orders 


CO N SO L I D AT K D SAFKTV  VALVE  COMPANY,  Bridgeport,  Conn., 

HOOI  l M \ N i l \(  H KIN'-  COMPANY,  Brass  Checks,  etc.,  New  York 
E P.  GLEASON  MAN l F \(  rURING  COMPANY,  Gas  Fixtures,  New  York, 
\NSONIA  CLO<  K ( OMPANY,  Brookly  n,  N \ . . . .. 

THE  PITTSBURGH  REDUCTION  COMPANY,  Aluminium,  Pittsburgh,  Pa 
BALTIMORE  ELECTRIC  REFINING  COMPANY,  Copper,  Baltimore,  Md 

UNITED  STATES  MINT,  New  Orleans,  La., 

WINSLOW  BROTHERS  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111.,  

MATTHI ESSEN  & HEGELER  ZINC  COM PANY,  La  Salle,  111., 

A.  BAKER,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 

THE  COWLES  SYNDICATE  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Aluminium,  Milton,  En 
THE  LIVERPOOL  SILVER  AND  COPPER  COMPANY,  Widnes,  England 
CHARLES  BARWELL,  Copper  Tube  Mill,  Birmingham,  England, 

THOMAS  BOLTON  & SONS,  Mersey  Copper  Works,  Widnes,  England, 
THOMAS  BOLTON  & SONS,  Brass  and  Copper  Tube  Makers,  Oakmoor,  Eng 
THOMAS  BOLTON  & SONS,  Copper  Smelters,  Birmingham,  England. 
THOMAS  BOLTON  & SONS,  Copper  Smelters,  Peckamon,  England, 

HENRY  WIGGIN  & ( OMPANY,  1 ead,  Birmingham,  England, 

RICHARD  THOMAS  & COMPANY,  Tin,  Sydney,  England,  .... 
LEACH  FLOWER  & COMPANY,  Tin,  Melwyn  Tin  Works,  Neath,  Wales, 

M.  CLIN,  Brass  Works,  Paris,  France, 

LA  SOCl£T£  FRANCAISE  DE  L’ALUMINE  PURE,  Marseilles,  France, 
SOCIETY  ANONYME  DES  MINES  FT  FONDERIES  DE  ZINC  DE 

VIELLE,  Montague,  Chenee,  France, 

B.  HANTKE,  Ekaterinoslav,  Russia 

KOLTSCHUGIN  COPPER  AND  BRASS  WORKS,  Alexandroff,  near  Moscow, 

N.  A.  PHOR,  Brass  and  Copper  Worker,  Nishny,  Russia.  

SOCH£tE  DE  L’USINE  A CUIVRE  ET  A TUBES,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia 


CABLE  AND  TRACTION  TRAMWAYS. 


1SS5- 

Feb., 

Jan., 

, 1S70- 
.,  1889- 
, 1891- 
May, 

, 1S91- 

, 1S73- 

June, 

Oct., 

, 1S91- 
J une, 

, 1883- 
, 1889- 
Jan., 
June, 
Mar., 
Sept., 
Mar., 
May, 
June, 

Oct., 
Mar. , 
Jan., 
Dec. , 
Nov. , 


1889, 

1882, 

1 883 , 
1S84 

>893. 

189: 

1 892 , 
1 Sc, 

1 893 , 
1891 
1887 
1893, 
1 S87, 

1891 , 
1893 

1 884 , 
1S92 
.892 

1892, 
189. 

■ 885. 
1S93, 

1S93, 

>893, 

1SS5, 

1890, 
181  )2, 


NEW  YORK  AND  BROOKLYN  BRIDGE,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 3 orders,  1882-1891, 

WASHINGTON  & GEORGETOWN  RAILROAD,  Washington,  D.  C., 4 orders,  1SS9-1891, 

STANDARD  UNDERGROUND  CABLE  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. Oct.,  1S92, 

CLEVELAND  CITY  CABLE  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Cleveland,  Ohio Mar.,  1890, 

THE  VALLEY  CITY  STREET  & CABLE  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  April,  1891, 

CHICAGO  CITY  RAILROAD,  Chicago,  ill April,  1881, 

ST.  PAUL  CITY  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  St.  Paul,  Minn., 2 orders,  1S8S-1890, 

MINNEAPOLIS  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Minneapolis,  Minn. Sept.,  1889, 

GRAND  AVENUE  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 2 orders,  1886-1 888, 

METROPOLITAN  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo 3 orders,  1886-1888, 

INTERSTATE  CONSOLIDATED  RAPID  TRANSIT  RAILWAY  COMPANY. Kansas Citv.Mo.,  Aug., 1887, 

PEOPLE’S  CABLE  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo ’ . Aug.,  1887, 

HOLMES  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo., Feb.,  1889, 

DENVER  CITY  CABLE  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Denver,  Col., 2 orders,  1S89-1891, 

HOUSTON  CITY  STREET  RAILWAY  COMPANY,  Houston,  Texas Dec.,  1890, 

MARKET  STREET  CABLE  RAILWAY,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  3 orders,  1882-1892, 

PIEDMONT  CABLE  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal., July,  18S9, 

CALIFORNIA  STREET  CABLE  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  . . : May,  1890, 

GEARY  STREET,  PARK  AND  OCEAN  RAILROAD,  San  Francisco,  Cal July,  1892, 

TACOMA  RAILWAY  AND  MOTOR  COMPANY,  Tacoma,  Wash May,  1890, 

PATENT  CABLE  TRAMWAY  CORPORATION,  Highgate,  London,  England,  . . 2 orders,  1883-1884, 

BIRMINGHAM  CENTRAL  TRAMWAYS  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Birmingham,  England,  Aug.,  1892, 
EDINBURGH  NORTHERN  CABLE  TRAMWAYS  CO.,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  . . 2 orders,  1886-1891, 

COMPAGNIE  DES  LOCOMOTIVES  SANS  FOYER,  Courbevoie,  France, Jan.,  1889, 

COMPAGNIE  DES  LOCOMOTIVES  SANS  FOYER,  Nord  de  la  Seine,  St.  Germain,  France,  May,  1889, 

COMPAGNIE  DES  TRAMWAYS  DU  DEPARTEMENT  DU  NORD,  Roubaix.  France,  . . June,  1SS6, 

COMPAGNIE  DES  OMNIBUS  ET  TRAMWAY,  Lvons,  France, 2 orders,  1887-1888, 

COMPAGNIE  GENERATE  DES  TRAMWAYS,  Marseilles,  France, Oct.,  1891, 

THE  MELBOURNE  TRAMWAYS,  Richmond  Line,  Melbourne,  Australia, Nov,,  1884, 

THE  MELBOURNE  TRAMWAYS,  Fitzroy  Line,  Melbourne,  Australia, July,  1S85, 

CAR  AND  WAGON  MANUFACTURERS. 


H.  D.  SMITH  & COMPANY,  Carriages,  Plantville,  Conn.,  . . . . 

CORTLAND  WAGON  COMPANY,  Cortland,  N V 

LEHIGH  CAR  WHEEL  AND  AXLE  COMPANY,  Catasauqua,  Pa.. 

ERIE  CAR  WORKS,  LIMITED,  Erie,  Pa.,  

BASIC  CITY  CAR  WORKS  COMPANY,  Basic  City,  Va. 

PETERS  DASH  COMPANY,  Columbus,  Ohio,  


. . Oct.,  1881, 

i orders,  1S81-188S, 
Dec.,  1881, 
. . Sept.,  1882, 

June,  1890, 
Sept.,  1881, 


COLUMBUS  BUGGY  COMPANY,  Columbus,  Ohio,  4 orders,  1SS2-1887, 

LAFAYETTE  CAR  WORKS,  Lafayette,  Ind Jan.,  1883, 

BIRDSELL  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  South  Bend,  Ind., Nov.,  1892. 

STUDEBAKER  BROTHERS  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  South  Bend.  Ind.,  6 orders,  1872-1891, 

STUDEBAKER  BROTHERS  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111., Oct.,  1885, 

PULLMAN  PALACE  CAR  COMPANY,  Pullman,  111 Sept.,  18S1, 

RACINE  WAGON  AND  CARRIAGE  COMPANY,  Racine,  Wis., Aug.,  1882, 


Boilers. 

H.r. 

. 2 

130 

1 

50 

, 1 

122 

4 

414 

6 

L524 

6 

1 ,248 

, 1 

122 

, 3 

375 

. 3 

275 

, 1 

156 

, 2 

280 

, 2 

280 

. 1 

85 

, 7 

837 

8 

1,226 

, 2 

240 

. 1 

173 

1 

64 

, 1 

140 

, 1 

172 

, 2 

102 

, 1 

220 

, 1 

96 

1 

30 

. 3 

219 

1 

30 

1 

140 

Boilers. 

H.P. 

12 

1.248 

13 

1,923 

2 

go 

3 

1 ,086 

- 4 

781 

4 

1,000 

11 

2.800 

5 

1.360 

- 4 

800 

9 

1,800 

2 

400 

3 

600 

, 2 

350 

4 

1,600 

2 

328 

IO 

2,000 

3 

438 

3 

360 

2 

208 

4 

656 

3 

153 

1 

180 

2 

400 

2 

156 

2 

171 

3 

135 

3 

152 

1 

25 

:}  6 

1 ,040 

Boilers. 

H.P. 

1 

75 

2 

186 

2 

256 

1 

120 

1 

82 

1 

50 

7 

827 

2 

250 

1 

200 

13 

1.800 

4 

400 

8 

1,000 

1 

125 

147 


Columbus  Consolidated  Street  Railway  Company,  Columbus,  Ohio,  with  1 80-7  H,  P,  of  Babcock  ii  Wilcox  Boilers.  Erected  1890-1893. 


JAMKS  I..  CLARKE  & SON,  Carriages,  Oshkosh.  Wis 

CiANZ  X COMPANY,  Wagons,  Budapest,  Austria, 

MOSCOW  MILITAR\  ( \RRIAGI  I \(  rORY,  Moscow,  Russia, 
GO\  l RNME  N I R \ILW  \Y  SHOPS,  Dunedin,  New  Zealand, 
i ,<  i \ l RNM1  NT  RAII  WAV  SHOPS,  1 hristchurch,  New  Zealand, 


AGRICULTURAL  MACHINERY. 

WALTER  A.  WOOD  MOWING  Jfc  REAPING  MACHINE  CO.,  Hoosick  Falls,  N.  V., 
THE  Will  I'M  \\  & BARNES  M YNUFACTURING  COMPANY.  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 

SHEBLE  & FISHER,  Fork  Manufacturers,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

WHITELEY,  EASSLER  & KELLEY  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Ohio,  , 

CHAMPION  KNIFE  AND  BAR  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Ohio, 

P.  P.  MAST  ,V  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Ohio 

THE  SPRINGFIELD  ENGINE  AND  THRESHER  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Ohio,  . 
WARDER  BUSHNELL  & GLESSNER  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Ohio,  . . 

THE  EOOS  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Ohio,  

GAAR,  SCOTT  & COMPANY,  Richmond,  Ind., 

RUDE  BROTHERS  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Liberty,  Ind 

HOOSIER  DRILL  COMPANY,  Richmond,  Ind.,  

ECONOMIST  PLOW  COMPANY,  South  Bend,  Ind. 

SOUTH  BEND  IRON  WORKS,  Plows,  South  Bend,  Ind. 

McCORMICK  HARVESTING  MACHINE  COMPANY,  ( hicago,  111 

SANDWICH  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Sandwich,  111 

DEERE  & MANSUR  COMPANY,  Plows,  Moline,  III 

KEYSTONE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Sterling,  111.,  

MADISON  PLOW  COMPANY,  Madison,  Wis. 

SOC1ETE  FRANCAISF.  DE  MATERIEL  AGRICOLE,  Vierzon,  France, 

L.  BILLIARD  & CUZIN,  Algeria, 


4 orders 


: orders 


2 orders 
2 orders 


S E W I N G M A CHINES. 


THE  SINGER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  New  York 

THE  SINGER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Elizabethport,  N.  J., 

THE  SINGER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  South  Bend,  Ind., 

THE  SINGER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Cairo,  111.,  . . . 

THE  SINGER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Montreal,  Canada,  . . . . 

THE  SINGER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Kilbowie,  Glasgow.  Scotland, 

WHITE  SEWING  MACHINE  COMPANY,  Cleveland,  Ohio, 

MELONE  SEWING  MACHINE  COMPANY,  Chillicothe,  Ohio 

WHITEHILL  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Milwaukee,  Wis 


1 6 orders 


EIRE  ARMS,  AMMUNITION,  Etc. 

UNITED  STATES  ARMORY,  Springfield,  Mass., 

UNION  METALLIC  CARTRIDGE  COMPANY,  Bridgeport,  Conn., 

WINCHESTER  REPE  VTING  ARMS  COMPANY,  New  Haven,  Conn., 

ATLANTIC  DYNAMITE  COMPANY,  Kenvil.  N.  J., 

UNITED  STATES  NAVY  YARD,  Washington,  D.  C 

UNITED  STATES  NAVY  YARD,  Norfolk,  Va., 

GIANT  POWDER  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  

MEXICAN  GOVERNMENT,  City  of  Mexico, 

THE  NATIONAL  EXPLOSIVES  COMPANY,  London,  England, 

INDIA  OFFICE,  H.  M.  GOVERNMENT,  London,  England,  .... 

( i.  KYNOCH  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Ammunition,  Wilton,  England, 

CHARLES  R.  GOODWIN,  Fire  Arms,  Paris,  France 

MERMIER  FT  CIE.,  Fire  Arms,  Paris,  France, 

SOCIETY  ANONYMA  COOPAL,  Powder,  Wetteren,  Belgium,  .... 

SOCIEtE  ANON.  DES  POUDRES  FT  DYNAMITES,  Arendonck,  Belgium 
LA  MANUFACTURE  DE  ARMES  D1  l.'I  TYI  \ LIEGE,  Belgium, 

L’  ARSENAL  DE  L’ETAT  MALI  NS,  Switzerland, 

ROYAL  ARTILLERY  ARSENAL,  Vienna,  Austria, 

TOULA  CARTRIDGE  FACTORY,  Toula,  Russia, 

THE  ROYAL  DANISH  TORPEDO  STATION,  Bromenaevig,  Sweden. 


2 orders 


: order: 


ordeis 


2 order: 


BRICK,  POTTERY,  Etc. 

WARNERS  PORTLAND  CEMENT  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Warners,  N.  Y , 
EMPIRE  PORTLAND  CEMENT  COMPANY,  Warners,  N.  Y.,  and  South  Bend,  Ind.,  . 3 1 
CELADON  TERRA  COTTA  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Alfred  Centre.  X Y. , 


HENRY  MAURER  & SON,  Fire  Brick,  Maurers,  X I . 

WILLIAM  GALLOWAY,  Pottery,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

HARBISON  & WALKER,  Star  Fire  Brick  Works,  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  . 

COPLAY  CEMENT  COMPANY,  Coplay,  Pa 

WOODLAND  FIRE  BRICK  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Woodland,  Pa 


Boilers. 

n.r. 

May, 

1881, 

1 

107 

Sept. , 

1 892, 

1 

127 

Mar., 

1889, 

l 

51 

Dec., 

■m. 

4 

200 

Jan., 

1S79, 

3 

•75 

Boilers. 

n.r. 

5,  1882- 

-1S91, 

4 

480 

May, 

•883, 

3 

408 

April, 

1SS1 , 

2 

120 

Mar., 

4 

400 

Nov., 

1880, 

2 

300 

1 

85 

Sept., 

18S0, 

1 

85 

>,  1882- 

- 1 893 , 

8 

676 

Oct., 

1889, 

1 

85 

Oct., 

1S90, 

2 

422 

2 

•°5 

j,  1882- 

■1892, 

4 

300 

Dec., 

1882, 

1 

I46 

;,  1S75- 

■1888, 

4 

600 

>,  l8S4- 

■1.890, 

7 

I ,080 

April, 

1SS9, 

2 

168 

July, 

1892, 

3 

600 

1892- 

1893, 

3 

600 

Mar., 

1882, 

2 

208 

June, 

188S, 

I 

63 

Dec., 

1S93. 

1 

3° 

Boilers. 

//./’. 

i,  1871- 

1 886, 

l6 

1,677 

,,  1872- 

1 892 , 

38 

4,221 

;,  1871- 

1S93, 

1 1 

1,448 

June, 

l88l, 

4 

292 

5,  1885- 

I887, 

3 

217 

.,  1SS2- 

189O, 

18 

2.250 

Dec., 

1880, 

2 

200 

Feb., 

l883, 

1 

73 

J une, 

18S1, 

2 

146 

Boilers. 

HP. 

Aug. , 

1892, 

4 

700 

Mar., 

1884, 

3 

276 

Mar., 

■893, 

3 

552 

Dec., 

1890, 

2 

102 

5,  1885- 

■1S88, 

7 

1 248 

April, 

1887, 

3 

•83 

Oct., 

1892, 

1 

122 

1 

93 

April, 

1SS9, 

2 

104 

s,  1889- 

-1S92, 

4 

216 

Aug., 

1S90, 

1 

127 

Oct., 

1881 , 

1 

60 

4,  1 886- 

1S90, 

2 

244 

1S89, 

1 

5* 

June, 

*893, 

1 

52 

Jan., 

1894, 

1 

98 

Sept., 

*893, 

1 

40 

Apr., 

1893, 

4 

688 

>,  1 889- 

•1890, 

2 

•55 

April, 

*891 , 

1 

96 

Boilers. 

n.r. 

May, 

1S89, 

2 

312 

s,  1885- 

-1S90, 

3 

275 

Sept., 

1889, 

1 

IOO 

Aug. , 

1S80, 

2 

150 

April, 

1888, 

2 

244 

1889, 

1 

82 

Nov., 

1SS9, 

2 

312 

1 

104 

s,  1884- 

- 1 890, 

2 

184 

149 


K u ill 


MARYLAND  PAVEMENT  COMPANY,  Baltimore,  Md 

ANDERSON  & BARR,  Paving  Brick,  Streator,  111., 

GALESBURG  PAVING  BRICK  COMPANY.  Galesburg,  III  , 

HAYT  & \LSIP  COMPANY,  Bri( ks,  C hicago,  III 

ALSIP  BRICK  COMPANY,  Chicago,  III 

YOUNG  & F \RREI  I I 'I  \MOND  STON1  SAWING  ( OMPANY,  ( hicago,  111 
ANTHONY  SHAW,  SON  N PAMPHII.ON,  Mersey  Pottery,  Burslem,  Staffordshir 
JOHNSON  BROTHERS,  Hanley,  Staffordshire,  England, 

BASTON  & LAWSON,  Brick  and  Tile,  Southampton,  England, 

FFIRTH  FIRE  CLAY  COMPANY,  Flirth,  near  Wrexham,  England, 

CHARLES  FRANCIS  SONS  X;  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Portland  Cement,  Newport 

Isle  of  Wight,  England,  

BONNY BR 1 1)GE  SILICA  AND  FIRE  CLAY  COMPANY,  Bcnnybridge,  Scotland, 
SOCIETF  DES  TA  ILL  FRIES  MECANIQUES  DE  BORDEAUX,  Bordeaux,  France 
GEORGES  ET  PIERROT,  Bricks  a ul  Tile.  La  Neuville,  near  Clntenois,  France, 

SOC1ETE  DES  Cl  ME  NTS  FRA  NQ  A IS  ET  DES  PORTLAND,  Boulogne-sur-Mer 

France,  

EDWARD  RASTOIN,  Lime  and  Cements,  Marseilles,  France, 

I EDERER  & VESSENIJE,  Floridsdoff,  \ustria,  

IGNACIO  GIRONA,  Cement  Mill,  Lerida,  Spain, 

H.  HEESE,  Brick  Maker,  Ekatherinoslav,  Russia, 

THE  QUEENSPORT  BRICK  AND  TILE  COMPANY,  Brisbane,  Queensland,  Australia, 


Boilers. 


Sept., 

Jan., 

Sept., 

. . Feb., 

. . Feb., 

orders,  1882- 
and,  ()ct., 

. . Dec., 

. • Jan., 

Aug., 

June, 

Mar., 

• • July, 

Nov., 

orders,  1SS7- 
. . April, 

■ • July, 


Nov., 

April, 

Jan., 


*891, 

‘893, 

1S92, 

1893, 

1893, 

-1886, 

1888, 

1891, 
18S7, 

1 890, 

1S92, 

1892, 
1892, 
18S6, 

•1890, 

1891 , 

1892, 

1889, 

1891, 

1 888, 


h.p. 

61 

272 

292 

33G 

33c 

24s 

‘56 

*75 

3° 

64 

IO6 

76 

96 

13 

940 

96 

96 

64 


GLASS  WORKS. 

Boilers. 

PITTSBURGH  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 5 orders,  1890-1892,  16 

CHARLEROI  PLATE  GLASS  WORKS,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. Dec.,  1889,  6 

LONDON  AND  MANCHESTER  PLATE  GLASS  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Sutton, 

St.  Helens,  Lancashire,  England, Feb.,  1890,  1 

W.  A.  BISHOP  & COMPANY,  London  and  Warrington,  England,  2 orders,  1891-1893,  2 

I ES  CRISTAI  LERIES  DE  VAL  ST.  LAMBERT,  Val  St.  Lambert,  Belgium,  . . 2 orders,  1890-1893,  2 
COMPANHIA  INDUSTRIAL  DE  C R I ST  A ES  E VIDROS,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  ....  Feb.,  1891,  3 


H. l\ 

5*750 

I. 248 

140 

136 

246 

192 


JEWELRY,  Etc. 

FAHYS  WATCH  CASE  COMPANY,  Sag  Harbor,  N.  Y. 

SOCIETY  GENERAL  DES  MONTEURS  DE  BOITES  D’OR,  Besangon,  France, 

CLOVIS  BOUGET,  Watch  Maker  and  Jeweler,  Sens,  France,  

J.  N.  KR  El  NESS  & COMPANY,  Gold  Platers,  Moscow,  Russia, 


Boilers. 

H.P. 

3 orders,  1887-1892,  4 

274 

Sept.,  1888,  1 

35 

. . Oct.,  1889,  1 

89 

July,  1890,  1 

30 

WATER  WORKS. 


HOULTON  WATER  COMPANY,  Houlton,  Me., 

TAUNTON  WATER  WORKS,  Taunton,  Mass.,  . . .* 

WESTERLY  WATER  WORKS,  Westerly,  R.  I., 

PROVIDENCE  WATER  WORKS,  Providence,  R.  L, 

PERTH  AMBOY  WATER  COMPANY,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J., 

S<  >MER\  I I LI  W \TI  R < ( >MP  \N\  , Raritan,  N.  J 

PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

LACKAWANNA  IRON  AND  COAL  COMPANY,  Waterworks,  Scranton,  Pa.,  . . 

SCRANTON  GAS  AND  WATER  COMPANY,  Scranton,  Pa 

LANCASTER  WATER  WORKS,  Lancaster,  Pa 

TURTLE  CREEK  VALLEY  WATER  COMPANY,  Port  Perry  Station,  Pa., 

BEAR  CLAP  WATER  COMPANY,  Shamokin,  Pa., 

WILMINGTON  WATER  WORKS,  Wilmington,  Del., 

GREENSBORO’  WATER  WORKS,  Greensboro’,  N.  C., 

I LY  r<  )N  LAND  C<  )MPANY,  Birmingham,  Ala 

BESSEMER  LAND  AND  IMPROVEMENT  COMPANY,  Bessemer,  Ala  , 

CENTRAL  KENTUCKY  LUNATIC  \SYLUM,  Anchorage,  Ky 

YOUNGSTOWN  CITY  WATER  WORKS,  Youngstown,  Ohio,  . . 

JOLIET  W YTER  WORKS,  Joliet,  111 

SOUTH  BEND  CITY  WATER  WORKS,  South  Bend,  Ind.,  

MISHAWAK  \ WA  II  R W<  >RKS  ( ( IMP \\\  . Mishawaka,  Ind 

SUPERIOR  WATER,  LIGHT  AND  POWER  COMPANY,  West  Superior,  Wis.,  . . 

GRAND  RAPIDS  WATER  WORKS,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich 

UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT,  ST.  MARY’S  CANAL,  SAULT  STE.  MARIE, 

Julian  Kennedy,  Consulting  Engineer, 

CARTHAGE  WATER  WORKS  COMPANY,  Carthage,  Mo., 

RED  OAK  WATER  WORKS,  Red  Oak,  Iowa,  . 

PASADENA  LAND  AND  WATER  COMPANY,  Pasadena,  Cal., 

VISITACION  WATER  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  


Boilers. 

. . . April,  1893,  1 

. . . Sept.,  1893,  1 

. . . July,  18S6,  2 

. . . Nov.,  1893,  2 

. . . Aug.,  1881,  2 

June,  1891,  1 

. . . Sept.,  1882,  1 

2 orders,  1883-1887,  3 

Aug.,  1891,  1 

Oct.,  1887,  4 

Aug.,  1889,  1 

Feb.,  1S91,  2 

July,  1889,  2 

Feb.,  1888,  1 

3 orders,  18S1-18S2,  2 

Jan.,  1888,  2 

Nov.,  1S79,  1 

. . Mar.,  1S92,  2 

2 orders,  1S8 1-1882,  3 

2 orders,  1889-1892,  3 

Nov.,  1890,  2 

. . Sept.,  1890,  3 

3 orders,  1889-1892,  3 

MICH., 

Nov.,  1893,  2 

Sept.,  1881,  2 

Aug.,  1883,  1 

. . Oct.,  1S82,  1 

2 orders,  1883-1885,  2 


SPRING  VALLEY  WATER  WORKS,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 2 orders,  1SS6-1S91,  5 

C.  W.  CLARKE,  Walnut  Grove  Pumping  Plant,  Sacramento,  Cal., Dec.,  1893,  1 

MEXBROUGH  WATER  WORKS,  Stairfoot,  York,  England,  May,  1886,  2 

BOLJRNEMOUTH  WATER  WORKS,  Ingham  Miles,  near  Wimbourne,  England,  . 2 orders,  1SS6-18S7,  2 

KENT  WATER  WORKS,  Wilmington  Pumping  Station,  Kent,  England, Mar.,  1886,  4 

WEST  SURREY  WATER  WORKS,  Walton-on-Thames.  England, Mar.,  1S87,  2 


EAST  LONDON  WATER  WORKS  COMPANY,  Waltham  Abbey,  England,  2 orders,  April  and  Aug.,  1887,  4 


H.P. 

125 

5i 

90 

320 

130 

82 

60 
312 

75 

416 

102 

208 

184 

45 

152 

90 

no 

300 

132 

458 

150 

624 

928 

750 

120 

61 
43 

101 

680 

45 

30 

193 

320 

168 

372 


Boiler  House  of  the  Solvay  Process  Company,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  with  Babcock  6l  Wilcox  Boilers  and  Economizers.  11,102  H.  P.,  erected  from  1882  to  1892. 


SOUTHWARK  AND  VAUXHALL  WATER  WORKS  COMPANY,  London,  England,  2 

PIMLK  ( ) \\  \ I I R W<  >RKS,  I ondon,  I ngland 

GRAND  JUNCTION  WATER  WORKS,  London,  England,  

THE  FOLKESTONE  WATER  WORKS,  Folkestone,  England, 

RUGBY  LOCAL  BOARD,  Rugby,  England,  Avon  Water  Works, 

THE  COMMUNITY  OF  ROTTERDAM,  Rotterdam,  Holland,  . 

COPENHAGEN  WATER  WORKS,  Copenhagen,  Denmark, 

MUNICIPALITY  OF  AALBORG,  Aalborg,  Denmark 2 

THE  ST.  PETERSBURG  WATER  WORKS,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  

CIT\  WATER  WORKS,  Woronesh,  Russia 

ODESSA  WATER  WORKS,  Odessa,  Russia,  ....  ...  2 

BUDAPEST  WATER  WORKS,  Budapest,  Austria-Hungary . . 

BRAII  \ WATER  WORKS,  Braila,  Roumania,  

EM  PR  ESA  CONCESIONARIA  DE  AQUAS  SUBTERRANEAS  DEL  L LOB  REG  AT, 

Barcelona,  Spain, 

PERNAMBUCO  WATER  WORKS,  Pernambuco,  Brazil 

MONTEVIDEO  WATER  WORKS,  Montevideo,  Uruguay, 

PARANA  WATER  WORKS,  Parana,  \rg.  Rep 

POONAH  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Poonah,  India,  

DELHI  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Delhi,  Punjab,  India 

BOMBAY  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Bombay,  India, 

RAIPUR  WATER  WORKS  (H  M.  Government),  Raipur,  India,  . . 

SIMLA  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Simla,  India,  ....  

TRICHINOPOLY  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Trichinopoly,  India, 

TANJORE  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Tanjore,  India, 

RAJ  WANDGOON  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Raj  Wandgoon,  India, 
LUCKNOW  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Lucknow,  India,  . . . . 

SUKKUR  WATER  WORKS  (H.  M.  Government),  Sukkur,  India,  ....  . 

IPSWICH  MUNICIPAL  COUNCIL,  Ipswich,  Queensland, 

SINGAPORE  WATER  WORKS,  Singapore,  Straits  Settlements, 

GOVERNMENT  WATER  WORKS,  Crown  Street  Station,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  . . 2 

GOVERNMENT  WATER  WORKS,  Hydraulic  Station,  Newcastle,  N.  S.  W 

GOVERNMENT  WATER  WORKS,  Dight  Falls  Station,  Melbourne,  Victoria,  . . 

THE  BROKENHILL  WATER  SUPPLY,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  Australia 

NAPIER  WATER  WORKS,  Napier,  New  Zealand 


Boilers.  H.I*. 


orders,  1887-1893, 

7 

456 

Nov.,  1887, 

1 

108 

Nov.,  1891, 

1 

160 

Mar.,  1891, 

2 

270 

I une,  1893, 

1 

86 

Aug  , 1840, 

1 

no 

3 

192 

>rders,  1891-1893, 

2 

172 

June,  1890, 

2 

280 

Nov.,  1888, 

1 

73 

orders,  1889-1892, 

10 

1 048 

Mar.,  1893, 

2 

492 

2 

204 

1888, 

2 

122 

3 

222 

Sept.,  1SS8 

2 

124 

CC 

00 

4 

180 

April,  1890, 

1 

64 

Oct.,  1890, 

2 

212 

Oct.,  1891, 

4 

636 

Feb.,  1892, 

2 

70 

2 

192 

Oct.,  1892, 

3 

75 

Jan.,  1893, 

1 

60 

April,  1893, 

2 

26 

May,  1893, 

4 

420 

Oct.,  1893, 

2 

60 

April,  1893, 

I 

40 

2 

172 

orders,  1888-1890, 

4 

552 

Feb.,  1890, 

4 

544 

Jan.,  1890, 

1 

■50 

2 

192 

1 

140 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Manifold  Header,  forged  from  Steel. 

LEATHER. 

Boilers.  //./*. 


GEORGE  C.  MOORE,  Leather,  North  Chelmsford,  Mass.,  ... 

. Mar., 

1889, 

1 

156 

JEWELL  BELTING  COMPANY,  Hartford,  Conn.,  . ...  . . 

July, 

1SS3, 

2 

164 

HOWELL  & HINCHMAN  COMPANY,  Middletown,  N.  Y 

2 orders,  1883- 

1891, 

3 

286 

SCHOELLKOPF  & COMPANY,  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 

Dec., 

1892, 

2 

208 

T.  P.  HOWELL  & COMPANY,  Newark,  N.  J., 

3 Orders,  1S83- 

1886, 

3 

244 

I MUNDELL  & COMPANY,  Shoes,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

. . Dec., 

1.877, 

1 

40 

WILLIAM  FOREPAUGH  & BROTHER,  Tannery,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  . . . 

. . . Jan., 

1881, 

2 

120 

PUSEY  & SCOTT  COMPANY,  Morocco  Manufacturers,  Wilmington,  Del  , 

. . Aug., 

1S72, 

1 

75 

H.  S.  ROBINSON  & BURTENSHAW,  Boots  and  Shoes,  Detroit,  Mich., 

. . . Mar., 

1S84, 

2 

120 

CITY  OF  KEOKUK,  Leather  Manufacturers,  Keokuk,  Iowa,  ...  . . 

July, 

1.888, 

2 

90 

WILLIAM  WHITMORE,  Tanner,  Bermondsey,  London,  England, 

1884, 

2 

120 

W.  R.  BRAY,  Currier,  Bermondsey,  London,  England,  

1886, 

1 

82 

WHITMORE  & SONS,  Tanners,  Edenbridge,  Kent,  England,  

. . . Nov., 

1S85, 

1 

100 

RYMER  & SHEPARD,  Tanners,  Northampton,  England, 

1886, 

1 

84 

A.  M.  DORMAN,  Tanner,  Maidstone,  Kent,  England.  ...  

. . Dec., 

1SS7, 

1 

86 

BEARE  & SONS,  Tanners,  Norwich,  England, . 

1887, 

1 

65 

I.  & D.  H.  HIRD,  Fell  Mongers,  Yarm  on  Tees,  England, 

Aug. , 

■893, 

1 

40 

STEPHEN  F.  COX  & SON,  Tanners,  Yatton,  near  Bristol,  England,  . 

. . . Sept., 

1S93, 

1 

40 

ULYSSE  DfiON,  Tanner,  Sens,  France,  . . ■ 

*887, 

1 

51 

GOUILLON  ET  FILS,  Tanners,  Paris,  France,  

. . Jan., 

18S9, 

1 

49 

CHEMICAL  WORKS. 

Boilers. 

HP. 

SOMERSET  FIBRE  COMPANY,  Chemical  Wood  Pulp,  Fairfield,  Me.,  . . 

2 orders,  1888- 

-1889, 

2 

276 

GEO.  UPTON,  Glue,  Peabody,  Mass., 

2 orders,  1882- 

-1SS4, 

2 

280 

Building  of  Postal  Telegraph  Cable  Company,  New  York.  Heat,  Light  and  Power  furnished  by  725  H.  P.  of 
Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  erected  1893. 

4 


*-  -< 


I..  I.,  X.  \ 


OL1VKR  JOHNSON  X:  COMPANY,  Paints,  Drugs,  etc..  Providence,  R.  I 

RI  MFORD  ( III  MIC  \l  WORKS,  Providence,  R I 

PETER  COOPER’S  GLUE  FAC  TORY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

WARD  & COMPANY,  Long  Island  City,  N.  \. 

CHURCH  & COMPANY,  Chemicals,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

GLEN  COVE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Starch,  Glen  Cove 

( MINI  R,  B > le-bl ' k,  Maspeth,  N N . 

THE  SOLVA\  PROCESS  COMPANY,  Soda,  Syia<  use,  N.  \ 

I II  BIG  MAN!  I M I'  RING  ( OMPANY,  Fertilizers,  Carteret,  N I .,  . . . 

BALDER,  ADAMSON  X:  COMPANY,  Glue,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  Newark,  N.  J 

CHARLES  LENNIG,  Chemicals,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

I IQI  ID  ( ARB< >N IC  \ci  I » MANUI  ACTURING  ( < )M PANY,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

WALTON  X:  WHANN  COMPANY.  Phosphates,  Wilmington,  Del., 

CELLUVERT  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Wilmington,  Del 

PENDLI  rON  GI  \NO  COMPANY,  \tlanta,  « la 

MICHIGAN  CARBON  WORKS,  Detroit,  Mich. 

WOOD  EXTRACT  COMPANY,  Detroit,  Mich., 

J.  B.  FORD  X:  COMPANY,  Wyandotte,  Mich.,  

C.  GILBERT,  Starch,  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 

STAUFFER  X:  COMPANY,  Chemicals,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  . . 

F.  M.  SMITH,  Chemicals,  East  Oakland,  Cal 

J.  & G.  COX,  Glue  and  Gelatine,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  .... 

DUNCAN  FLOCKHARDT  X:  COMPANY,  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 

JAMES  ROSS  X:  COMPANY,  Falkirk,  Scotland, 

FARQUHAR  X:  GILL,  Paints,  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 

CHARLES  TENNANT  X:  COMPANY,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  . . 

WEBB’S  OXYGEN  SYNDICATE,  LIMITED,  London,  England, 

THE  EASTMAN  DRY  PLATE  CO.,  Photographic  Materials,  Harrc 
MORRIS  BROTHERS,  Chemicals,  Doncaster,  England, 

PRENTICE  BROTHERS,  Artificial  Manures,  Stowmarket,  England, 

READ,  HOLLIDAY  X:  SONS.  LIMITED,  Coal  Tar  Dies,  Hudders 
BOAKE,  ROBERTS  & COMPANY,  Stratford,  England,  . 

TH.  LEYSEN  ET  FILS,  Starch,  Visniet,  France,  . . . 

M.  DUBOIS,  Chemicals,  St.  Denis,  France, 

H.  JAECK,  Color  Maker,  Putaux,  France, 


Boilers.  H.I\ 


2 Old.* 


7 orders 


: order 


ow,  near  London,  Eng., 


sfield,  England, 


A.  GERMOT,  Chemicals,  Argenteuil,  France,  

MALEZIEUX  ET  COUILLARD,  Chemicals,  Bondy,  near  Paris,  France, 

H.  BARDOT,  Chemical  Works,  Paris,  France,  

LA  SOCIETE  GENERALE  DES  CIRAGES  FRANCAIS,  Blacking,  Paris,  France, 

LA  SOCT£T£  ANONYME  DE  PRODUITS  CHEMIQUES,  Etab’ts  Maletra,  Petit 


LA  CIE.  BORDELAISE  DES  PRODUITS  CHEMIQUES  D’ENGRAIS,  Bordeaux,  France, 
LA  SOCIETE  ANON.  BORDELAISE  DE  Y1DANGES  ET  ENGRAIS,  Manures, 

Bordeaux,  France,  

ROUGIER  FRERES,  Bordeaux,  France, 


SOLVAY  ET  COM PAGNIE,  Coaillet,  Belgium, 


SOCIETE  ANONYME  DES  PHOSPHATES  DE  LIEGF.  Belgium, 

H.  C.  WEDEL,  Paints  and  Chemicals,  Berlin,  Germany, 

THE  LI JM  EN  GELATIN  FABRIK,  Delft,  Holland 


STOCKHOLM  SUPERFOSFAT  FABRIKS,  A KTI E-BOLAGS,  Gottenburg,  Sweden, 
SKANSKA  SUPERFOSFAT  FABRIKS,  AKTI E-BOLAG ET,  Helsingburg,  Sweden, 

PELLERIN  FILS,  Marge rine,  Christiania,  Norway, 

THE  VESTFOS  CELLULOSE  FABRIK,  Vestfos,  near  Christiania,  Norway,  .... 

NIKITA  PONISOFFKIN  X:  SONS,  Chemicals,  Jarostaff,  Russia,  

“LA  PALMA”  FABRICA  Y REFINERI A DE  ACE  IT  A DE  COCO,  Baracoa,  Cuba, 


TOBACCO  AND  SNUFF. 

WILSON  X:  McCALLAY  TOBACCO  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Ohio, 3 orders 

THE  P.  J.  SORG  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Ohio, 

G.  W.  GAIL  X:  AX,  Baltimore,  Md., 

W.  R.  IRBY  CIGAR  AND  TOBACCO  COMPANY,  New  Orleans,  La., 

WILLIAM  CLARK  & SON,  London  and  Liverpool,  England 3 orders 

MOSS,  WHITE  X:  COMPANY,  Tobacco  and  Cigars,  Melbourne,  Victoria,  Australia,.  . . 
WILLIAM  CAMERON,  BROTHERS  & CO.,  LIMITED,  Melbourne,  Victoria,  Australia, 
DUDGEON  & ARNELL,  Melbourne,  Victoria,  Australia, 


• July, 

■ S84, 

1 

51 

s,  1 88o- 

-I885, 

4 

283 

s,  1880- 

-l88l, 

4 

500 

May, 

1882, 

2 

120 

s,  1880 

-1887, 

4 

592 

June, 

1882, 

2 

300 

Oct., 

1884, 

I 

73 

s,  1882- 

- 1 892 , 

55 

11 .102 

Oct., 

I889, 

4 

416 

;,  1 87c;- 

■1891 , 

10 

■ 387 

5,  1880- 

- 1 8S 1 , 

2 

166 

Nov., 

1891, 

I 

5° 

s,  1873- 

- 1 88 1 , 

6 

587 

Jan. , 

■s74. 

I 

5° 

Sept., 

l88l, 

I 

104 

5,  1881- 

D889, 

5 

785 

April, 

1889, 

I 

50 

Ma\ . 

I 89  I , 

6 

960 

;,  1882- 

-l884, 

4 

488 

3,  1 886- 

-l89I  , 

2 

124 

1890, 

I 

104 

;,  1S82- 

■l886, 

2 

146 

Mar., 

1S92, 

I 

96 

Sept., 

1883, 

I 

82 

Mar. , 

I887, 

I 

40 

2 

244 

May, 

1892, 

I 

22 

Sept., 

189O, 

I 

76 

June, 

189O, 

I 

.25 

Oct., 

1S8S, 

I 

t°5 

Nov., 

l892, 

I 

160 

Dec., 

'893, 

I 

>5 

2 

240 

June, 

1885, 

I 

6l 

June, 

1889, 

I 

74 

Dec., 

1S86, 

2 

240 

Mar., 

I887, 

I 

25 

April, 

1887, 

I 

120 

Nov., 

1889, 

I 

67 

Jan., 

1S94, 

4 

636 

Mar., 

lS93, 

1 

76 

i89G 

1 

248 

Oct., 

i89*  > 

2 

5° 

Nov., 

1893, 

1 

20 

Jan., 

1S94, 

I 

30 

July, 

1892, 

I 

96 

;,  1881- 

■1882.  \ 

i,  1881- 

1882, 

IO 

1,220 

Aug. , 

.883J 

April, 

1890, 

I 

20 

Jan., 

1894, 

I 

64 

Mar., 

1890, 

I 

40 

Oct., 

1889, 

I 

.5° 

1888, 

I 

25 

1 89 1 , 

I 

IO 

1887, 

2 

l86 

June, 

1890, 

2 

92 

June, 

1891, 

I 

96 

Aug., 

1S92, 

2 

2l6 

Mar., 

1S93, 

I 

172 

Nov., 

1890, 

I 

106 

Nov. , 

18S8, 

I 

73 

i893» 

2 

280 

Boi/crs. 

H.r. 

;,  1S81- 

1891 , 

3 

372 

1892, 

I 

no 

July, 

1S8S, 

2 

244 

July, 

189?, 

2 

102 

;,  1884- 

■1887, 

3 

178 

Mar.. 

1889, 

I 

25 

July, 

1890, 

I 

124 

I 

52 

V 


155 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  the  Societe  Anonyme  des  Fillatures  et  Tissages  de  Pouyer-Quertier,  Petit  Quevilly , pres  Rouen,  France. 
2 Boilers  erected  Dec,,  1 885 ; 2 in  Sept.,  1886,  and  1 in  June,  1890.  Total,  700  H,  P. 


OILS,  SOAP,  AND  CANDLES. 


STANDARD  OIL  COMPANY,  Bayonne,  X.  J.,  and  elsewhere,  . 47  orders,  1880-1893, 

BROOKLYN  OIL  REFINERY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  ....  3 orders,  1879-18S2, 

PRATT  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 6 orders,  1881-1886, 

SONE  & FLEMING  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  . . ..  2 orders,  1882-1887, 

CHESEBROUGH  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 3 orders,  1881-1891, 

VACUUM  OIL  COMPANY,  Rochester,  X.  Y 3 orders,  1S89-1890, 

TIDEWATER  OIL  COMPANY,  Oil  Refinery,  Bayonne,  X.  J. 15  orders,  1879-188S, 

NATIONAL  TRANSIT  COMPANY,  Pipe  Line,  Rutherford  Park,  N.  J..  2 orders,  Feb  and  Dec.,  1881, 

EAGLE  OIL  COMPANY,  Claremont,  N.  J., Nov.,  1889, 

ATLANTIC  REFINING  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa., . . 5 orders,  1881-1886, 

BELMONT  OIL  WORKS,  Philadelphia,  Pa 2 orders,  1881-1885, 

ORR,  LEONARD  & CUMMINGS,  Oils,  Philadelphia,  Pa. Mar.,  1884, 

MAGINN1S  OIL  MILL,  New  Orleans,  La., July,  1882, 

BALTIMORE  UNITED  OIL  COMPANY,  Baltimore,  Md.,  ....  Dec.,  1886, 

CORNWALL  & BROTHER,  Soaps  and  Candles,  Louisville,  Ky.,  . . . . . 4 orders,  1874-1883, 

ANDREWS  SOAP  COMPANY,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  ...  Mar.,  1890, 

THE  HARKNESS  & COWING  COMPANY,  Candles,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, Feb.,  1892, 

F.  O.  SWANELL,  Linseed  Oil,  Chicago,  111.,  . 1881, 

N.  K.  FAIRBANK  & COMPANY,  Lard,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  . 2 orders,  1888-1891, 

YOUNG’S  PARAFFINE,  LIGHT  AND  MINERAL  OIL  COMPANY,  Addiewell,  Scotland, . Sept.,  1883, 

BROXBURN  OIL  COMPANY,  Broxburn,  Scotland, May,  1883, 

DAIRE  E.  ANSELIN  & COMPANY,  Soap,  St.  Nicolas-les-Arras,  France, Oct.,  1886, 

EUGENE  CUVELIER,  Arras,  France . . April,  1892, 

THE  AMERICAN  PETROLEUM  COMPANY,  Bruges,  France,  . Dec.,  1891, 

MARCHAND  FRERES,  Oil  Manufacturers,  Dunkirk,  France,  ...  Oct.,  1889, 

GOUIN  ET  CIE.,  Soap,  Marseilles,  France, . Dec.,  1893, 

BONNEFOY  HIJO  Y CIA.,  Candles,  Barcelona,  Spain,  . . Oct.,  1890, 

NIATTEO  DUB1CH,  Oil.  Trieste,  Austria, June,  1886, 

DE  NEDERLANDSCHE  OLIEFABRI  K,  Delft,  Holland, July,  1892, 

THE  NEWSKY  STEARINE  CANDLE  FACTORY,  Moscow,  Russia, Sept.,  1886, 

S.  M.  SHIBAEFF,  Petroleum,  Batoum,  Russia, . . Sept.,  1885, 

J.  NASHAUR,  Petroleum.  Batoum.  Russia.  . . July,  1886, 

GORGALA  COLOCHERETA  & COMPANY,  Rivaly,  Asia  Minor,  May,  1892, 

J H1TCHEN  & SONS,  Soap,  Melbourne,  Australia, Dec.,  1893, 


68 

6 

9 

4 

3 

4 
l5 

5 


//  /’ 

10,506 
728 
1 482 
416 
401 
572 
2.246 
520 
1C4 
1. hi 
333 
101 
3&o 
120 
225 
78 

125 

60 

380 

120 

140 

35 

35 

15 

140 

66 

15 

145 

192 

70 

5i 

5i 

3® 

40 


PACKERS  AND  CANNERS. 


H.  J.  HEINZ  COMPANY.  Pickles,  etc.,  Allegheny  City,  Pa. 

THE  WESTERN  REFRIGERATING  COMPANY,  Packers,  Chicago,  111 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  PACKING  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111.,  

THE  T.  E.  WELLS  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111 

ANGLO-SWISS  CONDENSED  MILK  COMPANY,  Dixon,  111., 

JOHN  MORRELL  & COMPANY.  LIMITED,  Ottumwa,  Iowa 

THE  HAAKINSON  PACKING  COMPANY,  Sioux  City,  Iowa 

MARSHALL  CANNING  COMPANY,  Marshalltown,  Iowa,  ....  ... 

ARMOUR  PACKING  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

SPIERS  & POND,  London,  England,  ...  

SILLITOE  X’  SHARES,  Packers  and  Shippers,  Manchester,  England,  

T.  W.  PETERSON  & COMPANY,  Packers  and  Shippers,  Birmingham,  England, 

J.  STEVENSON,  Packer,  Manchester.  England,  

THE  GLOBE  PACKING  COMPANY,  Manchester,  England,  . . 

F.  CLERET.  Preserved  Meat,  Paris,  France, 

L.  A.  PRICE.  Canned  Goods,  Bordeaux,  France, 

TALBOT  FRERES,  Makers  of  Preserved  Provisions,  Bordeaux,  France,  .... 

DUPRAT  & DURAND,  Tinned  Goods,  Bordeaux,  France,  ... 

LES  FILS  DE  CH.  TYSSONNEAU  JEUNE,  Bordeaux,  France,  

BRAZILIAN  EXTRACT  OF  MEAT  AND  HIDES  FACTORY,  LIMITED.  Pare- 

das,  Porte  Alegre,  Brazil,  . 

DUNLIFF  & PATERSON,  Fruit  Preservers,  Melbourne,  Victoria,  Australia,  .... 


Dec., 

Boilers. 
1889,  2 

H.r 

208 

Jan. , 

1890, 

2 

240 

Sept., 

1890, 

1 

300 

Feb., 

1891 , 

1 

300 

Nov., 

‘893. 

1 

51 

July, 

1891 , 

2 

400 

Sept. , 

1887, 

4 

548 

Nov., 

1880, 

2 

120 

ers,  18S6- 

1889, 

4 

I 000 

Jan., 

1890, 

2 

405 

Aug., 

1885, 

1 

65 

Nov., 

1 889 , 

1 

120 

Oct., 

1 886, 

1 

85 

Jan., 

18S9, 

1 

80 

Oct., 

'S93. 

1 

32 

ers,  1889- 

1891 , 

3 

63 

Feb., 

1890, 

1 

40 

June, 

1892, 

1 

■3 

ers,  1S92- 

1893, 

2 

60 

ers,  iS88- 

1889, 

4 

248 

Aug., 

1SS9, 

2 

60 

COFI'EE,  SPICES.  Etc. 

ARBUCKLF.  BROTHERS  COFFEE  COMPANY.  Brooklyn.  X.  Y.,  . . 

ARBUCKLES  & COMPANY,  Spices,  Pittsburgh,  Pa 

F WITCH  HI  1 . 1 H A M PI  IN  A O >M  P A X Y.  ( T >ct  s Portland,  Me., 


CLOTHING,  FURNISHING  GOODS, 

HEATON  BUTTON  FASTENER  COMPANY,  Providence,  R.  1 

C.  H.  MERRITT  & SON,  Danburv,  Conn., 

BUREAU  PROVISIONS  AND  CLOTHING,  Navy  Yard.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y 

MILLER,  HALL  & HARTWELL,  Shirts,  Troy,  N.  Y., 

WRIGHT  BROTHERS  & COMPANY,  Umbrellas,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  . . . . 

WISE  BROTHERS,  Overalls,  etc.,  Baltimore,  Md., 

VOGLER  & GEUDTNER,  Trunks,  Chicago,  111  


Boilers.  H.P. 


2 orders,  1883-1886, 

4 

416 

2 orders,  1883-1891, 

2 

153 

. . . May,  1883, 

2 

102 

Etc. 

Boilers. 

H.r. 

April,  1890, 

I 

92 

Sept.,  1S92, 

I 

208 

. . Feb.,  1892, 

2 

90 

2 orders,  1883-1890, 

2 

306 

I 

75 

Feb..  1887, 

2 

102 

July,  1SS1, 

I 

83 

► 


A.  E.  BURKHARDT  & COMPANY,  Cloaks,  Purs,  Hats,  etc.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
THE  M.  C.  LILLEY  COMPANY,  Regalia,  Columbus,  Ohio, 

ROSEMONT  COMB  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 

THOMAS  CARLYLE,  Buttons,  Birmingham,  England, 

A.  DUPONT  ET  C1E.,  Brush  Manufacturers,  Beauvais,  France, 

GARCIA  GIRONA  Y CIA  , Brush  Makers,  Barcelona,  Spain,  . 

M.  LOVENSTEIN.  Corsets,  Moscow,  Russia 

LA  COMPANHIA  CH APELLARI A NORTE  INDUSTRIAL,  Hats,  Bahia,  Brazil, 


Boilers. 

//./'. 

July,  1889, 

1 

99 

2 orders,  1890-1892, 

3 

250 

June,  1887, 

X 

136 

3 orders,  1886-1893, 

4 

207 

Feb.,  1886, 

7 

104 

Dec.,  1885, 

1 

30 

Mar.,  1891, 

1 

15 

. . Nov.,  1892, 

1 

123 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  New  Orleans  International  Cotton  Exposition,  1885,  Total,  1,500  H,  P. 


Boilers. 

H.r. 

LOCKWOOD  COMPANY,  Waterville,  Me., 

June, 

1881, 

2 

309 

COCHECO  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Dover,  N.  H 

July, 

1881, 

2 

164 

JOEL  H.  GATES  & COMPANY,  Burlington  Cotton  Mills,  Burlington,  Vt., 

Mar., 

1883, 

2 

244 

ARLINGTON  MILLS,  Lawrence,  Mass.,  

Feb., 

1887, 

12 

2 880 

BARNABY  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Fall  River,  Mass.. 

Mar., 

1882, 

4 

448 

KING  PHILIP  MILLS,  Fall  River,  Mass 

April, 

1892, 

5 

1,260 

COHANNET  MILLS,  Taunton,  Mass 

3 orders,  1890-1892, 

4 

• 73° 

HEBRON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Attieboro,  Mass., 

. . . Mar., 

1882, 

4 

400 

MANCHAUG  COMPANY,  Manchaug,  Mass 

June, 

1882, 

4 

400 

THE  HADLEY  COMPANY,  Thread,  Holyoke,  Mass., 

4 orders,  1883- 

*893, 

6 

1,197 

BERKSHIRE  COTTON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Adams,  Mass.,  . 

2 orders,  1891- 

1892, 

3 

720 

GREYLOCK.  MILLS,  North  Adams,  Mass.. 

July, 

'893, 

I 

240 

MASSACHUSETTS  COTTON  MILLS,  Lowell,  Mass., 

. . Jan., 

1893, 

4 

1.000 

ROTCH  SPINNING  CORPORATION,  New  Bedford,  Mass., 

2 orders,  1892- 

'893, 

4 

840 

WAMSUTTA  MILLS,  New  Bedford,  Mass 

■893, 

l 

250 

B.  B.  & R.  KNIGHT.  Providence  and  Natick,  R.  I 

6 orders,  1884- 

1892, 

13 

2.867 

NOTTINGHAM  MILLS,  Providence,  R.  L,  

. . 2 orders,  1884- 

1885, 

4 

416 

THE  ALBION  COMPANY,  Providence,  R.  I., 

Sept., 

1891, 

2 

300 

158 


Boilers 


QUIDNICK  MAN UFACTl' RING  COMPANY,  Quidnick,  R 1 Mar,  1891,  1 

LORRAIN1  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Saylesville,  R.  I.,  May,  1891,  1 

THE  WILLIAM  CLARK  COMPANY,  Thread,  Westerly,  R.  1 Sept.,  1891,  3 

THE  SLATER  COTTON  COMPANY,  Pawtucket,  R.  I . July,  1890,  2 

THE  UNITED  STATES  COTTON  COMPANY,  Pawtucket,  R.  L,  . . Oct.,  1892,  3 

CUTLER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Yam  and  Cotton  Cordage,  Warren,  R.  I , 2 orders,  1S83-18S9,  3 

DYERVILLE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY.  Dyerville,  K.  L, Sept.,  1889,  2 

G W.  REYNOLDS  & COMPANY,  Davisville,  R.  I . Nov.,  1889,  1 

PALMER  BROTHERS,  Montville  and  Oakdale  Mills,  Montville,  Conn.,  ...  2 orders,  1879-1 8S2,  2 

FALLS  COMPANY,  Norwich,  Conn., . . . 3 orders,  1881-1882,  4 

HALL  BROTHERS,  Norwich,  Conn.,  ...  . . April,  1891,  1 

PONEMAH  MILLS,  Taftville,  Norwich,  Conn.,  . . 2 orders,  1882-18S3,  4 

QUINNEBAUG  COMPANY,  Danielsonville,  Conn., 2 orders,  1SS2-1883,  5 

WHITE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Rockville,  Conn., June,  1887,  1 

ONECO  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  New  London,  Conn.,  . . . June,  1888,  2 

IRVING  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  New  Brighton,  S.  I , N.  Y.,  Sept.,  18S3,  1 

T H.  SMITH.  Jamestown  Cotton  Mill,  Jamestown,  N.  Y . Sept.,  1880,  2 

MILLVILLE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Millville,  N.  J., Oct.,  1881,  1 

i ll  \RLES  SPENCER  COMPANY,  Germantown,  Pa., May,  1892,  1 

HENRY  McKEEN  & COMPANY,  S.  Easton,  Pa Mar.,  1SS2,  1 

ARLINGTON  MILLS  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Wilmington,  Del.,  Aug.,  1S80,  4 

MOUNT  VERNON  MILLS,  Baltimore,  Md Mar.,  1882,  4 

W.  H.  BALDWIN,  JR.,  & COMPANY,  Savage,  Md Aug.,  1881,  2 

RANDLEMAN  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Randleman,  N.  C, 2 orders,  18S7-1SS9,  2 

F.  & H.  FRIES,  Salem,  N.  C., 2 orders,  1880-18S1,  2 

CHARLOTTE  COTTON  MILLS,  Charlotte,  N.  C 2 orders,  1884-1886,  4 

GASTONIA  COTTON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Gastonia,  N.  C.,  . . . . 3 orders,  1888-1891,  4 

UNION  COTTON  MILLS,  Maiden,  N.  C Oct.,  1891,  2 

HUGUENOT  MILLS,  Greenville,  S.  C.,  2 orders,  1882-1886,  2 

SUMTER  COTTON  MILLS,  Sumter,  S.  C.,  . Jan.,  1881,  1 

J.  J.  DALE  & COMPANY,  St.  Helena  Island,  S.  C., June,  1S80,  1 

NEWBERRY  ( OTTON  MILLS,  Newberry,  S.  C. 2 orders,  1883-1887,  3 

REEDY  RIVER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Reedy  River  Factory,  S.  C, Jan.,  1884,  1 

DARLINGTON  MILLS,  Darlington,  S.  C.,  ......  April,  1884,  2 

THE  SWIFT  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Columbus,  Ga., 3 orders,  1883-1887,  5 

HAMBURGER  COTTON  MILLS,  Columbus,  Ga., June,  1893,  2 

EXPOSITION  COTTON  MILL,  Atlanta,  Ga . Feb.,  1882,  2 

FULTON  BAG  AND  COTTON  MILLS,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  4 orders,  1881-1889,  5 

BIBB  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Macon,  Ga 3 orders,  18S7-1890,  3 

MACON  KNITTING  COMPANY,  Hosiery,  Macon,  Ga Aug.,  1S90,  1 

MADISON  COTTON  GINNING  COMPANY,  Madison,  Fla., July,  1S82,  1 

ADAMS  COTTON  MILLS,  Montgomery,  Ala 2 orders,  iSSi-:C37,  2 

MAGINNIS  COTTON  MILLS,  New  Orleans,  La., 5 orders,  1882-1888,  14 

GALVESTON  CO'I  r()N  \ND  W()()LLX  MILLS.  Galveston.  I'exas ...  Dec.,  1889,  3 

THE  STEARNS  & FOSTER  COMPANY,  Waddings,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  2 ord  rs,  1890  1891,  3 

CALIFORNIA  COTTON  MILLS,  East  Oakland,  Cal 2 orders,  1884-1891,  3 

MONCTON  COTTON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Moncton,  N.  P» Sept.,  1SS2,  2 

WALTER  CRUM  & COMPANY,  Thomliebank,  Scotland Feb.,  1S83,  1 

THOMSON  & ROBERTSON,  Milngavie,  Scotland,  . . July,  1883,  1 

F.  STEWART  SANDEMAN,  Stanley,  Scotland,  . . Aug.,  1SS3,  1 

THE  EDINBURGH  RO P ERIE  AND  SAIL  CLOTH  COMPANY,  L’T’D,  Leith,  Scotland,  Aug.,  188S,  1 

C.  TATTERSALL,  Droyesden,  Scotland, Oct.,  1S88,  1 

J.  R.  & A.  SMITH,  LIMITED,  Preston,  Lancashire,  England Feb.,  1887,  2 

JOSEPH  SCHOFIELD  & COMPANY,  Littleborough,  Lancashire,  England,  ......  Mar.,  1SS5,  1 

PADIHAM  SPINNING  COMPANY,  Padiham,  England, Aug.,  18S6,  1 

PENDLEBLTRY  & SONS,  Radcliffe,  England Feb  . 1886,  1 

JAMES  PATTERSON  & COMPANY,  Pifeford  Mills,  Blackley,  England,  . . July,  1S86,  1 

R.  & H.  HINCHCLIFFE,  Mvtholanroyd,  York,  England,  Sept.,  1886,  1 

THE  OAK  MOUNT  SPINNING  AND  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Burnley,  England,  May  1887,  1 

BOTTERIL,  POTTER  & COMPANY,  Finishers,  Bradford,  England May,  1888,  1 

THE  PLATT  LANE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Hindley,  England,  . April,  1888,  1 

J.  & J.  BALDWIN,  Clarkbridge  Mills,  Halifax,  England ...  April,  1893,  2 

EDMOND  BERTRAND,  Cambria,  France,  June,  1886,  1 

HELZINGER  ET  FILS,  Weavers,  Charleval,  France,  . . May,  1S86,  1 

WIBAUX  MOTTE,  Roubaix,  France,  May,  1885,  2 

WIBAUX  FLORIN,  Twister,  Roubaix,  France, 3 orders,  1885-1887,  5 

BAYARD  PARENT,  Tourcoing,  France,  ........  . . . Oct.,  1884,  3 

BINET  PERE  ET  FILS,  Tourcoing,  France,  . Jan.,  1885,  1 

FLIPO  FRERES,  Tourcoing,  France,  2 orders,  18S5-1S87,  3 

SCALABRE-DELCOURT  ET  FILS,  Tourcoing,  France,  . . . . . Oct.,  1885,  1 

ALBERT  POLLET,  Tourcoing,  France,  . . Aug.,  1885,  1 

MARTIAL  DAPOUVILLE,  Tourcoing,  France,  April,  1886,  1 

GUSTAVE  DOLFUS,  Belfort,  Vosges,  France,  ......  . Dec.,  1SS8,  2 

VINCENT  PONNIER  ET  CIE.,  Sonones,  Vosges,  France,  . . May,  1SS5,  ) 2 

VINCENT  PONNIER  ET  CIE.,  Moussey,  France July,  1885,  i 

SOCIETE  ANONYM E POUYER-QUERTIER,  Spinning,  Rouen,  France 3 orders,  1885-1890,  5 

ARMAND  PEYNAUD,  Spinner  and  Weaver,  Charleval,  France,  . . 2 orders,  May  and  Sept.,  1886,  4 

M.  COSSERAT,  Weaver,  Amiens,  France, ...  3 orders,  1SS5-1887,  3 


H.P. 

146 
208 
6co 
500 
1 000 
404 
250 
61 
120 
368 
104 
400 
518 
136 
208 
92 
160 
104 
208 
50 
500 
500 
500 
90 
250 
301 
310 
146 
100 
75 
50 
480 

272 

5“ 

400 

208 

810 

520 

104 

60 
”7 

2.544 

720 

342 

312 

300 

122 

122 

55 

156 

75 
280 

156 

156 

156 

73 

156 

124 

124 

124 

500 

96 

61 
184 
628 
240 
136 

614 

76 
104 

61 

322 

159 

652 

480 

252 


159 


ED.  GALA  ME,  Spinner,  Epinal,  France, 

C.  ZEUTZ  ET  CIE.,  Beauvais,  France, 

BAUDOIN,  RISLER  ET  CIE.,  Spinners,  Luxeuel,  France, 

IRENE  BRUN  ET  CIE.,  Lace,  St.  Chamond,  France, 

A LAM  AG  NY  & ORIOL,  Lace,  St.  Chamond,  France, 

JULES  GRATRY  ET  CIE.,  Weavers,  Halliun,  France 

MADAME  A.  MANCHON  LEMA1TRE  ET  CIE.,  Calico  Makers  and  Weavers,  V 

DUBOIS,  CHARVET,  COLUMBIER,  Armentiers,  France, 

J.  LEPETIT  ET  J.  BEAUDOIN,  Pavilly,  France, 

A.  J.  GUEST,  Weaver,  Fecamp,  France, 

FERDINAND  BRACQ,  Spinner,  Ghent,  Belgium,  

BAERTSOEN  & BLWSSE,  Weavers,  Ghent,  Belgium, 


Boilers. 

Dec.,  1884,  2 

May,  1886,  1 

Aug.,  1886,  1 

May,  1888,  1 

Feb.,  1889,  1 

Jan.,  1889,  1 

iolbec,  France,  April,  1889,  1 

2 orders,  1885,  3 

Aug.,  1891,  1 

Sept.,  1891,  1 

May,  1888,  1 

2 orders,  1889-1891 , 2 


H.P. 

J5<> 

104 
136 

92 

75 

92 

558 

96 

96 

105 

493 


F E FFUyS 


n f m FT  IF 


Holland  House,  New  York,  Heated  aid  lighted  by  448  H.  P.  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers.  Erected  1390. 


SOCIEtE  ANON.  LINIERE  LA  1. 1 EVE,  Client,  Belgium 

A.  & V.  DE  STAERCKE  FRERES,  Moerbeke,  Belgium,  . . 

ADRIEN  FLAMENT,  Grammont,  Belgium, 

JULIUS  RIPPERT,  Forst,  Germany 

J.  PONGS,  Neuwerk,  Germany 

H E I DENSCH  AFTER  BAUMWOHLSPI N NEREI , Heidenschaft,  Germany 

LA  ESPA^A  INDUSTRIAL,  Barcelona,  Spain, 

A.  LEDO  Y CIE.,  Barcelona,  Spain .... 

JOS£  SALGOT,  Weaver,  Barcelona,  Spain, 

TORRABADELLA  H ERMA  NOS,  Spinners,  Barcelona,  Spain 

PABLO  SAN  SALVADOR,  Weaver,  Barcelona,  Spain 

COM  PTE  Y VI  LA  DO  MAT,  Barcelona,  Spain, 

VIUDA  DE  M.  BERTRAND,  Spinning.  San  Felio,  Barcelona,  Spain,  . . 
ENRIQUE  ARIS,  Cotton  Spinning,  Malgrat,  near  Barcelona,  Spain,  . . . 


Boilers.  If.  P. 


Sept.,  1893,  1 192 

Jan.,  1891,  1 172 

Aug.,  1891,  1 >6 

Dec.,  1886,  1 136 

May,  1885,  1 120 

(Jet.,  1893,  1 172 

4 orders,  1888-1891,  8 980 

. . July,  1891,  2 500 

May,  1885,  1 15 

2 orders,  1884-1890,  3 217 

. . May,  1886,  2 40 

Mar.,  1891,  1 86 

. . Dec.,  1888.  2 246 

. . Sept.,  1889,  1 61 


◄ 


i . 

Boilers. 

HP. 

. 

PER  ERA  & PORTABELLA,  Spain 

Feb.,  1888, 

I 

127 

FRANCISCO  DE  LA  VIESCA,  Cadiz,  Spain, 

Aug.,  1890, 

2 

368 

FIGOLI  HERMANOS,  Weavers,  Morelia,  Spain, 

Feb.,  1890, 

I 

20 

ESTEBAN  ALBERDI  V Cl E.,  Azcoitia,  Spain,  

Nov.,  1891, 

I 

52 

A.  VELINO  TRINXET,  Monistrol,  Spain,  

Jat.,  1893, 

I 

•52 

HIJO  DI  FRANCISCO  VILARDELL  Y CIE,  Salt,  Gerona,  Spain, 

Mar.,  1X93, 

I 

76 

COM  PA  N H 1 A DE  MOAC.KM  KM  VI  ANNA  DE  CASTII.I.O,  Lisbon,  Portugal, Oct.,  1891, 

I 

124 

I 

I^O 

THE  RRODETZER  SPINNER K 1 . .Austria, 

Oct.,  1892, 

I 

ic2 

JOSEPH  RIEDEL,  Wurzeldorf,  Austria, 

May,  1893, 

I 

;Eo 

SAVVA  MEROSOFF’S  SONS  X CO.,  Nikolskoje  M'f'g  Co.,  Station  Orechoroo,  Russia,  3 orders,  1SSS-1891, 

7 

I 256 

THEODOR  ED  PYCHLAN,  Spinner,  Strasdenhoff,  Riga,  Russia, 

June,  1SS9, 

1 

i-4 

P.  MALJUTIN,  Rimenskoje,  Russia,  

July,  1SS5, 

1 

92 

A W.  MAKAROFF,  Wadding  Manufacturer,  Astrakhan,  Russia, 

1 

ZO 

NETCHAEF  MALZOFF,  Cotton  Mill,  Goussevo,  Russia,  . 

Mav,  1889, 

1 

Q2 

MOSCOW  LACE  FACTORY,  Moscow,  Russia,  

Nov.,  1889, 

1 

<0 

A.  GUI WARTOFSKY,  Lace  Factory,  Moscow,  Russia, 

1 

40 

RKUTOFF  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Moscow,  Russia,  . . . . 

. April  and  July,  1890, 

2 

3C8 

THE  PROCHOROFF  MANUFACTURED  COMPANY,  Moscow,  Russia, 

Sept.,  1890, 

1 

I40 

JOHN  BOUTIKOFF  & SONS,  Moscow,  Russia, 

2 

1G4 

J I BASKAKOFF,  Print  Works,  Moscow,  Russia, 

April,  1888, 

2 

164 

ALBERT  HUEBNER,  Weaving  and  Printing,  Moscow,  Russia, 

1 

45 

SAVVA  MOROSOFF  SONS  & COMPANY,  Nicholsky,  Moscow,  Russia, 

4 

I 0/2 

RUDOLF  KELLER,  Ladz,  Russian  Poland 

1 

123 

SILVA  MOREIRA  X'  CIA.,  Bahia,  Brazil,  . 

1 

140 

CRUZ  & CIA.,  Spinners,  Aracaju,  Brazil, 

May,  1892, 

2 

248 

COTTON  SPINNING  COMPANY,  Pernambuco,  S.  A 

1 

86 

STEFANO  CAUZIA,  Bombay,  India 

Sept.,  1890, 

1 

152 

BAKADINA  SPINNING  AND  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  1,’T’D, 

Bombay,  India,  Feb.,  1889, 

3 

624 

SOC.  ANON.  DE  FILATURE  ET  TISSAGE  MECANIQUE,  Pondichery, 

India,  . 6 orders,  1884-1887, 

8 

820 

GOKULDAS  BULLABDAS  COTTON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 

Allahabad,  India,  Dec.,  1891, 

I 

140 

OGILVY  GELLANDERS  & COMPANY,  Calcutta,  India, 

Aug.,  1S93, 

4 

64O 

MANUFACTURERS  OF  WOOLS,  WORSTEDS,  Etc. 

Boilers. 

//./>. 

J.  W.  BUSIEL  & COMPANY,  Granite  Hosiery  Mills,  Laconia,  N.  H.,  . . 

Aug.,  1882, 

1 

82 

FRANK  P.  HOLT,  Hosiery,  Laconia,  N.  H 

Aug.,  1886, 

1 

73 

NONANTUM  WORSTED  COMPANY,  Newton,  Mass., 

4 

832 

GEORGE  C.  MOORE,  North  Chelmsford,  Mass., 

1 

280 

PEACEDAI.E  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Peacedale,  R.  1 , 

3 orders,  1882-1893, 

4 

688 

PROVIDENCE  WORSTED  MILLS,  Providence,  R.  I 

8 

I 800 

BELLEVILLE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Providence,  R.  I., 

July,  1S93, 

I 

i65 

WILLIAM  GREGORY,  Wickford,  R.  I., 

I 

122 

UNION  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Wolcottsville,  Conn. 

2 

200 

WARREN  WOOLEN  COMPANY,  Stafford  Springs,  Conn., 

2 orders,  Jan.  and  Sept.,  1S83, 

2 

228 

HALL  BROTHERS,  Doeskins,  Norwich,  Conn.,  

2 

208 

SPRINGVILLE  COMPANY,  Coatings,  Rockville,  Conn., 

3 

366 

MILNER  & COMPANY,  Moosup,  Conn.,  

I 

165. 

ROOT  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Hosiery,  Cohoes,  N.  Y.,  . . . 

Oct..  1S86, 

I 

51 

HARDER  KNITTING  COMPANY,  Hudson,  N.  Y 

2 

150 

ABEGG,  DAENIKER  & COMPANY,  Middletown,  N.  Y. 

I 

104 

AKEN  KNITTING  COMPANY,  Philmont,  N.  V., 

I 

61 

RARITAN  WOOLEN  MILL,  Raritan,  N.  J 

6 

1 o5o' 

SOMERSET  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Raritan,  N.  J. 

3 orders,  1S79-1SS1, 

6 

720 

BOUND  BROOK  WOOLEN  MILLS,  Bound  Brook,  N.  J., 

\ orders,  187S-1SS1, 

5 

695 

KAIRMOUNT  WORSTED  MILLS,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  

2 orders,  1879-1882, 

3 

416 

KEYSTONE  MILLS,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

2 

150 

M.  A.  FURBISH  & SON,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

Sept.,  18S0, 

4 

500 

PENN  WORSTED  MILLS,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

2 

212 

ORMISTON  M ANUF ACTURI NG  COMPANY,  Knit  Goods  and  Ladies"  Suits,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.,  1883, 

2 

150 

THOMAS  J AGGERS,  Yarns,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

I 

104 

JONATHAN  RING  & SONS,  Yarns,  Philadelphia,  Pa 

2 

208 

J.  C.  GRAHAM,  Dress  Trimmings,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  

I 

73 

CONSHOHOCKEN  WORSTED  MILLS,  Conshohocken,  Pa., 

5 

824 

J.  CAPPS  & SONS,  LIMITED,  Jacksonville,  III 

I 

150 

THE  F.  GRAY  COMPANY,  Piqua,  Ohio 

I 

104 

S.  B.  WILKINS  COMPANY,  Rockford,  111 

2 

121 

EAGLE  KNITTING  COMPANY,  Elkhart,  Ind 

2 orders,  1SS2-1SS7, 

2 

100 

OLD  KENTUCKY  WOOLEN  MILLS,  Louisville,  Kv. 

. . . . 2 orders,  1SS3-1SS7, 

3 

312 

COOPER,  WELLS  & COMPANY,  St.  Joseph,  Mich 

Ja:i.,  18S3, 

I 

83 

THE  BUELL  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY.  St.  Joseph,  M».,  . . 

Mar.,  1883, 

I 

■50 

ROSAMOND  WOOLEN1  MILLS,  Almont,  Ontario,  Canada, 

5 

362 

MONTREAL  WOOLEN  MILLS.  Montreal,  Canada 

I 

IOS 

S.  T.  WILLETT,  RICHELIEU  WOOLEN  MILLS,  Chambly  Canton,  Quebec,  Canada,  May,  1893, 

2 

l54 

CH ARTERIES,  SPENCE  & COMPANY,  Tweeds,  Dumfries,  Scotland, 

Aug.,  1SS6, 

I 

120 

TAMES  JOHNSON  & COMPANY,  Tweeds,  Elgin,  Scotland, 

I 

160 

DEVAUX,  FRERES  ET  CIE.,  Adrimont,  Yerdiers,  Belgium, 

Sept.,  188S, 

I 

75 

161 


* 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  at  Wabash  Paper  Co,  Wabash,  Ind.,  with  Hoppe  Feedwater  Purifiers,  1,250  H.  P.  Erected  1889, 


irdeaux 


Igium , 


ALBERT  OUDKN  ET  CIE.,  Merinos  and  Cashmeres,  Dinant,  B 

GOI  rHALS-GOl  rHALS,  Eecloo,  Belgium 

SYREIZOL  SENIOR  & J.  CARRE  RE,  Makers  of  Kelt  Shoes,  I 
LEON  PEQUIN,  Cuygand  la  BernardDre,  Vendee,  France, 

TI B E RGHIEN  FRlLRES,  Carders,  Tourcoing,  France, 
CAUELIEZ  PlS RE,  FILS  & DELAOUTRE,  Tourcoing,  France 

ALLART  ROUSSEAU,  Carder,  Roubaix,  France, 

A.  PROUVOST  X COMPANY,  Carders,  Roubaix,  France, 

M.  PATTY N,  Spinner,  Roubaix,  France, 

C.  X J.  POLLET,  Roubaix,  France, 

HARDING-CROCKER  FILS,  Lisle,  France,  

NICOLAS  LUDOVICA,  Larschette,  Luxembourg, 

CRUDER  & COMPANY,  Cloth  Manufacturers,  Piet/.  (Lorwitz),  ( 

HI  JOS  DE  JAIME  TORT,  Alcoy,  Spain, 

FRANCISCO  BONET,  Barcelona,  Spain 

JOSE  GUILHERME  MO  RAO,  CASTELLO  BRANCO,  Portu 

J.  KLINGLER,  JUNGBUNZLAU,  Austria, 

W.  J.  KISLJAKOFF,  Weaver,  Moscow,  Russia, 

SACHAROFF  BROTHERS,  Cloth  Manufacturers,  Moscow,  Russia 
EGERTON  WOOLEN  MILLS,  Dharival,  Punjab,  India, 


DYE  WORKS  AND  BLEACH ERIES. 

SAYLES*  BLEACH ERY,  Pawtucket,  R.  I., 


al, 


THE  STERLING  DYING  AND  FINISHING  COMPANY,  Sterling,  Conn., 
JAMES  MARTIN  & COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 


JAMES  McLARDIE  & SONS,  Paisley,  Scotland, 


JAMES  SMITH  & SONS,  Yarn  Dyers,  Heywood,  England, 
J.  & J.  M.  WORRALL,  Manchester,  England, 


S.  SCHWABE  & COMPANY,  Bleachers,  Middleton,  England, 2 orders 

HANNART  FRERES,  Roubaix  and  Wasquehal,  France, 4 orders 

BROWAEYS-DEGEYTER  FRERES,  Roubaix,  France, 2 orders 


E.  ROUSSEL,  Dyer,  Roubaix,  France 

COCHETEUX  ET  CIE.,  Dyers,  Roubaix,  France, 

LOUIS  GLORIEUX,  Roubaix,  France, 

ACHILLE  DELADALLE,  Roubaix,  France,  

DUBOIS,  CHARVET,  COLUMBIER,  Armenlieres,  France, 

J.  LAUREAU,  Dyer,  Paris,  France, 

F.  BOURGIN,  DRIN  ET  FROUVE,  Bleachers,  Courbevoie,  France, 

C.  COUGET  & H.  LACOUR,  Dyers,  Puteaux,  France, 

ELMER  FRERES,  Lyons,  France, 

WALLERAND,  WI ART,  WARTREMEZ,  JACQZ  ET  CIE.,  Cambrai,  Fr; 

VANACHLRE-PARxMENTIER,  Halluiu,  Belgium, 

MOERMAN  FRERES,  Roulers,  Belgium 

LA  BLANCHISSERIE  DE  MONPLALSIR,  Schaerbeck-Brussels,  Belgium, 


FR \NZ  BAL/I.R,  Indigo  Print  Works.  Kanitz,  Austria,  . 
SUCC  ESSO  RES  DE  FRANCISCO  ROURA,  Tarrasa,  Spain,  . 
CARR  AG  10  & TRINXET,  Barcelona,  Spain 


MELICHIORRE  BEL  LET  I ER  I,  Civita  Vecchia,  Italy, 
IGNACIO  DE  NORIEGA,  Mexico, 


SILK  MILLS. 


CHENEY  BROTHERS,  South  Manchester,  Conn.,  . . 
LOUIS  FRANKE  & COMPANY,  Paterson,  N.  J.,  . 

MAYER  & COMPANY,  Hoboken,  N.  J 

ONEIDA  COMMUNITY,  LIMITED,  Kenwood.  N.  Y . . 

WHITEHALL  SILK  COMPANY,  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  . . 

CORRIVEAU  & COMPANY,  Montreal,  Canada,  .... 
JAMES  MELVILLE  & SONS,  Hazelden,  Meams,  Scotland, 
LISTER  & COMPANY,  MANN  INCH  AM  MILLS,  Bradfor 


MOTTE,  BOSSLTT  FILS,  Roubaix,  France, 

A.  MANCHON  LE  MAITRE  ET  CIE.,  Bolbec, 
MOULIN  FILS,  Ribbons,  St.  Just,  Malmond,  Fra 
CHRISTOPF  ANDREAL,  Mulheini-on-Rbine,  Ge 


Sept.,  1889, 

1 

=48 

April,  1893, 

1 

142 

Feb.,  1890, 

1 

40 

July,  1S88, 

1 

40 

>,  1885-1SS7, 

5 

1,200 

June,  1S87, 

2 

488 

Sept.,  1885, 

4 

744 

Oct.,  1SS5, 

3 

558 

Dec.,  1S85, 

1 

123 

Feb.,  1887, 

1 

136 

Oct.,  1S87, 

1 

30 

1 

25 

Aug.,  1889, 

1 

61 

Nov.,  1888, 

1 

82 

Jan.,  1890, 

1 

85 

April,  1893, 

1 

64 

May,  1893, 

1 

172 

July,  1890, 

1 

40 

July,  1891, 

1 

96 

Oct.,  1886, 

1 

120 

Boilers. 

H.P. 

July,  18S3, 

3 

312 

2 

240 

Feb.,  1893, 

2 

328 

18S0-1881, 

2 

208 

2 

272 

>,  1883-1893, 

3 

347 

April,  1886, 

1 

146 

Jan.,  1884, 

1 

136 

Oct.,  1884, 

1 

120 

i,  1884-1887, 

5 

636 

May,  1887, 

1 

156 

;,  1886-1891, 

4 

494 

;,  1885-1887, 

5 

826 

>,  1885-1887, 

2 

342 

Nov.,  1885, 

2 

186 

Dec.,  1887, 

3 

558 

April,  1887, 

1 

193 

Oct.,  1S87, 

1 

106 

Oct.,  1SS5, 

1 

186 

Aug.,  1885, 

4 

476 

1 

25 

Aug.,  1889, 

1 

140 

Feb.,  1889, 

1 

244 

;,  1886-1891, 

4 

422 

June,  1886, 

2 

416 

Jan.,  1890, 

I 

106 

June,  1891, 

I 

159 

o' 

j 

I 

40 

Dec.,  1892, 

I 

47 

July,  1892, 

I 

46 

Jan.,  1886, 

I 

30 

Oct.,  1SS5, 

2 

146 

Feb.,  1S87, 

I 

45 

May,  1S87, 

I 

3° 

Mar.,  1893, 

I 

64 

Nov.,  1893, 

I 

106 

Boilers. 

H.P. 

1SS0-1892, 

6 

1.300 

April,  1S80, 

2 

150 

Nov.,  1880, 

I 

75 

>,  1888-1891, 

2 

134 

Sept.,  188S, 

I 

75 

Jan.,  1882, 

I 

IOO 

May,  1883, 

I 

104 

Feb.,  1885, 

I 

136 

I 

186 

I 

l66 

July,  1885, 

I 

I64 

April,  1889, 

I 

92 

I 

15 

;,  1884-1891, 

2 

248 

April,  1890, 

2 

80 

163 


◄ 


►I* 


HEMP,  JUTE,  FLAX,  Etc. 

LAWRENCE  ROPE  WORKS,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

L.  WATERBURY  & COMPANY,  Rope,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

W.  O.  DAVEY  & SONS,  Oakum,  Jersey  City,  N.  J 

LAMBETH  ROPE  COMPANY,  New  Bedford,  Mass., 

MINERAL  POINT  LINEN  AND  FIBRE  COMPANY,  Mineral  Point,  Wis.,  . 

R.  J.  PATRULIO,  Hemp,  Progresso,  Mexico, 

F.  STEWART  SANDEMAN,  Jute  Mill,  Dundee,  Scotland, 

JAMES  R.  CAIRD,  Flax  and  Jute,  Dundee,  Scotland, 

BROUGH,  CUNNINGHAM  & COMPANY,  Jute,  Dundee,  Scotland, 

\ 1 l \ \ \ I > 1 R MON(  i R & SON,  Ini'  Dundee,  S<  otland,  

OGILVY  GILLANDERS  & COMPANY,  Jute,  London  and  Calcutta. 

THOMAS  BRIGGS,  Salford,  England, 

MOREL  & VERBEKE,  Flax  Spinners,  Ghent,  Belgium, 

I 'I  "Ml  I & I'WI".  Flax  Weavers,  Ghent,  Belgium 

SOCI&TE  ANONYME  LINIERE,  Flax  Spinners,  Ghent,  Belgium, 

SVENSKA  JUTE  WAFWERI E ARTIE  BOLAGET  I SODERTELGE,  Stockholm, 
JAMES  MILLER  & COMPANY,  Rope,  Melbourne,  Australia, 


Boilers. 

2 orders,  1879-18S6,  2 

Jan.,  1880,  2 

2 orders,  1 880-1 881,  3 

Dec.,  1893,  1 

July,  1892,  2 

Jan.,  1879,  1 

Aug.,  1883,  1 

June,  1887,  2 

Jan.,  1890,  1 

April,  1892,  2 

July,  1892,  6 

2 orders,  18S5-1888,  2 

June,  1888,  1 

Sept.,  1889,  1 

Aug.,  1892,  3 

Sweden,  Sept.,  1890,  2 

. . Sept.,  1888,  3 


H.P. 

250 

350 

300 

73 

334 

60 

136 

272 

175 

i52 

960 

248 

163 

245 

477 

304 

312 


CARPETS  AND  OIL  CLOTHS. 

Boilers. 

ALEXANDER  SMITH  & SONS  CARPKT  COMPANY,  Yonkere,  N.  V.,  . . . . 9 orders,  1883-1891,  15 

CALEDONIA  CARPET  MILLS,  Philadelphia,  l'a Oct.,  >883,  4 

WILLIAM  WHITAKER  & SONS,  Philadelphia,  l'a. 2 orders,  1879-1883,  4 

A.  SAMPSON  & SONS,  Oil  Cloths,  Newtown,  L.  I.,  N.  Y.,  ....  Aug.,  1K82,  2 

JOHN  HARRY,  OSTLERE  & COMPANY,  Linoleum,  Kirkcaldy,  Scotland,  5 orders,  18S4-18S9,  6 

MITCHELL  BROTHERS,  Waterfoot,  England,  Oct.,  1885,  2 

FREDERICK  WALTON’S  MOSAIC  LINOLEUM  CO.,  L’T’D,  Greenwich,  London,  England,  July,  1893,  2 

ANTWERP  LINOL1  I M COMPANY,  Antwerp,  Belgium, IlJov..  1893,  1 

FABR1QUE  DE  TOILES  CIKEES  FT  DE  LINOLEUM,  Aolwerp,  Belgium,  Oct.,  1889,  2 


HP 

3.048 

4l6 

500 

208 

1.248 

248 

212 

195 

208 


COFFEE  AND  TEA  PLANTATIONS. 


FAYENDA  DUMONT,  Coffee  Plantation,  Santos,  Brazil, 

H.  W GARDNER  1 ffee  Plant*  i mala,  .... 

WALKER  BROTHERS,  London,  for  various  Tea  Estates  in  Ceylon, 

\\  WALKER,  London,  for  Java,  

WILSON,  CALDER  & COMPANY,  London,  for  Tea  Estate  in  Ceylon, 
W II  riND ALL  & COMPANY,  I mdon,  for  Tea  Estate  in  Ceylon, 

J.  W.  HARRER,  London,  for  South  America  Coffee  Plantation,  . . 

BHOGOTPORE  TEA  ESTATE,  Culcutta,  India, 

CHEERROFF,  PANOFF  &.  COMPANY,  Hankow,  China,  . . . 

COMPAGNIE  DE  FIVES-LILLE,  Paris,  for  Java, 


Boilers. 

Jan.,  1893,  1 

July,  1890,  1 

29  orders,  1886-1892,  30 

2 orders,  1892-1893,  4 

June,  1890,  1 

Aug.,  1892,  1 

June,  1893,  1 

Mar.,  1890,  1 

Nov.,  1892,  3 

June,  1892,  1 


H.P. 

52 

25 

658 

345 

25 

25 

x5 

52 

228 

15 


PAPER  AND  PRINTING. 

Boilers. 

CUMBERLAND  AND  PRESUMPSCOT  MILLS,  Cumberland  Mills,  Me.,  ...  6 orders,  1883-1889,  13 
S.  D.  WARREN  & COMPANY,  Copsecook  Mills,  Gardiner,  Me.,  2 orders,  1884-1890,  4 

RICHARDS  PAPER  COMPANY,  South  Gardiner,  Me., . . Mar.,  1894,  2 

I « > k I S I PAPER  COMPANY  Yarmouth ville,  Me., 4 orders,  1883-1 891,  6 

MONADNOCR  MILLS,  Bennington,  N.  H. . . Dec.,  1883,  1 

CAREYV  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  South  Hadley  Falls,  Mass Feb.,  1891,  1 

CROCRER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Holyoke,  Mass., 2 orders,  1891-1893,  2 

RIVI  RSIDI  I'  YPER  ( ( >MP  \N\  . Holyoke,  Mass.,  \ug.,  1892,  2 

BEEBE  & HOLBROOR  COMPANY,  Holyoke,  Mass., Feb.,  1893,  2 

THE  HOLYOKE  PAPER  COMPANY,  Holyoke,  Mass., May,  1893,  1 

NATIONAL  PAPETERIE  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Mass., Sept.,  1893,  1 

WYMAN  FLINT  & SONS,  Bellows  Falls,  Vt.,  June,  1893,  1 

S.  Y.  BEACH  PAPER  COMPANY,  Seymour,  Conn., April,  1872,  1 

AMERICAN  BANK  NOTE  COMPANY,  New  York, Sept.,  1884,  2 

WAIT  & RICHARDS,  Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y., Aug.,  1883,  2 

CHARLES  VAN  BENTHUYSEN  & SONS,  Printers,  Albany,  N.  Y., Aug.,  1883,  1 

THE  EMBOSSING  COMPANY,  Printers,  Albany,  N.  Y., April,  1892,  1 

D.  A.  BULLARD  & SONS,  Schuylerville,  N.  Y.,  April,  1884,  1 

WILLIAM  C.  HAMILTON  & SONS,  Lafayette.  Pa., Oct.,  1881,  8 

MARTIN  & W.  H.  NIXON  PAPER  COMPANY.  Manayunk,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  . 7 orders,  1881-1891,  14 

J.  R.  WRIGHT  & COMPANY,  Printers’  Inks.  Philadelphia,  Pa., Sept.,  1882,  1 

GEORGE  S.  HARRIS  & SONS,  Printers,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  ...  May,  1881,  1 

WILLIAM  MANN  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa., Dec.,  1893,  2 

DAGER  & COX,  Paper,  Bridgeport,  Pa., - 2 orders,  1883-1884,  2 

REBECCA  PAPER  MILL,  Bridgeport,  Pa., Aug.,  1891,  1 

PENNSYLVANIA  PULP  AND  PAPER  COMPANY,  Lock  Haven,  Pa., Dec.,  1883,  2 

WESTMORELAND  PAPER  COMPANY,  West  Newton,  Pa., 2 orders,  1884-1888,  4 

C.  S.  GARRETT  & SON,  Child’s,  Md., Oct.,  1879,  * 

CECIL  PAPER  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Elkton,  Md.,  Aug.,  1883,  1 


H. P. 

I, 912 
368 
272 

1.639 

61 

208 

416 

340 

416 

150 

100 

160 

60 

240 

164 

73 

125 

122 

1,000 

1.992 

50 

75 

360 

196 

122 

164 

752 

100 

60 


164 


■< 


/loiters. 

SUSQUEHANNA  WATER  POWER  AND  PAPER  COMPANY,  Conowingo,  Md..  . 2 orders,  1883-1884,  4 

I \kM  AND  FIRESIDE)  Springfield)  Ohio, ! orders,  1881-1891,  2 

WARDLOW  THOMAS  PAPER  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Ohio, 4 orders,  1881-1892,  5 

TYTUS  PAPER  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Ohio,  3 orders,  1882-1889,  4 

GARDNER  PAPER  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Ohio, 2 orders,  1886-1889,  3 

THE  W.  P>.  OGLESBY  PAPER  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Ohio, Aug.,  1888,  1 

PARENT  PAPER  COMPANY,  Middletown,  Ohio, July,  1889,  1 

AMERICAN  STRAW  BOARD  COMPANY,  Circleville,  Ohio Sept.,  1883,  16 

EAGLE  PAPER  COMPANY,  Franklin,  Ohio, 2 orders,  1883-1888,  3 

DELAWARE  PAPER  COMPANY  (formerly  Glass  Edsell  Paper  Co.),  Delaware,  Ohio,  2 orders,  1883-1S87,  3 

HARDING  PAPER  COMPANY,  Franklin,  Ohio,  April,  1889,  1 

WABASH  PAPER  COMPANY,  Straw  Boards,  Wabash,  Ind Mar.,  1889,  5 

OHIO  PAPER  COMPANY,  Niles,  Mich.,  July,  1889,  1 

VAN  NORTWICK  PAPER  COMPANY,  Batavia,  111 July,  1888,  1 

KAUKAUNA  PAPER  COMPANY,  Kaukauna,  Wis., July,  1888,  2 

CEDAR  FALLS  PAPER  COMPANY,  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa 2 orders,  1882-1883,  2 

KANSAS  CITY  JOURNAL,  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  ...  Mar.,  1887,  2 

LICK  PAPER  COMPANY,  Agnews,  Cal., 2 orders,  1883-1884,  3 

JOHN  COLLINS,  Denny  and  Milton  Paper  Works,  Dowling,  Scotland, 5 orders,  1885-1888,  6 

MARTIN  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Millboard  Manufacturers,  Craiginarlock,  Scotland,  Oct.,  1883,  1 

BROWN,  STEWART  & COMPANY,  Greenock,  Scotland,  . . / Mar.,  1886,  1 

ABERDEEN  FREE  PRESS,  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  Feb.,  1888,  2 

GORDON  MILLS  PAPER  COMPANY,  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  June,  1888,  2 


//.  P. 

328 

100 

785 

875 

388 

146 

142 

1,472 

375 

258 

150 

1,250 

201 

125 

250 

197 

200 

256 

665 

82 

156 

50 

280 


Paper  Mill  of  Juan  M.  Benfield,  City  of  Mexico. 


THE  INVERK.EITHING  PAPER  PULP  COMPANY.  LIMITED,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  . . April, 

S.  H.  COWELL,  Printer,  Ipswich,  England Mar., 

J.  WESTCOTT  & SONS,  Paper,  Workingham,  England, Oct., 

GRANT  & COMPANY,  Printers,  London,  England, Nov., 

SPICER  BROTHERS,  Paper,  London,  England Oct., 

HARRISON  & SONS,  Printers,  London,  England,  Dec., 

JAMES  BLTRN  & COMPANY,  Bookbinders,  London,  England, . June, 

LONDON  PRINTING  ALLIANCE  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  London,  England Dec., 

DOUGLAS  MITCHEL,  Printer,  Birmingham,  England Dec., 

R.  CLAY  & SONS,  L’T’D,  Printers,  London  and  Bungay,  Suffolk,  England,  2 orders,  Jan.  and  May, 

W.  & A.  TREMLET,  Paper,  Exeter,  England, 2 orders,  1885- 

JOHN  DICKINSON  & COMPANY,  L’T’D,  Hemel  Hempstead,  England,  2 orders,  Jan.  and  Sept., 

TAKATA  & COMPANY,  London,  for  Paper  Mill,  Japan, L)ec., 

THE  CO-OPERATIVE  NEWSPAPER  SOCIETY,  LIMITED,  Manchester,  England,  . . . June, 

WARWICK,  ISAAC  & COMPANY,  Wraysbury,  near  Windsor,  England Oct., 

EVANS  & McEWAN,  Cardiff,  Wales,.  . . . * Dec., 

W.  SANDE'.RS,  Paper  Mill,  Renkeim,  near  Arnheim,  Holland,  Jan., 


Boile* 


A.  GOMBERT  ET  SOEUR,  Color  Paper  Manufacturers,  Halluin,  Belgium 

H.  DESSAIN,  Liege,  Belgium, 

I M PRIM  ERIE  FRANQAISE,  Paris,  France, 

IMPRIMERIE  AUTEUIL-LONGCHAMP,  Paris,  France, 

JOURNAL  “ L’lLLUSTR ATION,”  Paris,  France, 

CHARLES  UNSINGER,  Printer,  Paris,  I' ranee, 

1MBERT  ET  CIE.,  “ La  Commerce”  Printing  Office.  Paris,  France, 
LOUIS  GE1SSLER,  Paper,  Les  Chatelles,  France,  


Oct., 

Mar., 

Jan., 

Oct., 

June, 

Nov., 

July, 

Aug., 


1890, 

1883, 

1884, 

1884, 

1885, 

1890, 

1891 , 

1892, 
1891, 

1889, 
1887, 
1887, 
1887, 

1893, 
1893, 

1887, 

1890, 

1891, 

1892, 

1888, 

1888, 
1890, 

1886, 
1892, 

1889, 


HP. 

212 

35 

54 

81 

20 

70 

28 

52 

*5 

”5 

192 

720 

249 

no 

76 

140 

140 

46 

16 

126 

120 

85 

50 

13 

240 


◄ 


165 


◄ 


PAUL  VARIN,  Paper,  Jean  d’Heurs,  France,  ...  . 2 orders,  1887-1 S90, 

M.  G.  KAMMERER,  Paper,  Avez  pres  les  Vigan,  France, Jan.,  1889, 

LA  JOSS  METALLOCHROM K PRINTING  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Haliancourt,  France,  Jan.,  1890, 

LA  SOCI£t£  DE  PAPETERIE,  Ballancourt,  France, June,  1893, 

SOMAT  ET  CIE.,  Printers,  Marseilles,  France,  Feb.,  1890, 

P.  MEDEVILLE  LAURENT  ET  CIE.,  Bordeaux,  France,  . 2 orders,  1893, 

ARRA  Y CIA.,  Paper,  Tolosa,  Spain,  ....  p'eb.,  1886 

RICART  Y CIA.,  Paper,  Villanueva,  Spain,  . . jan  ,gg6 

ANTIGA  VI  L DA  DE  COROMINA  V BORfi,  Castelfullit  de  la  Roca,  Gerona,  Spain,  . . . Oct.,  1886, 

GRETON  & ROSAL,  Paper,  Bevalie,  Gerona,  Spain,  May,  1892, 

PEREZ  & ARANO,  Paper,  Alcoy,  Spain, Jan.,  1893, 

JAUNE  APARICIO  LOPEZ,  Paper,  Alcoy,  Spain, July,  1890, 

DIE  NEUSSER  PAPIER  FABRIK,  Neuss,  Germany, ....  April,  1886, 

JULIUS  SITTENFELD,  Printer,  Berlin,  Germany, July,  1888, 

DIE  KAISERLICHE  REICHSDRUCKEREI,  Berlin,  Germany,  ...  ...  July,  1889, 

DIE  K.  K.  HOF-UND  STAATSDRUCKEREI,  Vienna,  Austria, June,  1890, 

KATRINEFORS  ARTIE  BOLAG,  Marienstad,  Sweden, ...  May,  1891, 

IMPRESSA  B.  KOHLER,  Savona,  Italy, Nov.,  1889, 

A.  EDLMANN  & COMPANY,  Bologna,  Italy, Nov.,  1885, 

A.  N.  KLJUGIN,  Paper,  Moscow,  Russia,  . Sept.,  1888, 

CASTRO  FERNANDEZ,  Paper,  Havana,  Cuba,  ...  Nov.,  1889, 

JUAN  M.  BENFIELD,  Paper,  City  of  Mexico, Mexico, June,  1887, 


Boilers. 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 
2 


2 

2 

2 

6 

2 


H.P. 

300 

35 

25 

248 

84 

172 

5i 

61 

30 

20 

20 

106 

208 

240 

230 

636 

102 

51 

82 

120 

160 

122 


LUMBER  AND  WOO D W OR KI N G. 

Boilers. 

EAGLE  SQUARE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  South  Shaftsbury,  Vt. Sent.,  1883,  2 

WOONSOCKET  SPOOL  AND  BOBBIN  COMPANY,  Woonsocket,  R.  I., April.  1885!  2 

THE  HASKIN  WOOD  VULCANIZING  COMPANY,  New  York, Mav,  1882,  2 

NEW  YORK  LUMBER  AND  WOOD  WORKING  COMPANY,  New  York  City,  ...  April,  1883,’  2 

HARDY'  & VOORHEES,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y' 2 orders,  1S81-1888,  3 

ANDRESEN  BLAT1  FOLDING  BED  COMPANY,  Brooklyn  N \ fan  , 1883,  1 

WHITE,  POTTER  & PAIGE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Moldings.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Mav,  1883,  2 

BROOKLYN  COOPERAGE  COMPANY,  Brooklyn,  N.  V 2 orders,  1890-1892,  3 

UNITED  STATES  NAVY,  Saw  Mill,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  .......  July,  1893,  3 

S l>  KENDRICK,  Saw  Mill,  Glens  Falls,  N \ * May,  1887,  1 

JERSEY  CITY  BARREL  WORKS,  Jersey  City,  N,  J Aug.,  1890,  2 

HALL  & GARRISON  Philadelphia,  Pa., . April,  1882,  2 

ALBERT  STOVER,  Kintnersville,  Pa., Aug.,  1881,  1 

WASHBURN  & ZERFASS,  Planing  Mill,  Scranton.  Pi.,  ....  ....  Feb.,  1884,  1 

J.  E.  PATTERSON  & COMPANY,  Planing  Mill,  etc.,  Pittston,  Pa., ...  Sept.,  1885,  2 

KIMBALL,  TYLER  & COMPANY,  Barrel  Staves,  etc.,  Baltimore,  Md., Mar.,  1882,  1 

E.  W.  HORSTMEIER  & SON,  Baltimore,  Md. ........  Feb.,  1883,  1 

BRUMBY  CHAIR  COMPANY',  Marietta,  Ga., 2 orders,  1881-1890,  2 

PALMER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Cooperage,  Charleston,  S.  C June,  1883,  1 

THE  EGAN  COMPANY',  Cincinnati,  Ohio, Feb.,  1892,  2 

PINNEO  & DANIELS,  Dayton,  Ohio, Nov.,  1881,  2 

DELPHI  PLANING  MILL  AND  HOOP  COMPANY,  Delphi,  Ind., Jan.,  1883,  1 

SOUTH  BEND  TOY'  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  South  Bend,  Ind.,  ....  2 orders,  1884-1887,  2 

WABASH  SCHOOL  FURNITURE  COMPANY,  Wabash,  Ind Mar.,  1884,  1 

INDIANA  FURNITURE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Connersville,  Ind., July,  1885,  2 

DODGE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Pulleys,  etc.,  Mishawaka,  Ind., June,  1888,  2 

BAUERLE  & STARK,  Sewing  Machine  Furniture,  Chicago,  111., Jan.,  1885,  1 

W.  H.  S.  MOORE,  Post-office  Boxes,  etc.,  Turners,  111.,  .......  ......  Sept.,  1890,  1 

BOUSFIELD  & COMPANY',  Sashes,  Doors,  and  Blinds,  Bay  City,  Mi:h..  June,  1890,  2 

R.  G.  PETERS,  Saw  Mill,  Manistee,  Mich., Oct.,  1881,  2 

MARINE  CITY  STAVE  COMPANY,  Marine  City,  Mich., June,  1883,  2 

SAGINAW  CHAIR  COMPANY,  Saginaw,  Mich., Feb.,  1884,  1 

CHESBROUGH  BROTHERS,  Saw  Mill,  Taquemenaw  River,  Mich.  (P.  ().,  Sault  Ste.  Marie),  . May,  1884,  3 

ST.  LOUIS  REFRIGERATOR  AND  WOODEN  GUTTER  COMPANY,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  . Aug.,  1887,  1 

FORT  MADISON  CHAIR  COMPANY,  Fort  Madison,  Iowa, April,  1882,  1 

MANN  BROTHERS,  Milwaukee,  Wis Aug.,  18*2,  1 

SHEBOYGAN  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Sheboygan,  Wis Mar.,  1883,  1 

CROCKER  CHAIR  COMPANY,  Sheboygan,  YY'is., 3 orders,  1882-1893,  3 

FROST  PETERSON  VENEER  SEAT  COMPANY,  Sheboygan,  Wis., May,  1883,  2 

THE  H.  W.  WRIGHT  LUMBER  COMPANY,  Merrill,  YVis., Nov.,  1892,  2 

PAINE  LUMBER  COMPANY,  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  Feb.,  1884,  2 

BROWNLEE  & COMPANY,  City  Saw  Mill,  Glasgow,  Scotland,  2 orders,  1884-1892,  3 

ALEXANDER  McEWEN,  Saw  Mill,  Wick,  Scotland, Mar.,  1886,  1 

GEORGE  SMITH  & COMPANY7,  Saw  Millers,  London,  England Nov.,  1890,  1 

HENRY  HORMANN,  LIMITED,  London,  England, . Mar.,  1892,  1 

PEY'TON  & PEY'TON,  Bedsteads,  Deritend,  Birmingham,  England, Nov.,  1892,  1 

TAYLOR  & BROOK ER,  Steam  Saw  Mill,  Dorking,  England,  Nov.,  1889,  1 

MARCUS  MOXHAM  & COMPANY,  Saw  Mill,  Swansea,  South  Wales,  ...  .2  orders,  1885-1890,  2 

MORRIS  & SMITH,  Saw  Mills,  Cardiff,  Wales Aug.,  1891,  1 

MONTREUIL  ET  CIE.,  Saw  Mill,  Rouen,  France, 2 orders,  1886-1888,  2 

DURANTE  ET  CIE.,  Marseilles.  France, Sept.,  1891,  1 

CAMILLE  BERZANCON,  Saw  Mill,  Bordeaux,  France, May,  1892,  1 


H.r 

184 

146 

150 

165 

250 

82 

122 

7x0 

*53 

5* 

240 

*50 

40 

61 

208 

86 

146 

100 

120 

250 

200 

61 


*97 

*25 

146 

272 

136 

50 

416 

£00 


ICO 


250 

3*2 

240 

*25 

60 

208 

5*o 

*25 

300 

416 

464 

146 

64 

*24 

96 

120 

200 

64 

122 

20 

140 


4* 


166 


, Merxem,  Belgium, 
Rummelsburg,  ( Jermany 


SOClETK  I N DUST R I ELLE  DK  MIOS,  Mios,  France,  . 

G.  A.  ONCKF.N,  Coopers,  Merxem,  Antwerp,  Belgium,. 

THE  ON(  KI  N FAT1  M STAV1  LESS  BARREL  COMPANY 
PATI  N I BOX  \ \ I • w 0(  >1  * \RTIC  LES  M’F’G  ( « >M  P \ \ \ , 

(1USTAF  KARRBERG,  Gothenburg,  Sweden, 

NITKDAL  TANDSTIK  FABRIC,  Matches,  Nitedal,  Norway, 

i \LLl  DI  & ■'III  l RM  \\ V Saw  Mills,  Piatra,  N.  Roumania, 

P.  OANCE  & MONTES  I,  Caracal,  Roumania, 

GRUENBERG  SIMSE  & ROSENBERG,  Saw  Mill,  Tecuciu,  Roumania, 

MARCUS  ECKSTEIN,  Rzeszow,  Galicia,  Austria,  

STERN  & KNAPP,  Furniture,  Triesch,  Austria, 

N.  F.  HLUSTIN,  Saw  Mill,  Katjun,  near  Smolensk,  Russia, 

A.  F.  BIGE,  Saw  Mill,  Moscow,  Russia,  

F.  R.  MAKSIMOFF,  Saw  Mill,  Zaritzin,  Russia, 

JOHN  SHARPE  & SON,  Wood  Workers,  Melbourne,  Victoria, 

GRAIN  AND  FLOUR. 


lioih-rs. 

//.  P. 

Feb., 

>893,  1 

140 

Nov., 

189I,  I 

l8 

Oct., 

1 892 , I 

25 

Mar., 

I89O,  I 

123 

May,  1891 , 2 

104 

July, 

l8S2,  I 

86 

May, 

1 892 . I 

76 

May, 

I893,  I 

96 

Jan., 

1894,  I 

96 

Feb., 

>893,  I 

40 

Jan., 

1 894 , I 

52 

Mar., 

189O,  I 

30 

April, 

1889,  I 

40 

May, 

I 890,  2 

164 

2 orders,  1889- 

■1890,  2 

244 

THE  DO  LIKE  R-GOO  DALE  COMPANY  (Mellin's  Food),  Boston,  Mass., July,  i8qo, 

NEW  ENGLAND  BAKERY,  Branch  of  United  States  Baking  Company,  Charlestown,  Mass.,  Dec.,  1890, 
PIONEER  MILLS,  Cooperstown,  N.  Y., Aug.,  1878, 

S.  B.  CLARK,  Bakery,  New  York April,  1889, 

UNITED  STATES  BAKING  COMPANY,  Niagara  Branch,  Buffalo,  N.  V., Nov.,  1893, 

ERIE  ELEVATOR,  Jersey  City,  N.  J., Aug.,  1879, 

H.  K.  CUMMINGS  & COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa., July,  1880, 

J.  C.  KLAUDER,  Philadelphia,  Pa., April,  1882, 

McGREW,  PARKISON  & COMPANY,  Monongahela  City,  Pa.,  Jan.,  1883, 

H.  JULIUS  KLINGLER  & COMPANY,  Butler,  Pa.,  . Aug.,  1883, 

WILLIAM  LEE  & SONS  COMPANY,  Wilmington,  Del., 2 orders,  1881-1883, 

A.  H.  SIBLEY,  Baltimore,  Md., 2 orders,  1882-1887, 

PLANTERS  AND  MERCHANTS’  RICE  MILL,  Charleston,  S.  C., June,  1883, 

KENNESAW  MILLS,  Marietta,  Ga., May,  1881, 

NATIONAL  RICE  MILLING  COMPANY,  New  Orleans,  La.,  . Jan.,  1892, 

LANIER  MILL  COMPANY,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  July,  1881, 

MEMPHIS  MILL  COMPANY,  Memphis,  Tenn Feb.,  1886, 

VALLEY  CITY  MILLING  COMPANY,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich Jan.,  1885, 

VOIGT  MILLING  COMPANY,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 2 orders,  1886-1887, 

DAVID  STOTT,  Detroit,  Mich., Feb.,  1892, 

LITCHFIELD  MILLING  COMPANY,  Litchfield,  111., Feb.,  1884, 

HINKLE,  GREENLEAF  & COMPANY,  Minneapolis,  Minn., Nov.,  1889, 

DULUTH  IMPERIAL  MILL  COMPANY,  Duluth,  Minn., Oct.,  1891, 

NORTHERN  MILL  COMPANY,  Duluth,  Minn., Sept.,  1892, 

GEORGE  P.  PLANT  MILLING  COMPANY,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 3 orders,  1883-1891, 

WAGGONER  GATES  MILLING  COMPANY,  Independence,  Mo., April,  1889, 

MINTO  ROLLER  MILLS  AND  ELEVATOR  COMPANY,  Minto,  N.  D.,  Jan.,  1892, 

GENESEE  MILL  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal., April,  1882, 

DEMING-PALMER  MILLING  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Dec.,  1883, 

GOLDEN  GATE  FLOUR  MILLS,  San  Francisco,  Cal Feb.,  1892, 

MERCED  MILLING  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal. April,  1892, 

ALBAITERO  & ARRACHE,  Macaroni,  City  of  Mexico,  Mexico, Aug.,  1886, 

BONIFACIO  LEYCEGUI,  Silao,  Mexico,  Oct.,  1880, 

MANSON  & COMPANY,  Aberdeen,  Scotland, Jan.,  1887, 

W.  & P.  R.  ODLUM,  Corn  Millers,  Port  Arlington,  Ireland,  ...  June,  1884, 

SETH  TAYLOR,  Flour,  Lambeth,  London,  England,  .......  Feb.,  1891, 

THE  DRY  GRAIN  COMPANY,  Poplar,  London,  England, Feb.,  1891, 

WILLIAM  HUGHES,  Shrewsbury,  England,  Jan.,  1885, 

RICHARD  SHEPPARD,  Newchurch,  England,  . Jan.,  1885, 

MITCHELL  BROTH F"RS,  Whitefoot,  England, Oct.,  1885, 

T.  C.  MOLESWORTH  & SON,  South  Luffenham,  England, June,  1890, 

M.  FENET,  Goussainville,  France, July,  1886, 

A.  REYNAUD  FILS,  Marseilles,  France, 2 orders,  1887-1890, 

LOUIS  CARRIE,  Marseilles,  France . . . Oct.,  1887, 

LEON  LAVIE,  Miller,  Marseilles,  Prance, Mar.,  1889, 

ANTISSER  PTLS,  Marseilles,  France, Dec.,  1886, 

PAUL,  FILS,  AINE,  Marseilles,  France . . . July,  1891, 

ALEXARD  FRERES,  Valance  d’Agen,  France, P'eb.,  1891, 

FAR  I N ERI ES  ST.  REQUIER,  Paris,  France,  Mar.,  1886, 

VANDERSTOCKEN  & VON  WREDE,  Antwerp,  Belgium,  Oct.,  1889, 

LEFEBVRE  DEVERNAY,  Tournai,  Belgium,  . . Oct.,  1892, 

CLEMENT  DAMBOT,  La  Louviere,  Belgium, P'eb.,  1892, 

P.  J.  VAN  AELST,  Hemixen,  Belgium,  Mar.,  1893, 

VANDERM ARLlERE  FRERES  ET  SCEURS,  Deulemont,  Belgium, July,  1893, 

ED.  LACHMANN,  Hamburg,  Germany, Nov.,  1892, 

JOSE  GORT-ARBECA,  Lerida,  Spain, . . May,  1885, 

JOSE  FORRENTS  & COMPANY,  Vick,  Spain July,  1890, 

LA  COMPANHIA  DE  MOAGENEM,  Millers,  Vianna  do  Castello,  Lisbon,  Portugal,  . 2 orders,  1889-1891, 

FRANCISCO  CARMELLO  MALLEIRO,  Lisbon,  Portugal, Aug.,  1889, 


Boilers. 


H.P. 

416 

82 

J5<> 

40 

82 

500 

104 

50 

61 

92 

275 

250 

120 

200 

488 

120 

164 

122 

280 

231 

120 

337 

208 

184 

716 

224 

73 

136 

208 

416 

82 
184 

60 
104 
104 

384 

20 

61 
40 

248 

172 

61 
87 

51 
92 

136 

52 
76 

260 

188 

246 

96 

76 

64 

62 

25 

40 

250 

83 


167 


ERSTE  BRUNNER  MASCHI NENBAU  FABRICS,  OESELLSCHAFT,  Briinn, 

Austria,  for  Flour  Mill  in  Hungary, Dec. 

JAC.  BAUER  8c  COMPANY',  H.  M.  Vasarhely,  Austria,  July, 

CHRISTOFORATOS  FRERES,  Gelatz,  Roumania,  . Nov., 

J.  A.  THOHARI,  T.  NEAMTZU,  Roumania, May, 

THOMAS  YVANECK,  Roumania,  ....  Oct., 

DAMPFMUHL  ACT  IE  OESELLSCHAFT,  India,  near  Budapest,  Hungary,  July, 

ELIZABETH  DAMPFMUHL  GESELLSCH AFT,  Temesvar,  Hungary,  ...  Jan., 

MICHAEL  VERDERAME,  Paste  for  Macaroni,  Licata,  Sicily, 2 orders,  1886- 

AKMET  HUSIANOFF,  Orenburg,  Russia,  . April, 

POKROFFSKY',  Flour  Mill,  Orenburg,  Russia, . . Sept., 

RJUSHKOFF  & KOTCHAGIN,  Borissoglebsk,  Russia,  . Nov., 

MILITARY  FLOUR  MILL,  Winnitza,  Russia Oct., 

MILITARY'  FLOUR  MILL,  Brest-Litoffsk,  Russia,  . Nov., 

MILITARY'  FLOUR  MILL,  Berditcheff,  Russia,  July, 

MILITARY'  FLOUR  MILL,  Krementschug,  Russia,  Oct., 

MILITARY  FLOUR  MILL,  Minsk,  Wilna,  Russia,  2 orders,  Feb.  and  May, 

MILITARY'  FLOUR  MILL,  Dunaberg,  Russia,  Dec., 

H ENRICH  FAST,  Ekatherinoslav,  Russia,  ....  Feb., 

D.  H.  GEBENSHTPEIT,  Flour  Mill,  Bogodoohoff,  Russia,  . May, 

M.  KROOKOOSKY,  Tiumen,  Siberia,  .....  Jan., 

PATERSON  & COMPANY,  Smyrna,  Asia  Minor,  . . . April, 


1891 , 

1892, 
*892, 

‘893, 

>893, 

*892, 

*893, 

1887, 

1886, 

1887, 
1889, 
1889, 

1889, 

1890, 

1890, 

1891 , 

1 892 , 

*891  * 

1890, 
1892, 

1891 , 


Boilers.  H . P. 

4-0 
96 
159 
76 
40 
124 
420 
208 
73 
40 
86 
70 
153 
70 
73 
156 
70 
172 
40 
52 
128 


Babcock  & Wilcox  Boiler,  showing  pressure  parts,  suspended. 

DISTILLERS  AND  BREWERS. 

RHODE  ISLAND  BREWING  COMPANY,  Providence,  R.  I.,  Mar.,  1889, 

FREDERICK  A.  POTH  BREWING  COMPANY',  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  2 orders,  1883-1892, 

HANNIS  DISTILLING  COMPANY’,  Baltimore,  Md., 2 orders,  1880-1886, 

ACME  BREWING  COMPANY,  Macon,  Ga., Dec.,  1893, 

BARTHOLOM.E  Sc  LEICHT  BREWING  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111.,  2 orders,  1881-1888, 

McAVOY  BREWING  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111. June,  1882, 

LION  BREWERY,  Detroit,  Mich., Nov.,  1885, 

DETROIT  BREWING  COMPANY,  Detroit,  Mich.,  . ...  May,  1880, 

HEIME  BREWING  COMPANY,  Kansas  City,  Mo., May,  1886, 

PH.  ZANG  BREWING  COMPANY',  Rocky  Mountain  Brewery,  Denver,  Col.,  3 orders,  1884-1890, 

SR.  DON  JOSU  ARECHABALA,  Cardenas,  Cuba, July,  1885, 

SR.  DON  JOS£  T.  GUERRA,  Cuautla and  Cuernavaca,  Morelos,  Mexico,  2 orders,  June  and  Oct.,  1886, 

LA  FABRICA  NACIONAL  DE  LICORES,  Costa  Rica,  Feb.,  1887, 

ANTONIO  OMS,  Distiller,  Bella  Vista,  Argentine  Republic,  . . Dec.,  1892, 

HARMAN  8c  COMPANY',  Brewers,  Uxbridge,  England,  ....  2 orders,  1887-1892, 

W.  E.  & J.  RIGDEN,  Brewers,  Faversham,  England,  . . 2 orders,  Mar.  and  July,  1888, 

REW  8c  COMPANY,  Distillers,  Plymouth,  England,  . . June,  1888, 

T.  C.  MOLESWORTH  & SONS,  Brewers,  South  Luffenham,  England,  Jan.,  1890, 

LEWIS  CLARKE  8c  COMPANY,  Brewers,  Worcester,  England,  July,  1890, 


Boilers. 


h.p. 

184 

624 

420 

300 

324 

832 

500 

500 

292 

1,150 

61 

81 

122 

152 

237 

205 

10 

76 

70 


168 


GILLMAN  & SPENCER’S  BREWERY,  London,  England, 

fOHN  WATNEY  & SONS,  Wandsworth,  London,  S.  W.,  England 

BRISTOL  CHANNEL  MILLING  AND  MALTING  COMPANY,  Portishead,  Englanc 

ELY  BREWERY  COMPANY,  Ely,  near  Cardiff,  Wales,  

GLEN  ROTHES  DISTILLERY,  Glen  Rothes,  near  Elgin,  Scotland, 

SOCIETE  CO-OPERATIVE  LES  BRASSEURS  R^UNIS,  Coutrai,  E ranee, 

DROULERS  PROUVOST,  Distillers,  Roubaix,  France, 

SOCIETE  ANONYM  E LA  GALLIA,  Paris,  France 

A.  & 1>.  YAGNIEZ,  Distillers,  Amiens,  France,  

SCHMETZ-FRITSCH,  Brewers,  Orleans,  France, 

G.  RINCK,  Brewer,  St.  Etienne,  France, 

MOSER  ET  FILS,  Brewers,  St.  Etienne,  Loire,  France,  . 

LESAFFRE  & BONDCELLE,  Mareq  en  Bartheuil,  France, 

A.  LUBBERT,  Distiller,  Bordeaux,  France, 

I \ I I I \.NDIER  CHATARD  I r VIALLEFOND,  Brewers,  Pont-du-( Chateau,  Franc  e, 
SOCIEtE  ANONYME  DES  SUCRERIES  ET  DISTILLERIES,  St.  Denis,  France, 

MIRAND  DI  V(  )S,  Versailles,  France 

EM.  RISACK,  Brewer,  Vilvorde,  near  Brussels,  Belgium,  

DE  ZUID-HOLLANDSCHE  BIERBROUWERY,  The  Hague,  Holland,  2 orders, 


Boilers 

//  P 

Sept.,  1889, 

1 

208 

June,  1893, 

1 

160 

, Dec.,  1893, 

1 

»23 

Nov.,  1893, 

1 

40 

1 

17 

May,  1891, 

1 

10 

2 orders,  1885-1886, 

2 

372 

May,  1S86, 

1 

51 

2 orders,  1885-1886, 

3 

40 

. . . Oct.,  1886, 

1 

40 

June,  1887, 

1 

25 

. . Oct.,  1888, 

1 

45 

Nov.,  1885, 

1 

93 

Aug.,  1892, 

1 

52 

Nov.,  1890, 

1 

41 

Mar.,  1891, 

3 

312 

2 

86 

1 

51 

July  and  Nov.,  1889, 

2 

264 

mm 


rJJ- 

SUs1 

— 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  120  H,  P,,  showing  Pressure  Parts,  suspended,  ready  for  brick  work. 


Boilers. 


LOUIS  KIRCHMANN,  Deventer,  Holland, . Dec.,  1889, 

NEDERLANSCHE  GIST  EN  SPIRITLS  FABRIK.,  Distiilers,  Delft,  Holland,  2 orders,  1890-1891, 

DELFTSCHE  DISTILLEERDERI J,  Delft,  Holland, Jan.,  1891, 

LUIS  ARNALDO,  Figueras,  Spain, May,  1891, 

ADOLFO  DE  TORRES  Y HERMANOS,  Distillers,  Malaga,  Spain,  . June,  1892, 

THE  CHRISTIANIA  BRYGGERI,  Christiania,  Norway,  ...  . Mar.,  1891, 

CHRISTIANIA  ACTIE  OLBRIJGGERI,  Christiania,  Norway,  . . . . Aug.,  1893, 

RINGUES  & COMPANY,  Brewers,  Christiania,  Norway, 2 orders,  Jan.  and  Nov.,  1890, 

THE  CENTRAL  BRYGGERIET,  Brewers,  Christiania,  Norway,  J uly , 1890, 

FRYDEN LANDS  BRYGGERI,  Brewers.  Christiania,  Norway,  Oct.,  1892, 

HANSA  BRYGGERI,  Brewers,  Bergen,  Norway,  ...  Nov.,  1891, 

TRONDHJEMS  BRYGGERI,  Drontheim,  Norway, May,  1893, 

J.  SCHAARSCHUH,  Rummelsburg,  Germany, . Mar.,  1887, 

WILHELMSTE  BREWERY,  Stralan,  Germany, May,  1887, 

BURG  HALTER  BRAUEREI BESITZER,  Brewery,  Potsdam,  Germany, . . May,  1889, 

ROSSETTI  LESCANI,  Distiller,  Bacan,  Roumania, Dec.,  1892, 

D.  PAPPAYOGOLON,  Distiller,  Keganlik,  Bulgaria, Jan.,  1890, 

M.  LIANOSOFF,  Brewer,  Astrakhan,  Russia, . Mar.,  1891, 

BARRETO  FRERES  & GENRO,  Distillery,  Oporto,  Portugal, ...  Feb.,  1890, 

W.  M.  FOSTER,  Melbourne,  Austria, 2 orders,  1887-1888, 

J.  T.  & J.  TOOKEY,  Staudard  Brewery,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W., July,  1892, 


//.  P. 

76 

500 

220 

25 

11 

216 

112 

338 

107 

284 

140 

88 

93 

93 

40 

125 

55 

20 

152 

90 

86 


•4 


WINES. 


M01  I I I 1 HANDON,  Champagne,  Epernay,  Franc* 
G.  H.  MUMM  ET  CIE.,  Rheims,  France,  ... 
SILVA  & COSENS,  London  and  Oporto,  Portugal. 

W.  POLSE  ROUTH,  Oporto,  Portugal,  . . 


PERFUMERY,  Etc. 

JOHN  JACKSON  & COMPANY,  Perfume  Distillers,  West  Crovden,  Surrey,  England, 

\NTOINI  CHIRIS,  ( xrasse,  I ranee 

CAVALLIER  FRERES,  Perfumery  Distillers,  Ougrie,  Belgium, 

THEODORE  GLAMMER,  Weiswasser,  Germany, 

LEON  CHIRIS,  Perfumer,  Grasse,  Alpes  Maritimes, 

ANTOINE  CHIRIS,  Perfumer,  Bonfaric,  Algeria, 


Boilers. 

H.r. 

Aug.,  1888,  3 

330 

Dec.,  1888,  1 

45 

Feb.,  1889,  1 

30 

Mar.,  1889,  1 

30 

Boilers. 

//./’. 

Jan., 

1891,  1 

15 

Feb., 

1893,  1 

88 

Feb., 

1890,  1 

20 

Aug., 

1891,  1 

96 

Nov., 

189-,  3 

406 

Sept., 

1892,  2 

176 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  set  with  Independent  Feed  Water  Heaters. 


MINING. 

Boilers. 

BIGELOW  BLUE  STONE  WORKS,  Malden,  N.  Y. . . . Jan.,  1883,  1 

NEW  JERSEY  IRON  MINING  COMPANY,  Port  Oram,  N.  J.,  Sept.,  1886,  2 

NEW'  JERSEY  ZINC  AND  IRON  COMPANY,  Franklin  Furnace,  N.  J., May,  1889,  2 

NEW  JERSEY  AND  PENNSYLVANIA  CONCENTRATING  WORKS,  Ogden,  N.  J.,  3 orders,  1889-1891,  4 

J.  C.  HAYDON  & COMPANY,  Janesville,  Pa., Jan.,  1883,  1 

LEHIGH  COAL  AND  NAVIGATION  COMPANY,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  9 orders,  1886-1891,  44 

LEHIGH  AND  WILKES-BARRE  COAL  COMPANY,  Plymouth,  Pa..  4 orders,  1890-1892,  10 

J.  LANGDON  & COMPANY,  Incorporated,  Shamokin,  Pa.,  . ...  Mar.,  1887,  2 

MINERAL  RAILROAD  AND  MINING  COMPANY,  Shamokin,  Pa.,  5 orders,  1887-1891,  10 

MIDVALLE\  COAL  COMPANY,  Mount  Carmel,  Pa 2 orders,  1890-1893  4 

SUSQUEHANNA  COAL  COMPANY,  Nanticoke,  Pa., 3 orders,  1891-1892,  7 

LYKENS  VALLI  \ COAI  ( OMPANY,  Lykens,  Pa July,  1891,  2 

SUMMIT  BRANCH  RAILROAD  COMPANY,  Williamstown,  Pa . 4 orders,  1891-1893,  7 

SILVER  BROOK  COAL  COMPANY,  Silver  Brook,  Pa., Oct.,  1891,  4 

SILVER  BROOK  COAL  COMPANY,  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa., Mar.,  1893,  2 

ALDEN  COAL  COMPANY,  Alden  Station,  Pa., Feb.,  1893,  1 

W.  G.  PAYNE  & COMPANY,  Kingston,  Pa., . . Mar.,  1893,  1 

DOLPH  COAL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Scranton,  Pa July,  1893,  1 

STANDARD  COAL  COMPANY,  Brookwood,  Ala., 2 orders,  1890-1892,  2 

NEW  HOOVER  HILL  GOLD  MINING  COMPANY,  Randolph  County,  N.  C., April,  1881,  1 

NORTH  CAROLINA  GOLD  MINING  AND  REDUCTION  COMPANY,  Salisbury,  N.  C.,  Aug.,  1882,  2 


H. I\ 

122 

x5° 

208 

624 

61 

4 576 

I.  144 
208 

1.200 

730 

764 

240 

904 

480 

250 

x52 

100 

100 

240 

51 

100 


◄ 


170 


Boilers. 

WILLIAM  \ SW I I I , Catawba,  M * . Sept.,  iSSo,  i 

CONGLOMERATE  MINING  COMPANY,  Eagle  Harbor,  Mich 5 orders,  1S81-1S83,  12 

SILVER  CLIFF  MINING  COMPANY,  Colorado, 2 orders,  1S79-1SS0,  4 

GOOD  ENOUGH  MINING  COMPANY,  ( olorado Mar  , 1S80,  1 

PLATA  VERDI  SILVER  MINING  COMPANY,  C olorado Nov.,  1879,  2 

II.  L.  BRIDGEMAN,  Assayer,  Pueblo,  Colorado, May,  1880,  1 

RANDOLPH  X COMPANY,  Central  City,  Colorado May,  1881,  1 

IRON  SILVER  MINING  COMPANY,  Leadville,  Colorado,  May,  1882,  3 

MOULTON  MINING  COMPANY,  Butte  City,  Mon., 3 orders,  1880- 1881,  5 

\LTA  MONTANA  COMPANY,  Wy<  ks,  Mon \pril,  1881, 

LEGAL  TENDER  MINING  COMPANY,  Clancy,  Mon April,  1881,  1 

NATIONAL  MINING  AND  EXPLORING  COMPANY,  Helena,  Moa May,  1876,  1 

ORIGINAL  BUTTE  MINING  COMPANY,  Butte  City,  Mon April,  1881,  2 

BIG  LODE  MINING  COMPANY,  Idaho, Feb.,  1883,  1 

GERMANIA  LEAD  WORKS,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah . . ..  May,  1882,  2 

EMPIRE  MINING  ( OMPANY,  Park  City,  Utah 3 orders,  1879-1880,  8 

ONTARIO  SILVER  MINING  COMPANY,  Park  City,  Utah 2 orders,  Jan.  and  \ug  , 1880,  3 

MINERAL  POINT  TUNNEL  COMPANY,  Utah,  2 orders,  1878-1879,  2 

HORN  SILVER  MINING  COMPANY,  Utah,  Nov.,  1879,  2 

( «.  BILLING,  Smelting  Works,  Socorro,  N.  M., \pril.  1883,  2 

SAN  BERNARDINO  BORAX  MINING  COMPANY,  San  Francisco,  Cal., Jan.,  1891,  1 

DOMINION  MINERAL  COMPANY,  Nickel  Mines,  Sudbury,  Canada, April,  1892,  1 

DOMINION  COAL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Caledonian  Mines,  Sydney,  Cape  Breton,  Canada,  Dec.,  1893,  3 

I HI  ACADIA  COAI  COMPANY,  Stellarton,  Nova  Scotia 3 orders,  1884-1888,  5 

ESTACA  DE  GUADALUPE  DE  LOS  REYES,  Mexico,  2 orders,  1878-1880,  4 

NEW  YORK  AND  CHIHUAHUA  MINING  COMPANY,  Mexico, Mar.,  1880,  3 

CORRALITOS  MINING  COMPANY,  Chihuahua,  Mexico, Jan.,  1881,  1 

GUERRA  GOLD  AND  SILVER  MINING  COMPANY,  Mazatlan,  Mexico, June,  1885,  1 

( \ N I > I I ERI  \ PUMPING  SYNDICATE  OF  NEW  YORK,  Soledad,  Mexico, Feb.,  1885,  2 

NEGOCIACION  MIN  ERA  I N T ERNACIONAL,  Canitas,  Mexico, Nov.,  1885,  1 

UNION  CATORCINA  MINING  COMPANY,  San  Luis  de  Potosi,  Mexico, Sept.,  1873,  2 

VALLECILLO  MINING  COMPANY,  Mexico, Sept.,  1881,  1 

INTERNATIONAL  MINING  COMPANY,  San  Miguel  del  Mezquital,  Zacatecas,  Mexico,  Jan.,  1894,  1 

BENT  COLLIERY,  Bothwell,  Scotland,  1st  order  May,  1883,  ) g 

BENT  COLLIERY,  Hamilton,  Scotland, 4th  order  Feb.,  1890,  i 

MARK  HURLL,  Coal  Master,  High  Blantyre,  Scotland,  Nov.,  1883,  2 

THE  LANEMARK  COAL  COMPANY,  New  Cumnock,  Scotland April,  1886,  2 

SIR  WILLIAM  THOMAS  LEWIS,  Coal  Mine,  Aberdare,  South  Wales,  2 orders,  1889-1890,  6 

LEWIS  MERTHYR  COLLIERY,  Aberdare,  South  Wales, 2 orders,  1891-1893.  8 

POWELL-DUFFRYN  STEAM  COAL  COMPANY,  Abaraman,  South  Wales,  ...  3 orders,  1891-1893,  16 

MARQUIS  OF  BUTE’S  TOWER  COLLIERY,  Hirwain,  near  Aberdare,  South  Wales,  Oct.,  1891,  2 

THE  GELLI  AND  TYNYBEDW  COLLIERIES  COMPANY,  Cardiff,  Wales, Oct.,  1892,  2 

DAVID  DAVIES  & COMPANY,  Treorky,  Wales,  Nov.,  1884,  1 

OCEAN  COAL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Treorky,  Wales,  2 orders,  1892-1893,  3 

THE  GLAMORGAN  COAL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Llwympia,  Wales, 4 orders,  1892-1893,  8 

AUER  t nl.I.IEKY  O >M  PA  X Y.  Tvnewvdd,  Wales Nov..  .*<,2,  1 

THE  UNIVERSAL  STEAM  COAL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Caerphilly,  Wales, May,  1893,  2 

THE  DINAS  MAIN  COAL  COMPANY,  Cardiff,  Wales July,  1893,  2 

BURNYEAT,  BROWN  X'  COMPANY,  Aberdare,  South  Wales, .Sept.,  1893,  4 

CORY  BROTHERS  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Cardiff,  Wales, Nov.,  1893,  2 

TROEDYRH I A COAL  COMPANY,  South  Wales, Jan..  1894,  2 

PERSIAN  BANK  MINING  CORPORATION,  LIMITED,  London  and  Persia,  . . 3 orders,  1891-1892,  3 

SOUTH  HETTON  COAL  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  near  Sunderland,  England,  ...  5 orders,  1891-1893.  6 

THE  NEW  SHARLESTON  COI  LIERIES  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Sharleston,  England,  . De<  . 1889’  1 

JOHN  CHALLINOR  & COMPANY,  Globe  Colliery,  Fenton,  Staffordshire,  England,  ....  Sept.,  1890,  1 

THE  GWAUN  CAE  CURWEN  COLLIERY  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Rotherham,  England,  June,  1SS9,  1 

ST.  HELENS  COAL  AND  BRICK  COMPANY,  Workington,  England, Oct.,  1S93,  2 

J.  BOWES  & PARTNERS,  LIMITED,  Washington  Co.,  Durham,  England Dec.,  1893,  2 

LA  COM  PAG  Nil  FRANQAISI  DES  MINES  DE  BAM  RLE.  Paris,  France May,  1889,  2 

LA  COMPAGNIE  HOUILLERE  DE  BESSEGE.S,  Besseges,  France, 2 orders,  1891,  6 

COMPAGNIE  DES  MINES  DU  DADON,  ReMmont,  France July,  1891,  1 

soci£t£  METALLURGIQUE  de  CHAMPIGNEULLES  ET  NEUVES  MAISONS, 

France, 2 orders,  1893-1894,  5 

SOClfiTfi  ANON.  DES  MINES  ET  FONDERIES  DU  ZINC  DE  LA  VEILLE-MONTAGNE, 

Zinc  Mines,  Chenee,  Belgium 3 orders,  1890-1893,  5 

G.  & F.  DEV  IS,  Brussels,  Belgium, May,  1893,  1 

THE  BOMMERBANKER  TIEFBAU  COLLIERY,  Bommeri,  Westphalia, April,  1891,  2 

NEW  HORNACHOS  SILVER  MINES  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Huelva,  Spain,  ...  Mar.,  18*9,  1 

COMPANlA  “ LA  CRUZ,”  Linares,  Spain Dec.,  18S6,  2 

ALFREDO  SCHAER,  Mine  de  Mochuelos,  Cuidad  Real,  Snain, April,  1892,  1 

ASTYRA  MINING  COMPANY,  The  Dardanelles,  Asia  Minor, June,  18S9,  1 

BURMAH  RUBY  MINES,  Burmah,  India, Oct.,  1889,  2 

THE  BRAKHEN  COAL  MINE,  Transvaal,  Africa, Aug.,  1892,  1 

VILLAGE  MAIN  REEF  GOLD  MINING  COMPANY,  Transvaal,  Africa, Mar.,  1892,  1 

REUNERT  & LENZ,  for  Mines,  Johannesberg,  Transvaal,  Africa, 2 orders,  1892,  2 

CHILETE  MINING  COMPANY,  Callao,  Peru,  S.  A., Dec.,  1874,  3 

GIANT’S  DEN  MINING  COMPANY,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  Australia, Oct.,  1883,  1 

THE  PIONEER  GOLD  MINING  COMPANY,  Yalwal,  New  South  Wales,  Australia,  Dec.,  1S90,  2 


//./’. 

75 

i-974 

400 

100 

200 

Go 

53 

225 

375 

150 

75 

75 

150 

82 

166 

600 

270 

Go 

120 

£02 

104 

64 

630 

708 

245 
M5 

5° 

50 

146 

61 

100 

50 

240 

726 

240 

240 

75° 

5°° 

2,196 

250 

246 
35 

372 

968 

140 

250 

250 

568 

246 

280 

94 
972 
124 
124 
104 
248 
280 

7° 

294 

S6 

720 

561 

96 

384 

40 

95 

35 

82 

80 

96 
96 

182 

150 

73 

172 


171 


RIVERTREE  PROPRIETARY  SILVER  MINING  COMPANY,  Rivertree,  N.  S.  W., 
CATHERINE  KEEF  GOLD  MINING  COMPANY,  Bendigo,  Victoria,  Australia, 

JOHN  McDONALD,  London,  for  Thursday  Island,  Queensland,  

M.  KENNEDY,  Collier)',  Greymouth,  New  Zealand, 


CONFECTIONERS,  Etc. 

E.  GREENFIELD’S  SON  & COMPANY,  Confectioners,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

HUYLER’S,  Candies,  New  York, . 

H.  J.  HEINZ  COMPANY,  Pickles,  etc.,  Allegheny  City,  Pa., 

JOHN  DIMLING,  Confectioner,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

R.  & J.  SALMON D,  Bakers  and  Confectioners,  Aberdeen,  Scotland, 

BEALE  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  

CADBURY  & COMPANY,  Chocolate,  Bournville,  England, 3 orders,  A 

MR.  KUGLER,  Budapest,  Austria, 

CUNLIFF  & PATTERSON,  Fruit  Preserving  Factor)',  Melbourne,  New  South  Wales 


Boilers. 

H.P. 

June,  1892, 

1 

52 

Jan.,  1891, 

2 

212 

April,  J893, 

1 

64 

Oct.,  1887, 

2 

248 

Boilers. 

H.P. 

»,  1884-1890, 

4 

328 

July,  1891, 

1 

75 

Dec.,  1889, 

2 

208 

Aug.,  1891, 

I 

5° 

I 

40 

Nov.,  1890, 

X 

•45 

;,  1887-1890, 

3 

378 

Aug.,  1892, 

I 

20 

Aug.,  1889, 

2 

60 

Power  House  of  Intramural  Railway  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exhibition,  Chicago,  in  process  of  construction,  with  5,000  H.  P. 

of  Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers,  1893. 

EXPORT  AND  COMMISSION  HOUSES. 


WALTON  W.  EVANS,  Civil  Engineer,  New  York,  ... 

JOSEPH  E.  SPINNEY,  Merchant,  New  York, 

CAMACHO  & VENGOECHEA,  Merchants,  New  York, 

J.  FOGERTY,  New  York, 

MOSES  TAYLOR  & COMPANY,  New  York, 

BECKETT  & McDOWELL  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  New  York,  . 

FREDERICK  PROBST  & COMPANY,  Merchants,  New  York,  

HENRY  J.  DAVISON,  New  York, 

R.  H.  ALLEN,  Merchant,  New  York, 

BEHR  & STEINER,  Merchants,  New  York, 

G.  REYNAUD,  New  York,  for  Cuba, 

MOTLEY  & STIRLING,  Merchants,  New  York, 

A.  ARANGO  & COMPANY,  Merchants,  New  York, 

MAITLAND,  PHELPS  & COMPANY,  New  York, 

J.  CRICHTON,  Valparaiso,  Chili, 

COOMBS,  CROSBY  & EDDY,  New  York,  for  Mexico 

J.  M.  SORZANO,  New  York,  N.  Y 

FERNANDEZ  & CASTILLO,  New  York,  

H.  A.  VATABLE  & SON,  New  York, 


Boilers. 

. . 2 orders,  1871-1878,  11 

Dec.,  1878,  5 

2 orders,  Jan.  and  Aug.,  1880,  3 

Aug.,  1879,  1 

Mar.,  1883,  2 

4 orders,  1880-1883,  5 

8 orders,  1878-1890,  13 

2 orders,  1882-1884,  3 

June,  1881,  2 

. . . Sept.,  1881,  1 

4 orders,  1882-1885,  4 

. . . Mar.,  1883,  1 

. . Aug.,  1882,  2 

8 orders,  1881-1888,  9 

Jan.,  1882,  1 

2 orders,  1881-1892,  2 

. . . 3 orders,  1881-1893,  4 

Feb.,  1883,  1 

Oct.,  1882,  1 


H.P. 

540 

360 

220 

75 

146 

246 

902 

243 

150 

5° 

367 

104 

208 

845 

5° 

112 

546 

104 

104 


172 


, 

Boilers. 

H.P. 

JAMES  McNIDKR,  New  York,  for  Guatemala, 

Aug. , 1891, 

1 

20 

MOSLE  BROTHERS,  New  York,  for  Cuba, 

*5 

2-515 

ROBERT  DEELEY  it  COMPANY,  New  N ..rk 

4 

4l6 

E.  E.  BECERRA’S  NEPHEW  it  COMPANY,  New  York 

1 

104 

BUTLER,  McDONALIJ  N COMPANY,  New  York 

4 

480 

COLWELL  IRON  WORKS,  New  York,  for  Louisiana, 

4 

400 

COLWELL  IRON  WORKS,  New  York,  for  Mexico, 

1 

122 

W.  LOAIZA,  New  York,  for  Mexico, 

3 

26l 

I.  L.  MOTT  IRON  WORKS,  New  York,  for  Mexico, 

Feb.,  1884, 

1 

15 

CANDELERI A PUMPING  SYNDICATE  OF  NEW  YORK,  for  Mexico,  . 

2 

146 

M.  ECHEVERRIA  & COMPANY,  New  York,  for  Mexico, 

I 

75 

THEODORE  HERRMANN,  New  York,  for  Mexico, 

. . . 2 orders,  1888-1890, 

2 

112 

H.  HERRMANN,  New  York,  for  Mexico, 

I 

61 

BRAZILIAN  TRADE  COMPANY,  New  York,  for  Brazil 

2 

90 

FULLER,  MEYER  & SCHUMACHER,  New  York,  for  Mexico 

I 

25 

SUZARTE  & WHITNEY,  New  York,  for  Maracaibo,  Venezuela, 

I 

51 

M.  CAMACHO  ROLDAN  A NEPHEW,  New  York,  for  Mexico, 

June,  1887, 

I 

122 

GEORGE  BRUCE’S  SON  & COMPANY,  New  York,  for  Mexico,  . . . . 

2 orders,  Oct.  and  Dec.,  1887, 

2 

184 

AUGUSTUS  A.  GOUBERT,  New  York,  for  Cuba, 

3 

246 

J.  & G.  FOWLER,  New  York,  for  Cuba, 

2 orders,  Sept,  and  Dec.,  1887, 

4 

584 

HUGH  KELLY,  New  York,  for  Ceiba  Hueca,  W.  L, 

Jan.,  1888, 

I 

208 

GOMEZ  & PEARSALL,  New  York,  for  Cuba, 

1 

73 

JOSE  MENENDEZ  it  COMPANY,  New  York,  for  Cuba 

. . . 3 orders,  1886-1892, 

3 

>93 

J.  B.  VICINI  & COMPANY,  New  York,  for  San  Domingo,  W.  1. 

1 

122 

Kl'NHARDT  & COMPANY,  New  York,  for  South  America, 

1 

125 

J.  APARICIO  & COMPANY,  New  York,  for  Champeries,  Central  America, 

1 

35 

G.  AMSINCK  & COMPANY,  New  York 

1 

40 

PUNDERFORD  & COMPANY,  New  York,  for  Bogota,  U.  S.  C.,  S.  A.,  . . 

Oct.,  1S89, 

1 

35 

E.  ATKINS  & COMPANY,  Boston,  Mass.,  for  Cuba, 

2 

306 

ROBERT  McCULLOCH,  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  for  Cuba, 

I 

104 

D.  L.  HOLDEN,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  for  China, 

I 

60 

TAWS  & HARTMAN,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  for  Mexico,  

2 orders,  18S9-1890, 

2 

122 

L ARCE  & COMPANY,  City  of  Mexico, 

3 

121 

R.  M.  DE  AROZARENA,  for  Public  Baths,  Citv  of  Mexico, 

July,  1889, 

I 

20 

[AMES  KEITH,  Hydraulic  and  Gas  Engineer,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  .... 

IO 

305 

BLAIR,  CAMPBELL  & McLEAN,  Glasgow,  for  Costa  Rica, 

I 

122 

E.  G.  CHAMBERLAIN,  Costa  Rica,  

I 

152 

NEISH  & WILSON,  Consulting  Engineers,  Glasgow,  Scotland, 

I 

106 

AITKIN,  McNEIL  & COMPANY,  Govan,  Scotland,  for  Trinidad, 

I 

no 

AITKIN,  McNEIL  & COMPANY,  Govan,  Scotland,  for  Mexico, 

2 

208 

R.  L.  ASHTON,  Greenock,  Scotland,  for  Calcutta, 

I 

52 

[.  & H.  GWYNNE,  London,  England,  for  China, 

2 

146 

ANDERSON  BROTHERS,  London,  England,  for  India,  

I 

120 

JAMES  McEWAN  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  for  Australia,  . . . . 

2 orders,  1884-1885, 

IO 

1,040 

ARTHUR  BUTLER  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  and  Motihari,  India, 

. 23  orders,  1884-1893, 

25 

1,109 

JAMES  SIMPSON  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Engineers,  London,  England, 

5 orders,  1885-1888, 

12 

871 

W.  WALKER,  London,  England,  for  Batavia  and  Java, 

. . . 5 orders,  1S85-1892, 

6 

346 

A.  STUART,  London,  England,  for  Batoum,  Russia, 

I 

104 

FARMER  & BRANDON,  Merchants,  London,  England, 

I 

20 

NELSON  BROTHERS,  London,  England,  for  New  Zealand, 

2 orders,  1887-1888, 

2 

140 

TAKATA  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  for  Japan, 

4 orders,  18S7-1S90, 

6 

432 

CHANTON,  HEWLETT  & VENABLES,  London,  England,  for  Bayota,  . 

I 

15 

ROSING  BROTHERS  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  for  Rio  de  Janeiro,  . 

2 orders,  1889-1890, 

2 

200 

NORRIE,  MITCHELL  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  for  India 

. . . 2 orders,  1889-1890, 

4 

650 

HEDLEY,  RODRIGUEZ  & COMPANY,  London,  England, 

June,  1889, 

2 

416 

H.  F.  STANES,  London,  England,  for  New  Zealand, 

I 

104 

HAMMOND  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  for  Spain, 

. . . borders,  1887-1889, 

IO 

1.224 

JOHN  BIRCH  & COMPANY,  London,  England, 

3 

124 

BENITO,  NOVELLA  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  for  Guatemala, 

I 

20 

OCTAVIUS  STEEL  & COMPANY,  London  and  Calcutta, 

I 

86 

HOWARD  FARRAR  & COMPANY,  London,  for  the  Transvaal,  South  Africa, 

3 orders,  1891-1892, 

4 

354 

I.  HAMILTON,  London,  for  Colombo,  Cevlon, 

I 

13 

JAMES  R.  BENNIE,  London,  for  Australia, 

Oct.,  1891, 

1 

40 

WALKER  BROTHERS,  London,  for  Ceylon, 

5 

136 

WALKER,  SONS  & COMPANY,  LIMITED,  London,  and  Colombo,  Cevlon, 

. . . 6 orders,  1891-1892, 

6 

118 

FINDLEY,  DURHAM  & BRODIE,  London,  for  Transvaal,  Africa,  . . . . 

5 

514 

F.  A.  ROBINSON  & COMPANY,  London,  for  Transvaal,  Africa, 

2 

172 

NOVELLI  & COMPANY,  London,  and  Seville,  Spain, 

I 

48 

JOHN  GORDON  & COMPANY,  London,  England, 

I 

30 

F.  A.  ROBINSON  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  for  South  Africa, 

I 

106 

SIM  & COVENTRY.  London,  England,  for  Spain, 

Nov.,  1893, 

I 

76 

MATVEIEFF  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  for  Foochow,  China,  . . . . 

Dec.,  1S93, 

2 

246 

MANLOVE  ALLIOT  & COMPANY,  Nottingham,  England,  for  Brazil,  . 

I 

86 

WILLIAM  EYRE  & NEPHEW,  Liverpool,  England, 

2 

492 

DU  TEMPLE  & COMPANY,  Liverpool,  England,  for  Asia  Minor,  . . . . 

. . . 2 orders,  1886-1892, 

2 

254 

MILLWARD,  BRADBURY  & COMPANY,  Liverpool,  England,  for  Brazil,  , 

7 

613 

JONES,  BURTON  & COMPANY,  Liverpool,  for  Ceylon, 

I 

35 

JONES,  BURTON  & COMPANY,  Liverpool,  for  Brazil, 

Aug.,  1892, 

I 

76 

173 


Boilers. 

E.  GRETHER,  Manchester,  England,  for  Genoa,  Italy 2 orders,  Feb.  and  Oct.,  1887,  2 

ZIFFER  & WALKER,  Manchester,  England,  for  Brazil, Dec.,  1887,  2 

JOHN  M.  SUMNER  & COMPANY,  Manchester,  England,  for  Russia  and  Mexico,  3?  orders,  1890-1893,  44 

G.  PELZER-TEACHER,  Manchester,  England,  Feb.,  1889,  2 

CHARLES  MASCHWITZ,  Jr.,  Birmingham,  England, Feb.,  1889,  x 

EDGAR  ALLAN  & COMPANY,  Sheffield,  England,  for  Spain, . June,  1887,  x 

S.  WALKER  & COMPANY,  Wolverhampton,  England,  for  Hong  Kong, Sept.,  1883,  1 

W.  H.  DAVIS  & COMPANY,  Wolverhampton,  England,  for  Ceylon, Feb.,  1881,  x 

E.  R.  & F.  TURNER,  Ipswich,  England,  for  Ceylon,  Mar.,  1887,  x 

ASA  LEES  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Oldham,  England,  for  Bombay, Feb.,  1888,  3 

JOHN  HENRY  STEWART,  Withington,  England,  for  Brazil, 4 orders,  1 888- 1892,  4 

WALSH,  LOVETT  & COMPANY,  Birmingham,  England,  for  the  Himalayas,  Mar.,  1888,  2 

FISHER  & COMPANY,  Huddersfield,  England,  for  Canada, Mar.,  1888,  1 

AMELIN  & RENAUD,  Paris,  for  Buenos  Ayres, \ orders,  1887-1890,  4 

PORTALIS  FRERES,  CARBONNIER  ET  CIE..  Paris,  France, 2 orders,  Aug  and  Nov.,  1889,  5 


H.P. 

34 
124 
5 396 
336 
104 
30 
104 


372 

224 

107 

ic8 

130 

550 


In  process  of  erection. 

Babcock  & Wilcox  Boilers  over  Puddling  Furnaces  at  Pennsyl- 
vania Bolt  and  Nut  Company,  Lebanon,  Pa. 


ENRIQUE  AYNLO  ET  CIE.,  Paris,  France,  for  Lima,  Peru,  

MAURICE  SIMON  ET  ALLA  IN,  Paris,  for  Brazil,  

LA  COMPAGNIE  FRANCAISE  DEZ  MOTEURS  A GAZ  ET  CONSTRUC- 

TIONES  MFXANIQUES,  Paris,  for  Bahia,  Brazil, 

RUAS  & CHARTIERE,  Paris,  France,  for  Rio  de  Janeiro, 

P.  BEB1N,  Paris,  France,  for  Caro  Caro,  Bolivia, 

ENRIQUE  GADEA,  Engineer  for  Spanish  Government,  Paris,  France,  for  Porto  Rico, 

F.  PARADIS,  Marseilles,  France,  for  Philippine  Islands, 

P.  MIGNON,  Marseilles,  France, 

L.  FONTAINE,  La  Madeleine  lez  Lille,  France,  ... 

J.  J.  MOREIRA  FILS,  Nice,  France,  for  Brazil,  . . 

F.  BORMANN  & COMPANY,  Zurich,  Switzerland 

STURGIS  & FOLEY,  Madrid.  Spain, 

HENRY  C.  WILBRAHAM,  Madeira,  for  Portugal, 

A.  FLAQUER,  Barcelona,  Spain,  for  Vick,  Spain, 

A.  FLAQUER,  Barcelona,  Spain,  for  Alicante,  Spain,  ...... 

A.  FLAQUER,  Barcelona,  for  Vick,  Spain, 


Boilers. 

. . Aug.,  1889,  1 

2 orders,  1891-1892,  2 

5 orders,  1891-1892,  9 

May,  1892,  1 

Jan.,  1892,  1 

Dec.,  1890,  1 

Aug.,  1891,  1 

July,  1893,  6 

Mar.,  1893,  1 

. . Feb.,  1891,  3 

7 orders,  1892-1893,  7 

May,  1892,  1 

Nov.,  1892,  1 

. . July,  1891,  2 

Mar.,  1892,  1 

Feb  , 1892,  1 


H.P. 

46 

146 

369 

35 

98 

35 

76 

180 

140 

192 

347 

125 

25 

500 

40 

30 


VIZCAYA  SOC.  ANON.  I)E  METALLURGIE  ET  CONSTRUCTION,  Bilbao, 
STREET  & COMPANY,  Lisbon,  Portugal,  for  Madeira, 

BOHLEN  & HIRST,  Hamburg,  Germany,  for  Venezuela, 

G.  LUTHER,  Braunschweig,  Germany,  for  Rosario,  Argentina,  Odessa,  etc.,  . 

KRO FEE’S  MASCHINEN  EXPORT  GKSCHAET,  Diisseldorf,  Germany, 
j.  S.  BERGHEIM,  Vienna,  Austria,  for  Oil  Wells  at  Garlice-Galicia,  .... 
ERSTE  BRUNNER  X:  COMPANY,  Brunn,  Austria,  for  Budapest, 

C.  H.  D.  ZAHRTMANN,  Copenhagen,  Denmark, 

A.  L.  THUNE,  AGE  N'T,  Christiania,  Norway, 

C.  & J.  FAVRE  X BRANDT,  Neuchatel,  Switzerland,  for  Japan, 

A.  BAUER,  Bucharest,  Roumania,  

OLSZEWICZ  & KERN,  Kiev,  Russia, 

A.  B.  BARY,  Moscow,  Russia, 

MICHAEL  YERDERAME,  Licata,  Sicily, 


Boilers. 

H.P. 

Spain,  June,  1S90, 

1 

96 

Jail.,  iS<M, 

1 

123 

June,  1893, 

1 

64 

3 orders,  1891-1892, 

3 

310 

July,  1SS9, 

1 

13 

April,  1S87, 

2 

186 

. . . 2 orders,  1893, 

3 

73 

Mar.,  1893, 

1 

52 

May,  1S93, 

1 

76 

Dec.,  1893, 

2 

104 

2 orders,  1893, 

2 

Il6 

May,  1893, 

1 

85 

Feb.,  1893, 

3 

120 

July,  1887, 

1 

104 

Complete,  cased  and  ready  for  operation. 


H.  COWAN  DEANS  & COMPANY,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  . . 
MERCHANTS’  BANKING  COMPANY,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil, 
LEMGRUBER  & LEMGRUBER,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil,  . 
AGAR  CROSS  & COMPANY,  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentine  Republic, 

LEWIS  SAMUEL,  Sydney,  New  South  Wales, 

ESSAYAN  FRERES,  Smyrna,  Asia  Minor, 

REUNERT  X LENZ,  Johannesberg,  Transvaal,  South  Africa,. 
GRUNDELL  X HELLENDORN,  Soerabaya,  Java, 


Boilers. 

5 orders,  1890-1891,  5 

July,  1890,  1 

2 orders,  18S8-1S91,  2 

10  orders,  1893-1S94,  10 

. . Sept.,  1SS7,  1 

April,  1891,  1 

9 orders.  1891-1893,  22 

5 orders,  1891-1893,  5 


H.P. 

190 

36 

80 

485 

45 

76 

2.328 

262 


MARINE. 


Yacht  “ REVERIE,”  N.  Y.  Yacht  Club April,  1S90 

Yacht  “ COUNTESS,”  N.  Y.  Yacht  Club Jan.,  1893 

SIR  GILBERT  CLAYTON  EAST,  BART.,  Yacht  “ ELEANOR,”  London, Nov.,  1891 

THOMAS  WILSON  SONS  X COMPANY,  Steamer  “NERO,”  Hull,  England, July,  1S92 

LA  COMPAGNIE  DE  NAVIGATION  DU  HAVRE  A PARIS  ET  LYONS,  Paris,  France, Sept.,  1889 

Steamer  ‘‘ALGER IE,”  Bordeaux,  France, Dec.,  1S92 


175 


MISCELLANEOUS  AND  UNCLASSIFIED. 


Boilers. 

H.P. 

NOAH  BARLOW,  Upholsterers’  Goods,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  ... 

May, 

■884, 

I 

30 

ARMSTRONG  & COM  PAN  \ , Corks  and  Compressed  Bungs,  Pittsburg,  Pa.. 

May, 

■ Syo, 

2 

4l6 

SOUTH  BEND  TON'  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  South  Bend,  lnd.. 

April, 

■892, 

I 

200 

CRESCENT  CITY  KICK  Mil. I..  New  Orleans,  La 

Aug., 

‘^93, 

I 

156 

UNITED  STATES  LAUNDRY  COMPANY,  Sail  Francisco,  Cal., 

Mar., 

1892, 

2 

208 

HENRY  MORGAN  & COMPANY,  Dry  Goods,  Montreal,  Canada, 

Sept., 

I89O, 

3 

138 

CLOG  SOLE  FIBRE  COMPANY,  Liverpool,  England,  

Nov., 

1885, 

I 

138 

BRITISH  PNEUMATIC  PULVERIZING  COMPANY,  London,  England,  . . . . 

2 orders,  1886- 

.887, 

2 

80 

JOHN  BLUTH  & COMPANY,  London,  England,  

Feb., 

I89O, 

I 

64 

INDIA  RUBBER,  GUTTA  PERCH  A X TELEGRAPH  WORKS,  Silverton,  London 

Eng., 

Mar., 

1889, 

2 

igo 

BELLS’  ASBESTOS  COMPANY',  Limited,  London,  England, 

Mar., 

I 892  , 

2 

210 

BASTIN  & LAWSON,  Southampton,  England, 

Jan., 

1887, 

I 

30 

FELBUR,  JUCKER  & COMPANY,  Manchester,  England 

Nov., 

1888, 

I 

104 

CORPORATION  OF  WARRINGTON,  Destruction  Works,  Warrington,  England, 

Dec., 

1892, 

I 

97 

W.  E.  CAMERON,  Macclesfield,  England, 

Oct., 

1887, 

I 

30 

EDWARD  BAINES  & SONS,  Leeds,  England 

3 

192 

F.  ASH  WELL,  & COMPANY,  Leeds,  England,  

Feb. , 

1892, 

1 

45 

CAMBRIAN  PATENT  FUEL  COMPANY,  Cardiff,  Wales, 

Dec., 

1886, 

1 

92 

CUVIER,  Cleg  Maker,  Neuville,  Ferrieres,  France, 

Nov., 

l8S6, 

1 

51 

ROUSSEL,  Wick  Maker,  Amiens,  France, 

Nov., 

1886, 

1 

20 

COMPAGNIE  DE  REMORQUAGE,  Marseilles,  France 

Feb., 

.889, 

1 

19 

A.  BAQUET,  Butter  Maker,  Vesley  (Eure),  France,  

Mar. , 

I889, 

1 

IO 

RICHARD  MAISONNEUVK,  Butter  Maker,  Julian  L’Escape,  France, 

Nov., 

1889, 

1 

57 

VANDER  MARLIER  FRERES  ET  SGEURS,  YVarenton,  Armantieres,  France,  . 

Nov., 

I89I, 

1 

64 

M.  DE  FORUVILLE,  Paris,  France,  

Jan.. 

1^93  > 

1 

25 

H.  BERTON,  Sheath  Works,  Paris,  Fra  ice, 

Oct., 

■893. 

1 

26 

PLETTERY,  Voorhein,  I..  L ENTHOVEN  & COMPANY,  La  Hague,  Holland, 

Mar., 

1892, 

1 

192 

M.  H.  SALOMONSON,  Fodder  Manufacturer,  Krai  ingen,  Holland,  

July, 

1890, 

1 

123 

L.  COBBART  FILS  FT  CIE.,  Matches.  Ninove,  Belgium, 

1889, 

1 

68 

F.  DE  LA  ROYERE-M ASURCEL,  India  Rubber,  Brussels,  Belgium 

Aug. , 

l888, 

1 

46 

C.  SCHUBERT,  Berlin,  Germany, 

1 

30 

STEINLEIN  BROTHERS,  Berlin,  Germanv, . . 

Sept. , 

1887, 

1 

51 

KOHLSTEDT  & GRAMMBERG,  Nordenev,  Oermanv, 

Jan., 

1888, 

1 

= 5 

PFLAUM  & GERLACH,  Berlin,  Germany, 

July, 

18S7, 

1 

26 

R.  SCHERING,  Apothecary,  Berlin,  Germany 

July, 

1889, 

1 

45 

THE  NEW  BERLINER  PARK  E TEA  H RT,  Berlin,  Germany, 

Sept. , 

I89O, 

1 

13 

A.  SCHMID,  Leipzig,  Germany, 

Oct., 

1889, 

2 

no 

JULIUS  HOFMEIER,  Martinrenfelds,  Germany, 

July, 

I89I, 

1 

46 

THE  GRUNDWASSER  YERK  HINKKLSTEIN,  Schwamheim,  Germany,  , 

Dec. , 

iSgi, 

1 

140 

CORPORATION  OF  CHRISTIANIA,  Christiania,  Norway, 

Dec. , 

1S91, 

3 

640 

CHARLES  ANKER,  Frederickshald,  Norway, 

April, 

iSgi, 

1 

64 

THE  HOIE  FABRIKKER,  Clnistiansand,  Norway, 

June, 

I89I, 

1 

68 

AGNES  FYRSTIKFABRI K,  Match  Factory,  Frederiksvam,  Norway, 

May, 

■893, 

1 

88 

HEDEMARKENS  MEJERI,  Dairy.  Hamas,  Norway 

Sept., 

■89?. 

1 

40 

CITYr  OF  COPENHAGEN,  for  “ Destruction  ” Establishment,  Copenhagen,  Den., 

Nov., 

1889, 

1 

20 

H.  MULLY,  Mollersdorf,  Vienna,  Austria, 

Nov., 

lSgO, 

1 

212 

BARTELMUS  & WITTE,  Enameled  Goods,  Briinn,  Austria,  . 

May, 

l89I, 

1 

71 

GEORG  WEIFERT,  Belgrade,  Servia, 

Sept. , 

I89I, 

1 

50 

LA  PRIMA  SOC.  A MORELOR  DE  ALBURI  ET  DIN  BOTSAN1,  Botsani,  Roumania, 

July, 

1S92, 

2 

220 

A.  MESS1NES  ET  CIE..  INGEGNERI  INDUSTRIAL!,  Naples,  Italy, 

Nov., 

I89I, 

1 

52 

BARON  N.  LA  CAPRA  SABELLI,  Pontecorvo,  Itnlv 

Feb., 

I 89I  , 

2 

128 

VOMVILLER  & COMPANY,  Romagnano,  Italy,  . 

May, 

1SS5, 

1 

208 

TOSI  & COMPANY’,  Legnana,  Italy,  

Nov., 

lS86, 

1 

51 

GIUSEPPE  PENSONI,  Genoa,  Italv, 

Mar., 

1887, 

2 

148 

A.  C.  MARCHESI,  Dignano,  Istria, 

Nov., 

189O, 

1 

■5 

LA  SOC I ETA  DIQUES  SECOS  DE  OLAVEAGA,  Bilbao,  Spain, 

June, 

189O, 

1 

96 

ANTONIO  PONS  SORICH,  Mauresa,  Barcelona,  Spain, 

Mar., 

189O, 

1 

86 

SANITARY  COMMISSION,  Gibraltar,  Spain 

Sept., 

iSgi, 

2 

152 

PARSONS,  GRAEPEL  V STURGESS,  Madrid,  Spain, 

Jan., 

IS92, 

1 

96 

J.  O.  GALMNOFF,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  .... 

Jan., 

1891, 

1 

40 

M.  DEMIDOFF,  Moscow,  Russia 

Aug., 

l89I, 

1 

35 

A.  IVANOVVITSCH  ALEX  A J E FF,  Moscow,  Russia, 

2 orders,  1883- 

■ 884, 

2 

195 

R.  & T.  ELWORTHY,  Elizabethgrad,  Russia, 

2 orders,  1884- 

1889, 

2 

93 

S.  M.  LIANASOFF,  Salt  Mill,  YValdimiroffka,  Russia.  . 

Feb., 

1885, 

1 

73 

S.  M.  SHI  B/EFF  & COMPANY,  Batoum,  Russia,  . 

Sept., 

1885, 

1 

51 

P.  A.  SOLOWJIFF,  Hirshatel,  Russia, 

June, 

l890, 

1 

73 

TRIPANIS,  PkRE  ET  FILS,  Adana,  Asia  Minor, 

2 orders,  1891- 

-1892. 

2 

■97 

FRANCISCO  G.  PALACIO,  Durango,  Mexico,  ....... 

Mar., 

I S9O, 

1 

51 

JUAN  S.  AGUIRRE  & COMPANY,  Mexico,  ...  

2 ordei 

s,  1889- 

-■890, 

2 

200 

PEDRO  PARDO  ROCHA,  Bogota,  U.  S.  C\,  S.A., 

Oct., 

l889, 

1 

35 

LA  COMPANlA  NOVA  INDUSTRA,  Rio  de  Janerio,  Brazil, 

Oct., 

l886, 

1 

35 

JOAQUIN  ARANGO,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil.  ... 

Oct., 

1888, 

1 

35 

J.  F.  MARQUES  & COMPANY,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil, 

3 orders,  1890- 

>S9>, 

3 

120 

C.  SEIGNEUR  IT,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Brazil, 

Aug. , 

.891, 

i 

3° 

MERCADO  DE  FRUTOS,  Montevideo,  Uruguay, 

Nov., 

1890, 

1 

192 

177 


C.  SEMINO  V HUOS,  Rosario,  Argentina,  . . 

DELPIANO,  LUCAS  Y CIA.,  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentina, 

JUAN  LAMAISON,  Buenos  Ayres,  Argentina,  ... 

ZADIK  CHEESMAN,  Querzaltenango,  Guatemala, 

ALBERT  SCHEYER,  Auckland,  New  Zealand,  ... 

TAN  JONG  PAGAR  DOCK  COMPANY,  LIMITED,  Singapore,  Straits  Settlements,  . 
JUMMA  PUBLIC  WORKS,  Kashmere.  India, 

E.  T.  ATKINSON,  Lahore,  Punjab,  India,  . 

JOHN  FLEMMING  & COMPANY,  Bombay,  India, 


Boilers. 

H.P. 

Oct.,  1889, 

1 

96 

April,  1889, 

1 

93 

Oct.,  1886, 

1 

•5 

June,  1890, 

1 

73 

Oct..  1889, 

1 

51 

Feb.,  1893, 

1 

96 

Nov.,  1893, 

1 

96 

Mar.,  1891, 

1 

25 

Sept.,  1892, 

25 

-6-2- 


25  H.  P.  Boiler  built  to  carry  300  to  400  lbs.  pressure,  for  Nikola  Tesla,  New  York, 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


Accessibility  for  dean ing  and  repairs  necessary  . . 7,  39,  47 

**  of  Babcock  a:  Wilcox  boilers 47 

Advantages  of  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  ....  43-48,  05,  07 
Agricultural  machine  works  using  B & W.  boilers  . . 149 

Air.  Amount  of,  delivered  by  chimney 09 

und  Vapor.  Mixtures  of 87 

•*  Effect  of  surplus  in  furnace 17,  50,  51 

••  Moist  and  dry .85,87 

required  for  combustion 51,55 

Weight  and  volume  of  ...........  67 

Aluminum  works  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . . 145 

American  coals.  Table  of 55 

Anti-incrustators  . . 79 

Apparatus  for  burning  green  bagasse.  Cook’s  ....  58-02 

Appearance  of  tire  at  different  temperatures 57 

**  of  steam  flowing  from  orifices 70 

Artificial  blast  under  boilers 55,  57 

ice  works.  Babcock  A Wilcox  boilers  in  . . . 129 

Ashes  in  coals  ...  55 

Means  of  handling  ...  ........  55,  98 

Attention  necessary  to  se  lire  durability  in  boilers  . . 93 

“ “ *'  economy  “ ”...  92 

safety  '*  “ . . . 92 

Average  cost  of  repairs  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . 39,  107-111 

Automatic  Regulator  for  steam  heating 85 


Babcock  Ax  Wilcox  boilers.  Absorption  of  heat  in  . . . 44 

Accessibility  for  cleaning  and  repairs 47 

Advantages  of 43-48,  65,  67 

at  Albany  Street  Railway 13 1 

at  American  Glucose  Co 100 

at  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works 142 

at  Boston  Sugar  Refinery 2m 

at  British  Museum  144 

at  Brooklyn  Sugar  Refinery 102 

at  Cardenas  Sugar  Refinery 22 

at  Centennial 50  51,  99 

at  Chavanne  Brim  et  Cie 49 

at  Chelsea  Station.  London  ...  1-4 

at  Chicago  City  Railway 93 

at  Cleveland  City  Cable  Railway 140 

at  Columbus  Consolidated  Railway  Company  ...  14m 

at  Columbia  College M4 

at  Coronado  Beaeli  Hotel 110 

at  Cross  Town  Street  Railway,  Buffalo 150 

at  Decast.ro  & Donner  Sugar  Refinery 32,  52 

at  Deptford  Station,  London Frontispiece 

at  Edison  Central  Station.  Brooklyn 118 

at  Edison  Ele  trie  Light  Station,  Milan 108 

at  Edison  illuminating  Co 72 

at  Edison's  Laboratory 17 

at  Glasgow  Exhibition 38 


. . 100 

172 
14 

. . 45 

. . 98 

. . 64, 65 

. . 74 

. . 18 

26,  122,123 
. . 30 

. . 158 

. . 16 


at  Greenfield  & Co.  . 48 

at  Harrison.  Frazier  Co 

at  Holland  House  . . 

at  Intramural  Railway  Company  . ... 

at  Imperial  Continental  Gas  Association  . . 

at  Kimball  House.  Atlanta 

at  Lombard  Ayres  & Co 

at  Lucy  Furn  ice  . . 

at  Matthiessen  & Weieher's  Sugar  Refinery  . 
at  McAvoy  Brewing  Co.  ........ 

at  Metropolitan  Electric  Supply  Co.,  London 
at  Metropolitan  Street  Railway.  Kansas  City 
at  New  Orleans  Exposition  . . ... 

at  New  York  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.  . . 

at  New  York  Produce  Exchange w 

at  New  York  Steam  Company 80,  81,  82 

at  Northern  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane  ...  Si 

at  Pencoyd  Iron  Work-; 94,  132 

at  Pennsylvania  Steel  Company . 06 

at  P.ttsbiirg  Steel  Castings  Company 40 

at  Plainfield  Public  School  ....  . . . 85 

at  Plaza  Hotel . . 112 

at  Police  de  Leon  Hotel 80.  87 

at  Postal  Telegraph  Cable  Co.’s  Building  . ...  154 

at  Poyer  Quartier,  France 150 

at  Raritan  Woolen  Mills  . . 42 

at  Royal  Electric  Company 125 

at  Seth  Thomas  Clock  Company . 0 

at  Sol  vay  Process  Co.  78.  152 

at  Somersett  Manufacturing  Company 90 

at  Spreckels  Sugar  Refinery 12.  130 

at  Standard  On  Company 50 

at  Turner  & Seymour  Manufacturing  Co 71 

at  United  States  Capitol .20,114 

at  **  Vuncorlear  ” Apartment  House 14 

at  Vienna  Opera  House 14,  40 

at  Wabash  Paper  Company  162 

at  West  End  Itailw  • v.  Boston 139 

at  Yngenio  Central  Isabel 97,  139 

at  Yngenio  Central  Senado 59,  62 


PAGE 

Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers. 

at  Yngenio  Fortuna  ...  ......  54 

at  Yngenio  Hormiguero  ......  58 

at  Yngenio  Isabel ...  00 

at  Yngenio  Loqueitio  . . 01 

at  Yngenio  Teresa 60 

burning  bagasse 54,  57-0 i,  139-141 

*•  petroleum .,6 

* * waste  gases ....  46,  65 

Capacity  of 45 

Circulation  of  water  in . ..  13,  25,  44 

Cleaning . 4 7 

Combustion  in  43 

Construction  of 39,  4 1 

Co>t  of  repairs  to  . . . 39,107-111 

Cross  section  of  . . .47,  50,  82.  84,  90 

Dryness  of  steam  from  . . ...  45,  77,9?,  105 

Durability  of . . 13,  39,48.107-111 

Ease  of  trail  spoliation  of  . . 48 

Ease  of  repai  rs  to 4S 

Evolution  of • 33-39 

For  iron  and  steel  works  . ....  40,  64-67,  132,  133 

Freedom  for  expansion  m 45 

Front  view  of,  2,  8,  14,  18,  20,  22,  26,  28,  30,  32,  44,  45, 

48.  49,  51,  52.  54,  50,  58,  04,  74,  81,  87,  88,  93,  100,  118, 

122.  125,  134.  H2 

Heating  surface  in 43 

History  of 31,  33-39 

Joints  in ......  . . 39,  42,  43 

Longitudinal  sections  of  ....  40,  42,65,  81,  85,  98,  1 1 H 

Origin  of 31 

Operation  of 41 

Pressure  parts,  erected  ...  ....  12,  ion,  109 

Proportions  of  ...  47 

Record  of 14,  39,  95-111,  101.  162 

References  for 113-178 

Repaiisto.  Average  cost  of 39,  107-111 

Safety  of 13,  45 

Steadiness  of  water-level  in 45 

Tests  of 95-105 

with  continuous  front 28 

with  ornamental  front,  0,  8,  10,  18,  20.  22,  28.  41.  47,  51, 

52,  54,  50,  58,  71.  74,  87,  88.  125,  140 
with  wrought-iron  front  . . . 2.  14.  26,  38,  45,  49,  124,  142 

with  independent  feed-water  heaters 78, 170 

with  Murphy  Furnaces . ...  30 

with  Roney  stokers 100 

with  bagasse  burner 54,  58.  60,  02 

Babcock  Wilcox  economizer 55,  73,  78,  98.  102 

Bagasse  for  fuel.  Furnace  for  .........  54,  58-62 

Va'ue  of  ..  57,  59 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works.  Boilers  at.  . . ...  142 

Bnrrus,  Geo.  H.  Calorimeter  ...  . . 70 

Tests  bv 1<>4 

Benfield’s  Paper  Mill,  Mexico 165 

Best  fluid  for  heat  engines . 2i 

Blakey’s  water-tube  boiler  1700  ...  29 

Bleacneries  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  103 

Boiler  explosions.  Average  yearly 9 

at  Washington.  D.  C . *0,  11 

“ “ at  Westchester.  Pa.  . . .11.13 

11  “ in  1880  and  1887  9 

“ “ Mystery  of 9.11 

“ house.  Plans  for.  55.  59.  67,  78.  84.  94.  90,  98.  102,  118, 122 

“ inspection.  Results  of 9 

“ Insurance  Co.*s  reports  ...  ...  . 9 

“ tests.  Rules  for 1>4 

Boilers.  Circulating  water  in 9,23-27 

“ Covering  for 91 

**  Defective,  proportion  of  in  use 9 

“ Economy  of 49 

“ Economy.  Attention  necessary  to  secure  , . 92 

Efficient  y of : 49 

“ Feeding 77 

“ Heating  surface  in  . . (>3 

“ Horse- power  of . 63 

“ “ Porcupine/’  unsafe ...  13 

“ Requirements  of  perfect 7 

**  Result  of  bad  setting  of  . 51 

“ Rules  for  care  of 92 

Rules  for  testing 94 

Safety  in.  Attention  necessary  to  secure.  . . 92 

“ Importance  of 7 

“ “Safety.*’  So-called  ...  ...  13 

“ Stayed  surfaces  in 11 

“ Tests  of 95-104 

Water-Tube.  Brief  history  of 29 

“ Water-Tube.  Biakov's.  1?00 29 

“ *•  Coil,  the  first  . . ...  29 

“ “ Eve's.  1825  29 

“ “ Griffith's.  1821  . . ...  29 

“ “ Gurney's,  1826  . . . 29,  31 


179 


•* 


PAGE 

Boilers.  Water-Tube.  McCurdy's.  1826.  ......  81 

Rumsay’s,  1788  29 

Steens  iru  p's,  1828  . . . . 31 

Stevens'.  1805  . 20 

Sumners  At  Ogle,  1830  ....  31 

Twibill’s.  1865  31 

Wilcox,  1856  ....  . . 31 

Wolf’s,  1706-1806.  ....  . 30 

Bolt  works  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers 13/ 

Boot  and  shoe  makers  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  153 
Brass  works  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  ....  145 

Breweries  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boiler’s  ....  168 

Brick  yards  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers lit 

Brief  history  of  water-tube  boilers 29 

British  Museum.  Babcock  At  Wilcox  model  at  . . . 144 

Cable  railways  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  ...  147 

PftWu*  n f 


Caloric.  \ alue  of . 7:> 

Calorimeter . ...  76,  06 

Barrus  s . 76 

■*  Construction  of  barrel  ........  06 

**  Formula  for 07 

Limit  to 6,94 

Candy  makers  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  ....  172 

Candles.  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers,  making  ....  157 

Canning  factories  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  . . 157 

Capacity  of  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  . . . 45,  47,  05-105 

steam  and  water,  in  boilers 45 

Capitol,  U.  S.,  at  Washington „ . . 114 

boilers  at 20 

Care  of  lioilers 02 

Car  makers  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  . . . 147 

Carnot  cycle 10 

illustrated 21 

Carpet  mills  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  ....  164 

Caution  necessary 13 

Cement  covering  for  pipes  ....  01 

Centennial  awards 00 

•*  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  at  . . . . . 5u,  51,0*0 
Central  stations.  Electrical  . . 2.  14,  26.  103,  118,  122, 124,  125 

Heating  from 81 

Chelsea  Central  Station.  London  . . 124 

I . . . . 7m 

Chemical  works  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  . . . 153 

Cheap  jacketing  for  steam  pipes 01 

Chimney  at  Birtl-Coleinan  Furnace 60 

at  Pennsylvania  Steel  Company 70 

“ at  Somersett  Manufacturing  Co 06 

**  gases.  Loss  of  heat  through  . . . 17.19,  49,51,55 

**  stacks.  Iron 60,  70 

**  ” •*  bracing 76 

Chimneys . . 55,  68,  60.  70,  73,  08 

Area  of 60 

Capacity  of  69 

“ Diagram  lor  draft  and  air  delivered  ....  60 

“ Draft  of <i8,  60,70 

**  Effect  of  temperature  on  draft  of 68.60 

Formula  for <18,  70,  70 

'*  Stability  of 70 

Table  of  Horse- Power  of 70 

Circulation  of  water  in  boilers 0,  23-27 

Object  of 23 

" **  Advantages  of  ...  . 24 

**  **  “ Maximum 24 

in  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  . . 25,  44,  45 

Cleveland  City  Cable  Railway 146 

Clothing.  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  making  . . 157 

Coal  used  annually 7 

Coals.  Table  of  American  55 

Coffee  A:  Spice  Miils  u<mg  Bal>cock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  . 157 
Coffee  Plantations  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  . . 164 

Color,  i on M 

Color  of  tire  at  different  temperatures 57 

Columbia  College.  Boilers  of *4 

Columbus  street  Railway  Co.  station 148 

Combustibles.  Table  of 55 

Value  of  different . . 55.  57 

Combustion 17,  43,  40,  50 

" Air  required  for 55 

" Distribution  of  heat  of  . . 17 

*•  in  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers 43 

“ of  smoke 43,  53 

*•  Rapidity  of.  does  not  affect  total  heat  . . 17 

“ “ of,  limit  to 17.  19.  50 

“ Temperature  of 55.  57 

Conducting  power  of  various  substances  ......  01 

**  of  water 23 

Confectioners  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  ....  172 

Construction  of  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers 41 

Cook's  Automatic  Apparatus  for  burning  green  bagasse  58-62 
Copper  works  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  . . . 139 

Cork  chips  for  covering  pipes 01 

Coronado  Beach  Hotel 416 

Cost  of  rep  iirs  of  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  . . . 39, 107.  Ill 
Cotton  Exposition,  N.  O.,  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  at  . 158 

mills  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  . . . 158 

“ stalks  for  fuel 57 

Covering  for  steam  pipes,  etc 91 

Cross-town  Street  Railway  Station,  Buffalo 156 


PAGE 

Distillers  and  brewers  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  lx)ilers  168 
Perfumery,  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  . 170 

Dixwell’s  experiments  on  superheated  steam  ....  77 

Draft  of  chimneys 68,  69 

Dripps'  Boiler  Works,  Washington.  Explosion  at  . . 10,  11 

Drying  by  steam 87 

Dry  steam "[O,  07 

Durability.  Attention  necessary  to  secure 93 

of  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  . . 13,  39,  48,  107-1  li 

Dustm  tubes.  Effect  of 47 

Dye  works  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers 154 

Economizers  Fuel 78 

Babcock  At  Wilcox  ...  55,  73,  78,  98,  102,  170 

Economy  and  safety  in  steam  generation 7 

attention  necessary  to  secure 92 

in  steam . 40 

of  high  pressure  steam 77 

Edison  Central  Station.  New  York 72 

Brooklj ii.  V V ! 18 

" Milan 108 

Efficiency  of  boilers 40 

**  of  engines 53 

Theroetical  . . 10 

**  of  furnace 51 

of  pumping  machinery 53 

“ for  feeding  boilers  . . 77 

Elbows  in  pipes.  Resistance  of 80 

Electric  lighting.  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  used  for  120-128 
light  stations.  Chelsea  Street,  London  ...  124 

“ ’*  **  Deptford,  London 2 

**  **  *•  Edison,  Brooklyn  ....  118 

Milan 108 

" ” **  ” New  York  ...  72 

Im|>erial.  Vienna 14 

Manchester  Square,  London  . 123 

Royal  Electric,  Montreal  ...  125 

Sardinia  8tre<  t.  London  . . . 26  134 
” railways  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  . .129-132 

**  plant  at  Albany 131 

“ at  Boston 130 

Emery,  Chas.  E.  Experiments,  1866-8  .......  63 

Formula  for  calorimeter 07 

**  *•  Table  of  non-conductors  .....  01 

*•  **  ’*  of  pumping  machinery  . 53 

“ *’  Test  at  Raritan 95-97 

Energy  of  confined  steam 0 

•’  of  heated  water ....  0 

Engines.  Efficiency  of  . . 53 

Engineering  works  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  . 141-145 

Equation  of  pines 90 

Erection  of  Baficock  A:  Wilcox  boilers 45 

Explosion  at  Washington,  I).  C.,  illustrated 10 

” at  Westchester.  Pa 11,  13 

* ■ of  "safety  ” boilers 13 

Explosions.  A verage yearly 0 

Cause  of 0,  11 

*•  due  to  stayed  surfaces 11 

How  to  provide  against 11 

Importance  of  providing  against  ....  0 

*•  in  1880  and  18S<  ....  0 

*’  Mystery  of 9,  11 

Expansion  of  air  at  different  temiieratures 67 

of  steam  at  different  temperatures  ....  73 

**  of  water  at  different  temperatures  ....  75 

“ Unequal.  Danger  from 9,45 

Exjxirt  houses  and  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . . . . 172-175 

Eucalyptus  for  incrustation 70 

Evaporation.  Formula  for ...  94 

" Relative,  at  different  temperatures . . . 73 

Evaporative  efficiency  of  B.  Ai  W.  boilers  ....  40,  93-105 

of  different  fuels 55,57 

Eve's  water-tube  boiler,  1825  29 

Feeding  boilers 77 

Feed- water  heaters.  Independent  . . 18,  170 

" Saving  by  heating  ....  ....  78 

Feiting  for  steam  pijies,  etc . 01 

Firing.  Effect  in  economy  of  different 53 

Fire.  Temjjerature  of.  color,  etc . . 57 

Fire  arms,  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers,  making  ....  149 

Fire-tubes.  Collection  of  dust  in  . 47 

Flax  mills  using  Babcock  A : Wilcox  boilers 164 

Flourmills  **  “ * ** _ 167 

Flow  of  steam  from  orifices ...  76,  89 

through  pipes 89,  00 

Fluid.  The  best,  for  heat  engines 21 

Formula  for  calorimeter 97 

" " chimneys 68,  69,  70 

" “ density  of  steam 71 

" “ efficiency  of  heat  engines 19,  21 

" " equation  of  pipes 90 

•*  “ evaporation 94 

“ " flow  of  steam  in  pipes  89,  90 

" “ ” from  orifices 89 

“ *•  stability  of  chimneys TO 

“ “ weight  and  volume  of  air 67 

Foundries  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  l>oilers  .....  137 

Freedom  for  expansion  in  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  lxiilers  . . 45 

Fuel 55-62 


Dangerous  boilers 9.  11.  13 

Defective  boilers.  Proportion  of.  in  use _9 

Denton,  Prof.  J.  £..  on  dry  and  wet  steam 76 

Deptford  Central  Station.  London 2 

Diagram  of  Centennial  boiler  tests 99 

" of  draft  and  capacity  of  chimneys 69 

kt  of  heat  in  steam ...  15 


■’  American  coals,  table  of 55 

" Bagasse  for.  Value  of  . . 57,62 

“ Combustible  in 55 

“ Economizers ......  78 

" Evaporative  efficiency  of 17,55,57 

Furnace  should  suit  kind  of 53 

" Natural  gas  for.  Value  of 57 


180 


◄ 


1WUK 


PAHK 


Fuel.  1 ‘eat  tor.  Value  of 5? 

Petroleum  for.  Value  of 55.57 

••  Kate  of  combustion  of IT,  5ft 

**  saving  in,  liy  heating  of  feed-water  . . ...  IT,  78 

**  Sawdust  for.  Value  of . 57 

••  Slack  for.  Value  of 57 

**  Straw  for.  Value  of 57 

•*  Tan  bark  for.  Value  of 57 

Wood  for.  Value  of 55,  57 

Furnace.  Efficiency  ot  .....  51 

**  for  wet  bagasse  . . . . 51) 

Murphy 30 

*’  Konev .••••••  TOG 

Furnishing  goods.  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler  making  . 157 


Gallon.  U.  S.  Standard  . . 75 

Imperial 75 

**  of  petroleum.  Weight  of.  . 57 

Gases.  Chimney.  Analysis  of 58 

**  **  Amount  of,  per  pound  of  coal  ...  GS 

**  Loss  of  heat  through  . . 17,  19,  49,  51,  55 

Natural,  for  fuel.  Value  of _ 57 

“ Waste,  for  fuel ....  05,  67 

Gas-lighting.  B.  & W.  boilers  used  in  plants  for  . .14,12* 

Gas  pipes.  Standard •*  * 

Generating  steam ,!* 

Glass  works  using  Babcock  A:  \\  ilcox  boilers 1M 

Glue  works  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 153 

Gold.  Heat  in  melted t 15,17 

Grain  and  flour  mills  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . 1G7 

Green  bagasse.  Burning 57.5) 

“ “ Cook’s  apparatus  for  burning  . 58-62, 139-141 

Griffith’s  water-tube  boiler,  1821 29 

Gurney’s  kk  “ **  1826 29,  31 


Hardware  mfrs.  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  ...  145 

Heat  and  temperature  ...  15 

**  Capacity  of  water  for  15,  17 

“ Diagram  of,  in  steam 13 

“ engines.  Best  fluid  for 21 

**  •*  Theory  of 19 

**  in  melted  gold 15,17 

•*  steel 15,  17 

' * Loss  of,  by  chimney 17,  19,  49,  78,  101 

**  “ by  radiation  from  furnace  walls  ....  17 

“ k*  from  steam  pipes 91 

“ Total  of,  combustion 17,  55 

*•  of  steam 15,  71,  73 

“ “ in  water  . . 15,  75 

“ Unit.  Value  of 49,75 

Heating  buildings  by  steam 81-85 

• • feed-water.  Saving  by  . . 77,  78 

•*  from  central  stations 81 

" liquids  by  steam  87 

*•  surface  in  boilers.  Value  of G3 

Hemp  and  flax  mills  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . . 1 64 

Uw,V>  efatim  li’cnnnnnr  nf  i l 


High  pressure  steam.  Economy  of <» 

History  of  water- tube  boilers.  Brief 29 

Houlley,  J.  C.  Test  of  boilers  at  Philadelphia  ....  I'd 

Holland  House,  New  York 161) 

Horse-power  of  boilers 63 

*•  **  of  chimneys GS-7'J 

*•  **  for  drying-rooms 87 

•*  **  for  heating  buildings 85 

for  heating  liquids 87 

*•  “ through  pipes 89 

**  *■  Standard,  of  different  nations 63 

Hospital.  Northern  Indiana,  for  Insane 83 

Hot  blast  for  burning  wet  fuel 59 

Hotel.  Coronado  Beach.  Cal UG 

Holland  House,  New  York 16ft 

Kimball  House.  Atlanta,  boilers 45 

Plaza,  New  York 112 

*•  Ponce  de  Leon,  St.  Augustine 86 

**  *k  **  **  boilers h? 

Ice.  Artificial,  works  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . 129 

Latent  heat  of 15 

Incrustation,  or  scale 79 

Effect  of,  on  economy  .......  50,  79 

k*  Preventing 79 

Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane 83 

Injectors.  Relative  economy  of 53,77 

Inspection  of  boilers.  Results  of 9 

Iron  and  steel  works.  Boilers  for 65 

*•  •*  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  in 

40,  64,  65,  66.  67,  133,  135 

Jacketing  for  steam  pipes.  Cheap 91 

Jacobus,  D.  S.  Feeding  boilers  . . . . 77 

.Jewelry  mfrs.  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  ....  143 

.Joints ‘in  Babcock  .k  Wilcox  l inilrrs  ......  .39,41,43 

Jute  mills  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 164 


Latent  heat  not  waste 19,  21 

*•  “ of  steam 15,  71.  73 

*•  *k  of  water 15 

Leather  mfrs.  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  ....  153 

Limit  to  accuracy  in  calorimeter 76.  94 

to  rapidity  of  combustion 17.50 

to  superheating  in  steam  engines  77 

**  to  range  of  temperature  in  heat  engines  ....  21 

Loss  of  economy  from  incrustation  or  scale 5ft,  79 

**  **  from  surplus  air  in  furnace  ....  17,  50.  51 

“ of  heat  from  steam  pipes ...  91 

“ in  chimney  gases 17,  19,  49,  78,  101 


Low  water  in  boilers.  Effect  of  . 9 

Lumber  mills  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  ....  166 

Machinery.  Agricultural,  Makers  using  B.  & W.  boilers.  149 
Machines.  Sewing,  Makers  using  B.  A W.  boilers.  . 149 

Machinists  using  Babcock  A Wilcox  boilers  . . . 141-145,  149 
Manchester  Square  Central  Station.  London  . ...  123 

McCurdy’s  water-tube  boiler.  1**5 3. 

Metropolitan  Electric  Supply  Co.,  London  ...  20,  122,  123 

Melting  point  of  various  substances  ......  57 

Minerals.  Solubility  of  scale-making 15 

Mineral  wool 91 

Mines  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  ......  179-172 

Miscellaneous  mfrs.  using  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers  . . 177 
Model  of  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  at  British  Museum  . 144 

Moisture  in  steam.  Detecting,  by  sight 76 

Formula  for.  ...  97 

“ “ in  various  boilers 77 


Nail  works  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 137 

New  York  Steam  Company.  Station  B 89,  81,  82 

N on-conductors  of  heat.  Table  of 91 

Oilcloth  factories  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . . . 164 

Oil  works  using  Babcock  .k.  Wilcox  boilers 157 

Opera  House.  Vienna 16 

Operation  of  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler 11 

Orifices.  Appearance  of  steam  flowing  from 76 

Flow  of  steam  from  . 89 

Organ  makers  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  ....  132 

Overhead  pipes  in  heating 85 

Packers  and  canners  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers.  . 157 

Paper  mills  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  ....  164-166 

mill  in  Mexico 165 

Pen  coy  U iron  Works,  boiler  house  plan  ....  . 94 

“ **  and  boilers  ....  132 

Perfect  boiler.  Requirements  of . 7 

Perfumery  makers  using  Babcock  k Wilcox  boilers  . . 170 

Petroleum.  Apparatus  for  burning 56 

“ for  fuel.  Value  of 57 

“ for  incrustation  or  scale 79 

Piano  manufacturers  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . j32 

Pipes,  steam.  Coxeringfor 91 

Equation  of 90 

**  “ Flow  of  steam  through 89 

“ k*  Horse- power  of 89 

,k  k*  Loss  of  heat  from 9L 

k*  *k  Standard 90 

Plaza  Hotel,  New  York 112 

Ponce  de  Leon  Hotel,  St.  Augustine . 86 

Boilers  in 87 

Porcupine  ” boiler.  The  first 29 

“ “ unsafe 13 

Postal  Telegraph  Cable  Co.’s  building 154 

Potteries  using  Babcock  *k  Wilcox  boilers 149 

Powder  works.  Babcock  6i  Wilcox  boilers  used  in.  . . , 149 

Power  and  heating.  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  used  for,  1 13-120 

l’oycr  Quartier  Cotton  Mills,  France 156 

Pressure.  Economy  of  high  steam 77 

“ partsof  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  erected  . 168, 169 
**  the  limiting  element  in  heat  engines  ....  21 

Priming,  or  wet  steam 45,  76.  77.  97 

Printers  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 1(54-166 

Produce  Exchange,  New  York.  Boilers  in  . ....  S3 

Properties  of  saturated  steam 71 

Public  School,  Plainfield,  N.  J.  Boiler  in  ....  85 

Puddling  furnaces  with  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . 67,  133-137 

Pumping  machinery.  Efficiency  of 53 

Pumps  and  injectors.  Relative  economy  of 77 

Radiation  from  furnace  walls 17,  19 

kk  steam  pipes 91 

Railroads  using  Babcock  «k  Wilcox  boilers  ...  135 

Cable.  Metropolitan,  Kansas  City 3ft 

“ “ using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . . I ll 

Rapidity  of  combustion 17,  19,  5ft 

References  for  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 113-178 

Regulating  steam  heating  automatically 85 

Relative  value  of  coal  and  other  fuels 57 

**  of  non-conductors 91 

**  “ of  pumps  and  injectors  for  feeding 

boilers  . . ....  77 

Relative  value  of  water  and  steam  space  in  boilers  ...  45 

Repairs  of  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers.  Costof  . . 39,  107-111 
“ Ease  of  ...  . 48 

Reports  of  boiler  insurance  companies  ...  . . 9 

Requirements  of  a perfect  steam  boiler 7 

Royal  Electric  Company  Station,  Montreal 125 

Rules  for  care  of  boilers 92 

Rumsay’s  water-tube  boilers.  1788  29 


Safety.  Attention  necessary  to  secure  .... 

**  boilers  so-called  

kk  in  boilers 

“ of  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . . . . 

Water-tubes  an  element  of 

Sardinia  street  Central  station,  London  . . . 

Saturated  steam.  Properties  of 

Sawdust  for  fuel 

Saw  mills  using  Babcock  and  Wilcox  boilers  . . 

Scale.  (See  ** Incrustation.”) 

Scale-making  minerals.  Solubility  of  . . . . 

Screw  makers  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  . 

Sea  warer 

Separating  water  from  steam 

Sewing  machine  works  using  B.  &.  W.  boilers  . . 


92 

. 11,  13 
9,  11,  13 
. 13,  45 
11 


71,73,  76 


166 
50,  79 
75 
137 
75 
85 
149 


181 


PAGE 


Silk  mills  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 163 

Sinuous  headers  in  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers  ....  41 

“ of  wrought  steel 30 

Sizes  of  standard  steam  and  gas  pi i K- W ) 

“ Slack  ” for  fuel 57 

Smoke.  Combustion  of 43,  53 

Snuff  makers  using  Babcock  A:  W 'ilcox  Boilers  ....  155 

So; ip  and  candle  works.  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  in  . 157 

Soda  ash  for  incrustation 79 

Solubility  of  scale-making  minerals 75 

Solvay  Process  Company,  boiler-house .78, 152 

Somersett  Mfg.  Co.  Boiler-house  and  chimney  of . . . mi; 

Space  heated  by  one-horse  power  of  steam 85 

Specific  heat 21,75 

Spice  mills  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 157 

Sprockets  Sugar  Refinery 136 

*•  boilers  in 12 

Standard  horse- i>owcr  for  l toilers 63 

of  different  nations 63 

**  steam  and  gas  pipes 'JO 

Stayed  surfaces  unsafe 11 

Steam  and  water  capacity  in  boilers 45 

and  gas  pines.  Sizes  of 90 

*•  boilers.  (See  “ Boilers.") 

'*  Boiling  by 87 

**  Diagram  of  heat  in 15 

“ Drying  by 87 

“ Dry . . 76, 97 

**  Dry.  in  Ba!>eock  Ac  Wilcox  boilers  . . . . 45,77 

“ Economy  in 7,  49 

**  engines.  Efficiency  of 53 

“ flowing  from  orifices.  Ap|>earunce  of 76 

“ Flow  i II.  from  < »rirto»  s . 89 

“ “ through  pipes 89 

“ Heating  by 81-85 

'*  “ Bal»c*ock  A:  W iloox  boilers  used  for  . . 113- 121 

“ Heat  in 15,  71,  73 

“ High  pressure.  Economy  of 77 

**  making.  Theory  of 15 

Steam  pi|x\s.  Covering  for  ...  21 

Equation  of ...  90 

“ “ Flow  of  steam  through 89 

“ **  Loss  of  heat  from  . . 91 

*'  “ Standard  sizes f-0 

power.  Baltcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  used  for  . 113-121 

“ ” of  the  world 7 

Cost  of 7 

“ Properties  of 71,73 

“ Saturated . . . 71, 76 

■*  appearance  ol  . 76 

**  pro|»erties  of 71 

**  Stored  energy  of  ....  9 

“ Substitute  lor,  not  probable 21 

“ Superheated 77 

“ Volume  of 73 

**  Weight  of,  per  cubic  foot . . . 73 

11  Wet  76 

Steel.  Heat  in  melted 15,  17 

Steel  works  using  B.  A:  W.  Boilers 133-137 

Steel  and  iron  tube  works  lining  B.  A:  W.  Boilers  . . . 137 

Steenstrap's  water-tube  boiler.  1S25 31 

Stevens’  water-tube  boiler,  1805  . . 29 

Stored  energy  of  heated  water 9 

“ **  of  steam 9 

Substitute  for  steam  not  probable 21 

Sugar  in  bagasse 59 

Sugar  plantations  using  B.  ,v  W.  lx>ilers  . 54,  58-62,  97,  139-141 
Sugar  refineries.  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  in 

K.  12.  22.  28.  .32,  52,  74,  102.  138 

Summers  & Ogle's  water-tube  boiler,  1S30 31 

Superheated  steam . . 76,  77 

Superheating  steam  by  waste  gases 77 

surface  in  boilers 45,  77 


Table  of  American  <x>als 55 

**  average  results  of  tests  B.  A:  W.  boilers  . . . 105 

“ chimneys,  with  appropriate  horse-powers  . . 70 

“ combustibles 55 

“ conducting  powers  of  various  sulistances  . . . 91 

“ efficiencies  of  pumping  machinery 53,  77 

“ equation  of  pi | >es 90 

“ flow  of  steam  in  pijics  89 

**  fusion  of  metals,  etc.  . 57 

“ heating  service  in  lK)iler> 63 

**  horse- powers  63 

“ loss  of  heat  in  steam  pii>es  91 

“ melting  points  of  metals,  etc 57 

“ mixture  of  air  and  vapor . . 87 

“ non-condiK-tors 91 

“ pro|K*rtics  of  saturated  steam 73 

" relative  value  of  pmnps  and  injectors  ....  53.77 

" saving  by  heating  feed-water 78 

“ solubilities  of  minerals 75 

kk  standard  steam  and  gas  pipes 90 

“ steam  at  different  pressures 73 

kk  steam  flowing  through  pipes 89 

“ temperature  by  color 57 

“ water  at  different  temperatures 77 

“ woods 55 

Tan  bark  for  fuel.  Value  of 57 

Tan n ate  of  soda  for  incrustations 79 

Tanneries  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  l>oilers 153 

Tea  plantations  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  ...  164 

Temperature  of  escaping  gases 17,  19.  78 

**  of  fire 57 

kk  “ to  tell  by  color 57 


PAGE 

Temperature  ot  fire  to  tell  by  fusion 57 

**  of  steam 15,  73 

Temperature.  Highest  available  in  heat  engines  ...  77 

**  Lowest  “ " * ...  21 

Temperatures.  Water  at  different  . . . . . . . .15.75 
Terra-cotta  works  using  Babcock  Ai  Wilcox  boilers  . . 143 

Testing  boilers 94 

“ **  Formulas  for 94,97 

Test  of  boilers  at  Arlington  Mills  Mfg.  Co 104 

Benedict  A:  Burnham  Mfg.  Co.  ...  100 

*’  “ Brush  Electric  Light  Co.,  Philadelphia  101 

“ Buffalo  Crape  Sugar  Co 104 

Edison  Co.,  Menlo  Bark 103 

**  London,  Eng 103 

“ Genesee  Mills,  San  Francisco  ....  100 

“ Greenock  Sugar  Refinery.  Scotland  108 

” Harrison,  Havemeyer  A:  Co.  . . . 100,102 

“ Hepburn  A:  Co.,  Glasgow 100 

“ Lehman,  Abraham  At  C<>..  New  Orleans  103 

“ Miami  Soap  Works,  Cincinnati  ...  104 

“ Mill  Creek  Distillery.  Kentucky  ...  104 

“ Oliver  Wire  Works,  Pittsburg ....  100 

Peacedale  Mfg.  Co.,  Mass. 104 

“ Raritan  Woolen  Mills,  N.  J 95 

“ Rockland  Paper  Mills,  Del.  . . . . 103 

Singer  Mfg.  Co..  Killiowie,  Scotland  . 103 

“ Table  of  average  results  of 105 

U.  S.  Centennial.  Philadelphia  . 99 

Tests  of  Babcock  At  Wilcox  boilers . 95-105 

Theory  of  heat  engines 19 

**  of  steam  making  ....  ...  15 

Thermal  unit  Value  of  British  . . .75 

**  “ Value  of  French  ....  ...  75 

Thurston,  Prof.  R.  H.  Energy  of  steam  . 9 

on  boiler  design 50 

on  water-tube  lioilers  . . 9 

Rule  for  water  per  horse-power.  63 

'obacco  works  using  Babcock  and  Wilcox  boilers  . . . 155 

ool  makers  using  Babeock  A:  Wilcox  boilers 145 

ramways  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  ....  129, 146 

uliet*.  Collection  of  dust  in  or  on 47 

“ Water  vs.  fire 11,47 

ubc  works  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers 137 

wibill’s  water-tube  boiler,  1865  31 


Unequal  expansion.  Effect  of  ....  ...  .9,45 

United  States  Capitol.  Boilers  in  . 20 

**  standard  gallon 75 


Vail.  J.  H..  on  abuses  in  engineering 53 

Value  of  a |K>und  of  carlion 49,  55 

•*  of  covering  for  steam  pi|>e.s  ...  91 

of  various  combustibles ...  55-<i 

Ya|>or.  Steam  the  best  of.  for  heat  engines 21 

m air.  I able  --I' ...  81 

Vienna  Opera  House  ....  ...  ....  46 

Volume  of  air.  Weight  and 67 


Wabash  Paper  Co..  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  at  . . . 162 

Wagon  makers  using  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  ....  147 

Water  at  different  t mperaturcs  75 

“ capacity  in  boilers 45 

“ Circulation  of 9.  13,  23-27,  44 

**  Conductivity  of  heat  in 23 

Feed,  heating 78 

“ ice,  steam 15 

Latent  heat  of 15 

Separating  from  steam  85 

**  Specific  gravity  of  sea 75 

“ **  neat  of 15.75 

**  Solvent  | Kiwer  of 7d 

“ the  best  fluid  for  heat  engines  ...  ....  21 

Total  heat  in  a pound  15,75 

” tubes  an  element  of  safety 11 

**  “ self  cleaning  from  dust 47 

works  using  Babcock  & Wilcox  boilers 151 

Water-tube  l xnlcrs.  Brief  history  of 29 

“ “ Blakey'a  17G6 29 

Eve’s,  1825  29 

*k  “ Evolution  of  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  . 33-39 

Griffith's.  1821 29 

“ “ Gurney’s.  1826  29.  31 

**  “ McCurdy’s,  1826  31 

“ •*  RumsayX  1788  . . ...  29 

•*  kk  Steen  strap’s,  1828 31 

**  kk  Stevens’.  1805 . 29 


**  “ Summers  A:  Ogle’s,  1HT40  . . 31 

“ kk  Twibill’s,  1865  31 

“ **  Wilcox's.  1856 . . 31 

Wolf's,  1799-1805  . . 29 

Weight  of  air  at  different  temperature*  67 

of  steam  per  cubit  foot 73 

**  of  water  per  cubic  foot  ....  ....  75 

“ of  wood  per  cord  55 

West  End  Railway,  Boston  . . . ...  1**0 

Wet  steam  . . ' ........ 

Wilcox's  water-tube  boiler.  1856  31 

Wines.  Babcock  A:  Wilcox  boilers  used  for  making  . . DO 

Wolf's  water-tube  boilera  1799-1806  29 

Wood  for  fuel.  Value  of 55 

“ workers  using  Baltcock  A:  Wilcox  lK>ilcrs  ...  166 

Wool  for  covering  pipes 91 

“ Mineral . SI 

Wool  and  worsted  mills  using  B.  & W.  boilers  ....  161 

Wrought  steel  “headers.” 

2,  14,  26.  38,  39,  49.  118,  122,  124,  134,  142.  153 


THE  UNPARALLELED  RECORD 

OF  THE 

BABCOCK  & WILCOX  WATER-TUBE 

BOILERS 

as  shown  in  the  preceding  pages,  proves  once  again,  and  particularly  in  regard  tc 
boilers,  what  has  been  frequently  proven  in  regard  to  other  things,  that 

“THE  BEST  IS  THE  CHEAPEST,” 

no  matter  what  may  be  the  first  cost. 

In  purchasing  boilers  the  buyer  wishes  to  be  assured  on  six  points,  two  regarding 
the  parties  with  whom  he  is  dealing,  and  four  pertaining  to  the  article  to  be  purchased. 
Of  the  former  he  wishes  to  know,  first,  if  the  party  is  financially  responsible  and  has 
such  reputation  that  he  may  depend  upon  being  honorably  treated,  and,  second,  if  the 
manufacturer  is  likely  to  remain  long  enough  in  business  to  supply  needed  repairs 
from  the  special  patterns  employed. 

In  regard  to  the  boiler  he  needs  to  know  : — 

ist. — Its  RELIABILITY  : Whether  it  can  be  depended  upon  to  do  his  work  through 
thick  and  thin  ? Long  and  satisfactory  use  by  different  persons  under  various 
conditions  is  the  best  answer  to  this  question. 

2d. — Its  ECONOMY:  Whether  it  will  be  wasteful  or  saving  in  the  use  of  fuel.  Econ- 
omy is  claimed  in  behalf  of  every  boiler  made,  and  many  times  to  an  extravagant 
and  impossible  extent.  Here  again  a long  and  favorable  record  is  the  only  certain 
criterion. 

3d. — Its  SAFETY:  Whether  it  is  liable  to  explode  and  cause  a greater  damage  to  life 
and  property  than  it,  with  all  its  other  advantages,  is  worth.  Time  is  also  nec- 
essary to  prove  the  truth  of  claims  in  this  respect. 

4th. — Its  DURABILITY : Will  it  require  early  or  extensive  repairs,  or  have  soon  to  be 
replaced  with  another  construction  ? Nothing  but  a long-continued  use  can  deter- 
mine this  point.  No  less  than  thirty  competitors  in  water-tube  boilers  have 
arisen,  flourished  for  a short  time,  and  then  sunk  to  oblivion  since  the  Babcock 
& Wilcox  boiler  was  first  introduced.  Of  nine  sectional  boilers  at  the  U.  S. 
Centennial,  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  is  the  only  one  now  manufactured,  thus  jus- 
tifying the  caution  of  the  judges,  who,  in  awarding  the  prizes,  said  that  time 
alone  could  determine  the  value  of  the  construction.  He  who  buys  an  untried 
invention  takes  all  the  risk  of  its  success. 


THE  BABCOCK  & WILCOX  COMPANY 

have  pleasure  in  referring  intending  purchasers  to  any  of  their  former  customers  tor 
their  responsibilitv  and  the  character  of  their  dealings. 


*b — — — 

THE  BABCOCK  & WILCOX  BOILERS  were  awarded  the  “ GRAND  PRIX” 
(Highest  Award)  at  the  Exposition  Universelle,  Paris,  1889. 


H ow  does  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  Water- l ube 
Boiler  Stand  Scrutiny  in  the  Record  of  Time  ? 

IT  IS  RELIABLE. 

The  long  list  of  purchasers,  extending  over  twenty-three  years,  the  continued  and 
repeated  orders  from  those  who  know  it  best,  with  the  fact  that  it  has  made  its  way 
against  all  opposition  into  extended  use  in  all  parts  of  the  known  world,  and  into  the 
most  exacting  trades,  demanding  the  establishment  of  manufactories  in  four  countries, 
is  sufficient  proof  on  this  point. 

IT  IS  ECONOMICAL. 

The  table  given  of  thirty  tests,  extending  from  Glasgow  to  San  Francisco,  with 
many  kinds  of  coal,  and  under  many  conditions,  in  which  an  aggregate  of  over  thirty- 
one  hundred  tons  of  water  were  evaporated,  with  a little  over  two  hundred  and  seventy 
tons  of  combustible,  shows  an  actual  economy  within  about  seven  per  cent,  of  the 
highest  theoretically  practical  under  similar  conditions.  It  is  quite  safe  to  say  that  no 
other  boiler  can  show  a better  record  for  economy. 

IT  IS  SAFE. 

On  this  point  the  record  is  complete.  Boilers  developing  HALF  A MILLION 
HORSE-POWER,  sold  during  twenty-three  years  without  loss  of  life  or  property  by 
explosion,  is  a record  without  parallel.  Other  so-called  “ Safety  ” boilers  have  exploded, 
but  the  Babcock  & Wilcox  never,  though,  probably,  more  of  them  have  been  put  into 
use  than  of  all  others  combined.  There  are  boilers  now  offered  in  the  market  as 
“ Safety  ” boilers  which  have  no  other  claim  to  the  distinction  than  the  deceptive  name. 

IT  IS  DURABLE. 

The  wonderful  record  of  over  one  hundred  thousand  horse-power  of  these  boilers  in 
use  from  two  to  twenty  years,  many  of  them  driven  day  and  night , on  which  the  average 
cost  of  repairs  has  not  exceeded  FIVE  CENTS  YEARLY  PER  HORSE-POWER 
for  the  boiler  proper  from  all  causes,  speaks  volumes  on  this  point  What  does  it  mean  ? 
It  means  that  the  wear  and  tear,  including  accidents,  on  the  average  is  about  one-half 
of  one  per  cent,  per  annum  upon  the  cost  (not  including  furnaces  and  masonry),  while  that 
of  a tubular  boiler  is  rarely  estimated  at  less  than  ten  per  cent.  As  to  the  lifetime  of  a 
Babcock  & Wilcox  boiler,  experience  so  far  fixes  no  data  for  a limit.  Twenty-three 
years’  use  has  developed  no  single  instance  of  a boiler  being  worn  out  in  legitimate 
service,  and  when  worn  or  damaged  small  repair  has  apparently  restored  them  to  their 
pristine  youth.  We  see  no  reason  to  suppose  that  at  the  end  of  fifty  years,  with  the 
occasional  replacing  of  damaged  parts,  they  may  not  be  “ as  good  as  new.” 

The  BABCOCK  & WILCOX  BOILER  was  awarded  the  “GRAND 
PRIX,”  the  Highest  Award  given  at  the  EXPOSITION  UNIVER- 
SELLE  DE  1889,  in  Paris. 


Specifications,  Circulars,  and  all  Information  Furnished  on  Application  to 
ANY  OF  THE  OFFICES  OF  THIS  COMPANY. 


